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Knowledge, Reﬂection, and Action

Author(s): Ernest Sosa / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2015

Our main topic is epistemic agency, which can be either free or unfree. This aligns with a distinction between two sorts of knowledge, the reﬂective and the animal. We ﬁrst take up the nature and signiﬁcance of these two sorts of knowledge, starting with the reﬂective. In a second section we then consider the nature of suspension and how that relates suspension to higher orders of meta-belief. Finally, we consider a distinction in epistemology between animal competence and reﬂective justiﬁcation. All of these topics and distinctions are important for virtue epistemology, in ways to be considered.

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Creative Writers and their Invocation of Divine Inspiration

Author(s): Sabbar S. Sultan / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2017

Creative writing is a thorny and problematic question that has occupied a great space in the arguments of philosophers, critics, psychologists, sociologists and creative writers themselves. Although their disciplines and perspectives and fields of interest are various and even incompatible, it is noticeable that share a common ground in rationalizing and recognizing the mechanism of the creative process.

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Why You Can’t Actually Imagine the Impossible (but Think that You Can)

Author(s): Luke Malik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

There are philosophers who think that it is possible to imagine the metaphysically impossible. On the one hand, there are philosophers that think that only knowledge limits what one can imagine. Prior to knowledge of certain facts the imagination is unbounded. On the other hand, there are philosophers who think that the imagination is unconstrained whatever. I shall argue that (a) it is not actually possible to imagine what is metaphysically impossible, though (b) it appears to be possible. I take this to be a defence of the Kripkean view. I aim to develop an understanding of the imagination that can accommodate this view.

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Fodor on Causes of Mentalese Symbols

Author(s): Erdinç Sayan,Tevfik Aytekin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Jerry Fodor’s causal theory of content is a well-known naturalistic attempt purporting to show that Brentano was wrong in supposing that physical states cannot possess meaning and reference. Fodor’s theory contains two crucial elements: one is a notion of “asymmetric dependence between nomic relations,” and the other is an assumption about the nature of the “causally operative properties” involved in the causation of mental tokens. Having dealt elsewhere with the problems Fodor’s notion of asymmetric dependence poses, we show in this paper a difficulty with the other element of his theory concerning what kinds of properties are the causally operative ones in the tokenings of a semantic symbol in the brain of a perceiver. After presenting this difficulty, we examine three possible responses a Fodorian might make to our criticism.

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Tim Crane: The Mechanical Mind A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines and Mental Representation

Author(s): Tatiana Sedová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2005

Review of: Tim Crane: The Mechanical Mind, A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines and Mental Representation Routledge, London and New York 2003, 259 s.

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Shift of Creativity Concepts: From Mysticism to Modern Approach

Author(s): Gintarė Adomaitytė,Viktorija Žilinskaitė,Živilė Sederevičiūtė-Pačiauskienė,Ilona Valantinaitė,Vida Navickienė / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The article analyses the development of creativity concepts. Notions of creativity transformed historically from uncontrolled divine inspiration and non-reflected artistic inspiration to the targeted work resulting in commercially successful creative products. The analysis begins with Plato’s discussion that a poet should be overtaken by divine inspiration, that human beings do not create by themselves, they are dictated to by the Muses. Renaissance, Rationalism and Romanticism are analysed including their reflections in recognised artists of 20th century. Today’s notions of creativity are reviewed including ones important for creative industries and consumer society.

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Odpovede na námietky

Author(s): Silvia Gáliková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2003

Skôr než budem reagovať na kritické pripomienky k mojej stati, s potešením vítam diskusiu, ktorá vzišla z mojej prednášky „Problém vedomia: teoretické a metodologické východiská". Prednáška odznela vo februári v roku 2002 na Trnavskej univerzite v rámci seminára k problematike filozofie mysle.

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Silvia Gáliková, Úvod do filozofie mysle (prípad psychofyzického problému)

Author(s): Juraj Hvorecký / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2002

Review of: Silvia Gáliková, Úvod do filozofie mysle (prípad psychofyzického problému), Honner. Martin 2001. 140 s.

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Úvod do filozofie mysle (I)

Author(s): Silvia Gáliková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/1998

"Za najväčší škandál vo filozofii," napísal K. Popper v jednej zo svojich klasických prác Objective Knowledge, "považujem to, že zatiaľ čo badáme, ako sa príroda okolo nás vytráca, filozofi sa zaoberajú otázkou, či svet existuje." Domnievam sa, že v súčasnej filozofii mysle postihol podobný osud fenomén, ktorý sa nám zdá byť azda najbližším a nespochybniteľným, náš vnútorný svet, našu myseľ a vedomie.

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The Implausibility of the Causal Closure of the Physical

Author(s): Richard Swinburne / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Much recent neuroscientific work, and in particular the programme initiated by Benjamin Libet, seeks to show “the causal closure of the physical”—that mental events never cause physical events, and in particular that our intentions never cause brain events and thereby our intentional bodily actions. But no one is justified in believing any scientific theory unless they are justified in believing that it successfully predicts certain events. Someone is justified in believing that certain events predicted by some theory did occur, if they apparently remember having perceived these events or if some other scientist apparently testifies that they have perceived these events. But we believe our apparent memories of our past perceptions of events because we believe that perceiving those events has caused brain events which have caused our present apparent memories of them; and we believe the apparent testimony of others because we believe that their intentions to testify have caused brain events in them which in turn have caused the words of their testimony to come out of their mouths. So someone could only justifiably believe the theory that mental events never cause physical events if they believe that either their past perceptions or the intentions of other scientists to tell them what they perceived, both of which are kinds of mental events, have caused brain events, which are physical events. So that theory is self-defeating; no one could ever be justified in believing it, or more generally be justified in believing the theory of the causal closure of the physical.

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The Principle of Causal Completeness: Reply to Daniel von Wachter

Author(s): Michael Esfeld / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This discussion note is motivated by the fact that, to my mind, Daniel von Wachter does not represent the position of the friends of the principle of the causal closure of the physical world (PCC) in a completely fair manner in his paper “The principle of the causal openness of the physical” in this issue.

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Vehicles, Contents and Supervenience

Author(s): Gottfried Vosgerau / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

In this paper, I provide an argument for the assumption that contents supervene on vehicles, which is based on the explanatory role of representations in the cognitive sciences. I then show that the supervenience thesis together with the explanatory role imply that the individuation criteria for contents and vehicles are tightly bound together, such that content internalism (externalism) is in effect equivalent to vehicle internalism (externalism). In the remainder of the paper, I argue that some of the different positions in the debate stem from different research questions, namely the question about the acquisition conditions and the question about the entertaining conditions for mental representation. Finally, I argue that the thesis of externalism is much more interesting if understood as a claim about how mental representation works in our world as opposed to how they work in all metaphysically possible worlds. In particular, I argue that this “nomological” understanding of the thesis is able to explain how and why the experimental methods used in contemporary cognitive sciences are able to provide insight into behavior generation.

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Overcoming Deadlock: Scientific and Ethical Reasons to Embrace the Extended Mind Thesis

Author(s): Karina Vold / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The extended mind thesis maintains that while minds may be centrally located in one’s brain-and-body, they are sometimes partly constituted by tools in our environment. Critics argue that we have no reason to move from the claim that cognition is embedded in the environment to the stronger claim that cognition can be constituted by the environment. I will argue that there are normative reasons, both scientific and ethical, for preferring the extended account of the mind to the rival embedded account.

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VOKIŠKOJO IDEALIZMO IR RYTŲ FILOSOFIJOS RECEPCIJA VYDŪNO SĄMONĖS FILOSOFIJOJE

Author(s): Dalia Marija Stančienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 98/2019

The human nature, consciousness, creative power and vitality are the topics of existential philosophy that attracts Vydunas’s attention. Considering those topics, he combines Western philosophy, Eastern mysticism, theosophy, and tries to answer the questions: what is human being and what is his relation to the world? At the same time he plumbs the nature and powers of consciousness and its manifestations in culture. The article discusses Hegel’s approach to Eastern philosophy, reveals the reception of Indian philosophy in Schopenhauer’s teaching, highlights the activities of the 19th century theosophists in Germany and shows their influence on Vydūnas’s thinking.

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THE SELF AS AN ANCHOR: HOW DO HUMAN ASCRIBE VALUE TO THINGS

Author(s): Mustafa Emre Çağlar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

According to the norm theory of Kahneman and Miller, when people evaluate an object, they often think about other objects in the same category, and compare the stimulus object to the anchor (Hsee, 1998, 109). However, people would intrinsically ascribe value to things (Hood & Bloom, 2008) without using an explicit anchor. We argue that instrumental value is embedded in the intrinsic one and therefore intrinsic valuation is active for any evaluation of the individual. In the study, the existence of intrinsic value was tested by using the meditative state of mind as a tool and author found three omnipresent phenomena that affect the assigned value of things: a) Just after a high level of meditative state, participants distinctly assigned lower values to images relative to their non-meditative peers. b) Participants assigned significantly higher values to more complex images only when they focused on these images for a while. c) When participants made instant valuation, while the complexity of images rising, the values assigned took in the form of a U-curve. These situationalities has been integrated and resolved on a theoretical ground..

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SOCIAL TRAUMA AND EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT

Author(s): Ivana Pedović,Vladimir Hedrih / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2019

Trauma can be described as an injury that leaves permanent consequences, latent traces that can be activated in periods of crisis (Krstić, 2009). In the second part of the 20th century, the term trauma started being used ever more outside the medical and psychiatric context and entering the domain of social sciences (Sztompka, 2009). In the scope of this, one way the concept of trauma is used is in confronting negative and dysfunctional consequences that social change can leave in its wake. Various authors have studied social and psychological consequences of social changes on individuals and society. In this way, they opened the road to recognizing a new meaning of trauma, which they titled cultural or social trauma. It is known that the theory of emotional attachment states that in crisis or traumatic situations, members of a family group feel insecure, that risks in the environment can lead to lowered responsiveness of the parents, but it is less widely known if unresolved traumatic experiences of parents can be transferred to children and their later emotional attachment patterns. There is particularly little knowledge on whether significant social changes leave consequences on emotional lives of individuals and the emotional lives of their children. In this paper, we try to make a brief review of the literature on the topic, and summarize the theoretical and partly empirical knowledge in the area that exists so far.

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W nieprzychylnym ciele

Author(s): Jakub Walicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2019

In the paper, I investigate the peculiar relationship that connects man with his body, concentrating especially on the issue of physical suffering. Considering the above-mentioned problem, I suggest that the body-soul dialectics is closely related to our singular bodily experiences, resulting especially in certain self-identification difficulties. At the same time, I argue that although it is impossible to deny that man is a corporeal being, his qualities seem to transcend the physical sphere.

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Neopopperowski argument przeciw funkcjonalizmowi

Author(s): Michał Andrzej Pawłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (107)/2019

This article presents a new argument against mind–body functionalism, strongly inspired by some remarks made by Karl Popper. First, the author presents the original Popperian argument against materialism (from The Self and Its Brain) and its reconstruction by Mariusz Grygianiec. The argument’s conclusion is that if materialism is true, it must also be devoid of any rational grounding. Employing Ned Block’s and Joseph Levine’s accounts of functionalism, the author reformulates the original objection in order to make it a threat to functionalism, which is a more widespread view than the identity theory (which was the aim of Popper’s criticism). The argument proves to be resilient to some potential dangers: Hilary Putnam’s example of the Twin Earth or a duplicate counter-argument mentioned by Block. The conclusion is analogous to the original one: functionalism, provided that it is true, is irrational.

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Memory, Imagery, and Self-Knowledge

Author(s): Dustin Stokes / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

One distinct interest in self-knowledge is an interest in whether one can know about one’s own mental states and processes, how much, and by what methods. One broad distinction is between accounts that centrally claim that we look inward for self-knowledge (introspective methods) and those that claim that we look outward for self-knowledge (transparency methods). It is here argued that neither method is sufficient, and that we see this as soon as we move beyond questions about knowledge of one’s beliefs, focusing instead on how one distinguishes, for oneself, one’s veridical visual memories from mere (non-veridical) visual images. Given the robust psychological and phenomenal similarities between episodic memories and mere imagery, the following is a genuine question that one might pose to oneself: “Do I actually remember that happening, or am I just imagining it?” After critical analysis of the application of the transparency method (advocated by Byrne [2010], following Evans [1982]) to this latter epistemological question, a brief sketch is offered of a more holistic and inferential method for acquisition of broader self-knowledge (broadly following the interpretive sensory-access account of Carruthers [2011]). In a slogan, knowing more of the mind requires using more of the mind.

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Why Successful Performance in Imagery Tasks Does Not Require the Manipulation of Mental Imagery

Author(s): Thomas Park / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Nanay (2017) argues for unconscious mental imagery, inter alia based on the assumption that successful performance in imagery tasks requires the manipulation of mental imagery. I challenge this assumption with the help of results presented in Shepard and Metzler (1971), Zeman et al. (2010), and Keogh and Pearson (2018). The studies suggest that imagery tasks can be successfully performed by means of cognitive/propositional strategies which do not rely on imagery.

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