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THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE MILITARY ACTIONS

Author(s): Marian HOGEA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an artifact (computer) that works effectively to achieve a certain goal. Artificial Intelligence Technology has entered a new period of rapid development and is recognized as the most perceptual technology capable of changing the future world. The trend of developing artificial intelligence in the coming years will have an impact on societies, governments, and last but not least on the military environment. Some emerging trends have already begun to appear, therefore, many countries in the world have raised the development of artificial intelligence at the level of national strategy and strongly supported it from the perspective of policy orientation, strategic planning and capital budgeting. The emergence of artificial intelligence weapons will radically change the way in which armed conflicts are being prepared and carried out, that is, „man-to-man” warfare tends to become a war of „machine killing”. Whoever has the best software will win the war. From this perspective, we aim to highlight the integration and functioning of weapons and technologies based on artificial intelligence within the command and control systems and execution structures to uncover the elements of informational and decisional superiority, as well as the success factors in the dynamics of future military actions.

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4.50 €

Сравнительный анализ лексики, используемой праительственными структурами и «несистемной» оппозицией в современной России

Author(s): Anton Somov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Anton Somov covers the language of the current Russian government and pro-government forces as compared to the “non-establishment” opposition movement whose position strengthened with the Duma elections in December 2011. The author characterizes the phrases used by the politicians now in power in the Russian Federation, while pointing out particularities of the Russian political discourse from the language point of view. He also gives examples of the current popular, and highly apt, vocabulary that draws mainly upon the results of the Word of the Year media contest and the materials of the related Dictionary ofthe Year contest (2012). Somov explains the updating, polysemantisation, and politicizing of existing phrases and formation of neologisms in modern Russianas an impact of the direct influence of extra-linguistic factors, and primarily of the growth of rally attendance and other political activity by the citizens of the Russian Federation and the reaction to this by government and pro-government politicians. Together with these examples, Somov provides culturological and linguistic commentaries with an eye to the non-homogenous political situation inside modern Russia.

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Czech Politicians Go Online: Is this e-Democracy or Just a Campaign Move?

Author(s): Alena Macková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The last few years have witnessed an intensified academic debate on the potential of new media in politics in the Czech Republic. However, discussions on new media’s impact – democratic potential, mobilization of the electorate, dialogue between citizens and politicians, etc. – tend to involve political parties rather than politicians as individual users. This chapter is mostly based on data analyzing the individual use of new media (and, specifically, social networking sites) by politicians.

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Social Media and Diffused Participation

Author(s): Jakub Macek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter deals with diffused participation and the role of social media in mundane civic and political practices. Drawing on previous research and employing a structuration model of media for its theoretical framework, the chapter aims to illustrate that the uses of social media are structured by affordances of the media as well as by the immediate and broader social, cultural, and political contexts in which political and civic practices are embedded.

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Potential of open data in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Jan Boubín / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper Potential of open data in the Czech Republic deals with the current situation of open data government and autonomous institutions in the Czech Republic in comparison with other European Union countries (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Austria, Estonia, ...) and defines the possibilities of open data economic development of the Czech Republic. Methodology of the paper includes a search resources dealing with the issue of open data in the Czech Republic and the European Union, comparing the obtained data, the analysis of obtained data and deduction provided for further development. The first part is an evaluation of the current situation and the situation compared with other EU countries. Further conditions for further development and evaluation of the potential of open data for the Czech Republic. The final section of the paper deals with evaluation of possibilities open application data management processes of companies in the Czech Republic in terms of strategic and innovation management. The result is an overview of the potential use of open data in the context of economic development and an estimate of the trend in applications open at the government level.

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Collaboration and fusion of Basque local media: opportunities for development and for citizen participation

Author(s): Eneko Bidegain,Aitor Zuberogoitia,Txema Egaña,Ainhoa Larrañaga / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The local professional press in Basque started around 1989–1990. It has been predominantly located in villages, but from 2000 onwards it began to spread through the valleys and regions. This process is not yet complete. As such, this chapter aims to analyse the mechanisms of collaboration among Basque local media, which are using new technologies and striving to develop community participation. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, and is a minority language due to the linguistic policies of Spain and France, which impose Spanish and French as primary languages but do not confer the same rights on Basque. The Basque language is not official in the northern (French) part of the country; it is co-official in the southern (Spanish) part, but only Spanish is obligatory. Thus, there is a situation of diglossia throughout the Basque Country, in which the Basque language is always the weaker.

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Теоретичен модел на културата на успешния кмет в контекста на европейските стандарти за добро управление

Author(s): Verginia Stoianova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Management culture often stays in the background when analyzing the factors for the successful management. The purpose of this article is to present a new approach to the study of the culture of the leader as a factor in the implementation of the European policies and good practices in a local government. To measure the impact of the management culture, we need an approach that takes into account the complex structure of the culture factor and to build an acceptable structure of the factor from the point of view of our research. That is why we analyze the latest research and publications in this field which give us a satisfactory variety of elements, they are based on scientific research and arguments and do correspond to the European standards for good governance in local administration. In accordance with the European and international cultural standards for the successful leader in the public sector, a final structure of the management culture in the local administration has been prepared.

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Introduction: Russia’s Approach to (ab)use of History

Author(s): Ivo Juurvee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study deals with the growing trend of Russia’s use of historical propaganda to further its foreign policy goals. It contains chapters written by experts in the field in the respective countries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Poland. The methodological aspects of the project were discussed in detail during a seminar in Riga on 11 December 2018. It was agreed that, for the integrity of the compendium, at least the central theme should be commonly understood as Jowett and O’Donnell conceptualise it: propaganda is a deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Its systematic nature requires the longitudinal study of its progress. Because the essence of propaganda is its deliberateness of purpose, considerable investigation is required to find out what this purpose is.

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Narrative & Strategic Communications

Author(s): Scott Ruston / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Strategic communicators need concepts, methods and tools to both analyse the information environment in which they work and in order to craft communication campaigns that will resonate with audiences and accomplish organizational objectives. One of the most powerful rhetorical and analytic devices for these purposes is narrative. Narrative is so central to human understanding and decision making that communication theorist Walter Fisher proposed that humans should be called homo narrans or ‘storytelling man’ rather than homo sapiens (‘thinking man’). He argues, in part, that human decisions and behaviours are driven more by narrative logic and that rational logic while it still applies to human thinking is subordinate to narrative logic. Couple this assertion of fundamental human nature with a consideration of the presence of ‘narrative’ in reporting on any political contest or analysis of geopolitical conflict.

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INFORMATIVNO-KOMUNIKACIJSKI ASPEKTI PARTICIPACIJE GRAĐANA U LOKALNOJ UPRAVI

Author(s): Najil Kurtić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Sudjelovanje građana u politici i građanskom životu jedan je od četiri elementa uspješne demokracije. To sudjelovanje Diamond i Morlino (2004) vide mnogo šire od mogućnosti građana da periodično biraju, odnosno mijenjaju vladajuće elite. Građani bi, u demokratiji, trebali djelovati i između izbora; kao korektiv vlasti, biti uključeni u donošenje odluka, te nastojati da se njihov glas stalno čuje.

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Fake news and how to fight it

Author(s): Željka VESIĆ,Luka Marković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us how important it is to have real and true information, and that they are received from the reliable sources. In this particular case, misinformation and spread of fake news endanger our health and raises panic, which further raises danger in multiple ways. This is why it is important to check if a photograph was edited, or if sound was added to a video, and even if the articles spread in mainstream media are modified. The public needs to be protected from the pandemic of false information. Fake news, pseudo-news, alternative facts and news with misinformation are spread through traditional forms of media or social media to create a false narrative about a given topic. Spreading misinformation gives people a distorted view, often on something that they need to decide on. Social media is very convenient place for spreading of false information because of the open nature of their platforms which allows every person to say and share various contents.

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VAGUENESS IN BRITISH POLITICAL INTERVIEWS

Author(s): Jana Adámková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present paper aims to contribute to the field of communication and pragmatic studies. It attempts to examine and describe the way in which interviewers (IRs) and interviewees (IEs) in British (Br) political interviews (PIs) use vague language (VL). By analysing two interviews, first between Jeremy Paxman (JP) and Michael Howard (MH) and second between JP and Tony Blair (TB) the paper aims to explore what communicative strategies and effects both participating parties (IR and IEs) try to achieve by means of vague reference to numerical quantity and semantically empty nouns and phrases. The present paper is theoretically anchored mainly in Channell’s seminal work called Vague Language (1994).

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THREAT PERCEPTION IN THE SPEECHES OF GEORGE W. BUSH AND B. OBAMA: A COMPARISON

Author(s): Jana Svobodová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Public speeches delivered by the Presidents of the United States show similarities with regard to their length and basic features, such as the opening and closing sentences or references to the U.S. traditions, mission, etc. However, their content is highly dependent on the actual domestic and international situation. Besides the comparison of the quantitative data (the length of the speeches, the number of sentences/paragraphs/words/characters), the main focus of the article is to analyze and compare how threat to the United States is expressed in the speeches of G. W. Bush and B. Obama. The analyzed speeches were chosen according to their type (Inaugural Address, 9/11 Address, UN Address, State of the Union Address) as well as according to their date of delivery in order to show the changes between the speeches of G. W. Bush preceding or following the 9/11 attacks and the speeches delivered several years later by B. Obama. The results show that there are threats to the United States which have not changed over the years; however, both Presidents address the threats rather indirectly, showing the uncertainty the United States has faced since the end of the Cold War.

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The Concept of Savior Leadership in Political Communication: A Qualitative Research on Hayder Aliyev’s Perception of Turkic World

Author(s): Baha Ahmet Yilmaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The disintegration of the Soviet Union with the end of the Cold War brought with it the identity problem of the emerging young republics. In this context, the leader, who has the most important role, has a key role in completing the integration process of the relevant countries both in domestic and foreign policy. The leader, who has a very important role in the political communication literature and is called the litmus paper of the society, can be defined by the image he creates in the society as well as the administration style. In this context, leadership in the modern era, in which many different definitions and types are put forward, has developed much more comprehensive approaches to itself, unlike the traditional era. The most prominent of these is the concept of savior leadership.

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Azerbaycan Umummilli Lideri Haydar Aliyev’in TBMM’de Yaptığı Konuşmalar Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Ayten Can / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

“Ben ne yapmışsam hepsini şuurlu yaptım. Hiçbir şeyi şuursuz yapmadım. Bütün geçmişime hayatıma gör, bütün yaptığım işler için hayıflanmıyorum. Her şeyi halkım için, milletim için ve kendi vatanım Azerbaycan için yaptığımı düşünüyorum” diyen Azerbaycan Devleti’nin Cumhurbaşkanı Haydar Aliyev Azerbaycan’ın bağımsızlığını kazanmasının ardından 1993- 2003 yılları arasında görev almış, kaotik bir dönemden geçen ve birçok sorunla başetmek zorunda kalan Azerbaycan bu dönemde çok önemli atılımlar da yapmıştır. Politik ve ekonomik dönüşümler yaşayan Azerbaycan aynı zamanda uluslararası devletlerle de ilişkilerini geliştirmiştir.

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Elektronik Sivil İtaatsizlik Bağlamında Hacktivizmin Meşruluğu Üzerine

Author(s): Özlem Çetin Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

As digital tools have been used to protest and influence policy, activists' repertoire of collective action has changed. Hacking is one of the forms of action used by activists. The use of hacking as an activist tactic with a political motivation is called hacktivism. However, as the act of hacking crosses legal boundaries, the legitimacy of hacktivism and the contexts in which it can be understood as an acceptable form of activism are debated. Some studies of the legitimacy of hacktivism highlight the relationship between hacktivism and the concept of civil disobedience. The fact that civil disobedience is a type of action based on deliberate disobedience of the law for political and social reasons brings to the agenda that the illegal aspect of hacking can be treated as disobedience to the prohibition of access to digital systems. This has led to the conceptualization of hacktivism as a politically motivated act of hacking as electronic civil disobedience. This study examines the context in which hacktivism can be understood as a form of electronic civil disobedience and its legitimacy as electronic civil disobedience. To this end, the paper first discusses the conceptual treatment of hacktivism with historical examples and then discusses the theoretical treatment of civil disobedience in the context of its legitimacy. Finally, the concept of electronic civil disobedience and the limits of evaluating hacktivism on a legitimate ground are revealed. Conceptually, the study argues that hacktivism, as the transfer of civil disobedience into virtual space on a legitimate ground, should be considered electronic civil disobedience.

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Bolt’s paradigm of strategic communications

Author(s): Neville Bolt / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Strategic communicators inhabit a world of tensions. These act as forces which not only push and pull against each other; they define themselves against one other. Hence they are symbiotic: the one cannot exist without the other.

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How Strategic Communications Backfired: The Case of the Russian Sputnik V Vaccine

Author(s): Vera Michlin-Shapir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter demonstrates how Russia’s government used its domestic-made Covid-19 vaccine, Sputnik V, as an information warfare tool. In August 2020, Russia surprised the world when it became the first country to authorise a Covid-19 vaccine for public use. Russia’s government exploited the early authorisation to draw attention to its vaccine and provoke Western criticism of it. Russian tactics echoed insurgents’ use of Propaganda of the Deed (POTD), namely by using the weight of Western criticism against Western states once Sputnik V was peer-reviewed and proven as safe and effective. But since then, Russia’s use of Sputnik V as an information warfare tool has backfired. Analysis of polls and focus groups suggest that international controversy around Sputnik V has contributed to widespread Russian public distrust in the vaccine. Today, despite being the first country to approve a Covid-19 vaccine, Russia’s vaccination rates remain relatively low, while its Covid-related death rate is among the highest in the world.

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ECRIRE DANS LES JOURNAUX

Author(s): J. R. PICK / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Le sentiment normal d’un écrivain normal qui écrit dans les journaux, est qu'il est content quand on publie quelque chose de lui.

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Komunikologijske teorije i historiografija

Author(s): Tihomir Cipek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Author discusses relations among democracy, media and historiography. The main thesis is that historiography has an important role in legitimacy of a political system. On example of the basic communication theories author reveals importance of political communication and the media for a normal functioning of democracy. On the basis of the media selection code author describes the ways historiographical topics are used by modern media. The analysis includes cases from Western Europe and Croatian radio-television. In the conclusion author emphasizes the importance of interpretation of historiographical knowledge in the media for the development of democracy.

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