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Overview of research and editorial work on the Novels of Iustinian since F.A. Biener "Geschichte der Novellen Justinians" (Berlin 1824
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Das Frankfurter Forschungsprojekt "Byzantinisches Recht" bemüht sich, Untersuchungen und Ausgaben der mittelalterlichen Übersetzungen byzantinischer Rechtstexte anzuregen und nach Möglichkeit mit den Editionen der griechischen Originale zu koordinieren. Begonnen wurde dabei mit der Ecloga, dem Gesetzbuch Leons III. und Konstantinos’ V. aus dem Jahre 741, das mit einer armenischen, einer arabischen und mehreren slawischen Übersetzungen eine besonders reiche Wirkungsgeschichte hatte. Der griechische Text und die arabische Übersetzung sind inzwischen erschienen. (Ecloga. Das Gesetzbuch Leons III. und Konstantinos’ V., hrsg. von L. BURGMANN, Frankfurt am Main 1983; Die arabische Ecloga. Das vierte Buch der Kanones der Könige aus der Sammlung des Makarios, hrsg. von S. LEDER, Frankfurt am Main 1985.)
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review of: M. Amelotti, L. Migliardi Zingale, Le costituzioni giustinianee nei papiri e nelle epigrafi, Legum Iustiniani Imperatoris Vocabularium. Subs. I, seconda edizione. Giuffrè, Milano 1985, XII u. 171 pp. G.Bassanelli Sommariva, L‘imperatore unico Creatore ed interprete delle leggi e l‘autonomia del giudice nel diritto giustinianeo. Giuffrè, Milano 1983, 132 pp. James Caimi, Burocrazia e diritto nel ”de magistratibus« di Giovanni Lido. Giuffrè, Milano 1984, VIII u. 460 pp. Aldo Cenderelli, Digesto e Predigesti. Riflessioni e ipotesi di ricerca. Giuffrè, Milano 1983, 63 pp. Danilo Dalla, Praemium Emancipationis. Giuffrè, Milano 1983, 104 pp. Giuliana Lanata, Legislazione e natura nelle novelle giustinianee. Edizioni scientifiche italiane, Napoli 1984, XI u. 307 pp. Nevio Scapini, La confessione nel diritto romano, II. Diritto Giustinianeo. Giuffrè, Milano 1983, 156 pp. Roma, Costantinopoli, Mosca. Atti del I seminario internazionale di studi storici ‘Da Roma alla Terza Roma‘, 21 – 23 aprile 1981. Edizioni scientifiche italiane, Napoli 1983, XX u. 570 pp.
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In scholarly literature codification is designated as a „process by which the highest political authority in a political entity introduces a unified, newlythought out and legally binding code into that entity’s legal system.“ With regard to this socio-historical phenomenon, the modern cases of codification that took place in Europe during the 19th century (France, Austria, Germany) are especially prominent. With the demise of Ottoman rule codification of law took place in all the countries of South East Europe. Taking European states with whom they had close political or cultural relations as their role model, South East European countries all adopted European legal codes to one degree or another. Codification was used as an instrument for transforming not only legal systems, but also for moving from one culture to another. In this way the former Ottoman vilayets gradually became European states.
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Fatwas as “written or oral opinions/answers issued by a religious scholar to a question concerning Islamic law” are one of the most important sources for understanding socio-cultural life and its changing dynamics since they contain information about two interrelated aspects of religious life: the problems facing Muslims and the decisions issued by the religious authorities corresponding to them. Whereas determining and evaluating the questions asked by Muslims enables us to familiarize ourselves with the real life situations in which Muslims were living, the answers provide details about the general policy of the fatwa giver, especially if it is the highest religious authority in a country as is the case in this paper. Moreover, the practice of issuing fatwas should be considered as one of the efficient instructive tools for preserving and creating a distinctive Islamic identity, by providing authoritative advice for those who are unfamiliar with the provisions of Islamic law or uncertain about the compatibility of their behaviour with Islamic rules. Therefore, fatwas should be taken into consideration not only as answers given to a particular religious question, but also as a living text which provides us with information about the role and the functions of religious authority as a moral leader in society. The main purpose of this paper is to give a general overview on the fatwas found in the primary resources of Ulema-Medžlis, namely Ulema-Medžlis Records and Protocols. The paper covers only the period from 1883 till the proclamation of Statute for the Autonomous Administration of Islamic Religious, Waqf and Educational Affairs in 1909. Since the statute granted Bosnian Muslims their religious autonomy, it also considered Mešihat as the authority for issuing the ultimate fatwa in cases when there was any uncertainty or lack of clarity about an issue. As is presented in the paper, working on fatwa texts in Ulema-Medžlis archives has much significance for two main reasons: firstly, for ascertaining the general situation of Muslims at that time; and secondly, for tracing the impacts of socio-cultural changes on Bosnian Muslims. From a more methodological perspective, it also allows researchers to compare the techniques or procedures of fatwa issuing in the Ottoman and Austro- Hungarian periods. The paper does not to evaluate fatwas from the point of view of Islamic law, but focuses primarily on the characteristics of fatwas and their use in shaping the Muslim community under Austro-Hungarian occupation. Therefore, after giving the general framework of the work, the inventory and the documents related to the fatwas are outlined. Secondly, structural features of fatwas in the Records and the Protocols as well as the fatwa issuing procedure are introduced. Finally the content of fatwas and their relevance along with the general policy of Ulema-Medžlis is evaluated.
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The inventor is a creator; yet, his mere act of creation does not automatically grant him the right to his invention. Unlike the author of a literary work of art, he will have to claim a patent, as the invention itself does not entail such a right unless a patent is filed on it. The patent is a license granting the inventor, for a limited period of time, the exclusive right to exploit an invention. Novelty is an objective criterion which is met when the invention is unknown in the field of technology at the time protection is requested. At the same time, it is a prerequisite stipulated by all legislations. In this field, the motto “file first, publish later” is utterly justified.
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Dans le cadre de l’activité de control effectuée par des autorités publiques, les fonctionnaires publics prennent conscience d’une entière série d’informations qui peut présenter un caractère confidentiel, consacré par les actes normatifs qui réglementent ces informations. L’une des procédures dans laquelle l’agent public applique une sanction grâce a ses propres perceptions est la procédure de contravention. D’un autre coté, le droit à l’information est l’un des droits fondamentales de l’homme. Dans l’exercice de ce droit, la personne qui avis un inspecteur, a le droit de savoir si ont été prises les mesures légales et l’acte qui a été délivrée. Dans nombreuses situations l’activité de constater les contraventions est accomplie par la suite de notification des citoyens qui, dans la plupart des cas, sont des victime. Dans cette qualité, la personne a le droit de prendre connaissance des documents préparés avec cette occasion pour connaître la modalité particulière d’action de l’autorité publique. Une autre raison pour laquelle est obligatoire la communication de documents délivrée dans la procédure de sanction la contravention, est la possibilité de la victime de valoriser ses prétentions civiles, fixées par procès-verbal directe ou par le droit commun. L’applicabilité des dispositions légales qui établissent la communication, ne peut être restreinte par des normes juridiques avec une force juridique inférieure à celles qui consacrent cet principe, par qui l’autorités publiques avec activité de contrôle refuseraient de communiquer la manière concrète de solutionner l’appel de victime, ainsi que les questions retenues. Cependant, nous pouvons voir souvent, dans l’ensemble de nos autorités, une politique d’interprétation restrictive des normes qui donnent aux citoyens le droit à l’information, tant du point de vue des informations publiques et des informations relatives aux situations spécifiques dans lesquelles ils participent. Dans cet étude, nous allons connaître l’application particulière des normes qui réglementent le régime de confidentialité de l’information publique dans l’activité administrative et les normes qui garantissent le droit à information, avec application spécifique dans le domaine des contraventions. Aussi, nous vous proposeront une manière équilibrée d’action dans ce domaine très sensible et très important pour assurer une action efficace de droit de l’homme et un juste équilibre entre les pouvoirs dans l’État de droit. Sans une obligation de communiquer l’acte par lequel l’autorité publique a résolu la réclamation de la victime, on ne peut pas dire que le citoyen est satisfait de la façon de résoudre sa demande ou non et, dans cette dernière situation, le demandeur a le droit de se référer à d’autres autorités publiques. Par le refus de délivrer le document final du « dossier », l’autorité publique conteste le droit a justice de victime d’une contravention.
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The new Civil code does not define self-defense and does not show its conditions, so that we resort (as it was also done under the aegis of the 1865 Civil code) to the provisions on the matter of the current Criminal code. In the presence of this case that removes the unlawful character of the act, the author is not compelled to repair the damage caused to the victim. In the event when the limits of the legitimate defense were exceeded by committing an offense, the victim is entitled to an adequate and equitable compensation. The Civil code regulates the effects attached to the state of necessity. The state of necessity is currently defined within the Criminal code, in the chapter dedicated to the cases that set aside the criminal character of the action. The person that acts in order to save from an imminent danger that could not be removed otherwise, his life, corporal integrity or health or that of others, or an important good of his own or of another or a general interest, if the consequences of the act are not obviously more serious than those that would have occurred if the danger had not been removed, is not compelled to compensation. The disclosure of trade secrecy in circumstances imposed by public health or safety is assimilated to the state of necessity. The one that commits the act while performing an activity imposed or permitted by law or during the execution of the superior’s order, will not repair the damage. And the normal exercise of a subjective right is not likely to bring about the author’s liability; only the abusive exercise of the right entitles the victim to civil compensation.The victim’s consent, prior to the wrongful act, sets aside the liability. Expressed through a convention or a unilateral act, this consent represents a disclaimer as the act lacks illicit character. Disclaimers regard both conventions and unilateral legal acts (Article 1355 paragraph 1). The regulation regards the contractual liability as well as the non-contractual one. The force majeure and fortuitous case are regulated within the same legal text, in the section entitled “Cases that exonerate from liability”. Vis maxima is defined in the new Civil code as an event that meets the following characteristics: is external, unpredictable, absolutely invincible and unavoidable. Casus is defined in the new Civil code as an event that cannot be foreseen or avoided (by the one that would have been held liable if it wasn’t for the event). In the legislator’s opinion two characteristics are significant in order to be in the presence of the fortuitous case: unpredictability and invincibility. The act of the victim or of the third party, in certain conditions, frees from civil liability.
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La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme est en effet directement applicable dans l’ordre juridique interne roumain. Mais notre droit civil, aussi par le nouveau Code civil, est conforme au Convention. Dans ce sens, l’influence de la Convention est appelée à se manifester plus sur les sources du droit civil que sur le fond. Le droit de propriété et les autres droits réels sont protegés par la Convention européenne, notamment par l’art. 1 Protocol 1. Cet article garantit en substance le droit de propriété. Mais, le droit consacré ne se limite pas uniquement à ce dernier. La Cour européenne et la Commission n’ont jamais donné de définition précise de „la propriété” et ne l’ont pas limitée à un droit portant sur les biens corporels. La Convention s’étend ainsi a presque tous les droits réels. Mais l’article 1 Protocol 1 ne consacre pas un droit à la propriété; il ne garanti, en principe, que le respect des biens actuels. Notre court démarche n’analyse que quelques questions rélatives à cette protection: la notion de „biens” dans la jurisprudence européenne, la marge d’appreciation de la Cour européenne, les critères d’appréciation des atteintes au droit de propriété et l’influence de la Convention sur le droit civil interne.
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Lineage represents the connection between a child and his parent. The lineage towards the father, or the paternity is based on the fact of conception, while the lineage towards the mother or maternity is based on the fact of birth. The regulation of lineage recognition within the Civil Code stands out, first by unifying the rules on the lineage recognition a single section, regardless whether the lineage recognition is done by the mother or father. In the Family Code, the maternal lineage recognition was treated separately from the paternal one, and this generated divergent views as to the application of certain legal texts and created the premises for an absolutely unjustified discrimination between parents.
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The New Civil Code dedicates the 7th book to the provisions of private international law (Articles 2557-2664 of the Civil Code). Title II is entitled "Conflict of laws" (Articles 2572-2663 of the Civil Code) and dedicates Chapter II to family relationships (Articles 2585-2612 of the Civil Code). Section I of this chapter refers to marriage (Articles 2585-2602 of the Civil Code) and section 2 is devoted to the effects of marriage (Articles 2589-2596 of the Civil Code) Of this paragraph, the provisions on matrimonial agreement are contained by Article 2593 paragraph (1) letter (b) and Article 2594 of the Civil Code. Studying the provisions of Article 2593 paragraph (1) letter (b) and Article 2594 of the Civil Code we will notice that the new Civil Code does not devote any paragraph or article to the sanctions applicable to the conclusion of the matrimonial agreement in terms of private international law. Given these mentions, we want to show: first of all, which is the law we must apply to matrimonial agreement sanctions? and then see what are the sanctions applicable to matrimonial agreement in case the future spouses or spouses choose the Romanian law as the law applicable to matrimonial agreement?
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