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MÉDIA A VOLBY

Author(s): Lenka Hrbková,Alena Macková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Volby a předvolební kampaně (především v případě voleb prvního řádu) jsou jednou z nejvíce mediálně atraktivních událostí ve veřejném prostoru vůbec. Zájem médií, těch tradičních i nových, je tak nepochybně zcela zásadní součástí volebního procesu. Samotný výzkum v oblasti politické komunikace systematicky ukazuje, že dochází k výrazným proměnám ve vztahu mezi médii a politikou, která se stává stále více mediovanou (Bennett, Entman 2001).

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New Media, Old Inequalities: Technological Fixes, National Containers, and the Roma

Author(s): Monika Metyková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Much has been written and discussed about the potential of new media technologies for re-invigorating European democracies in the past 25 years by policy makers, activists, and academics. One of the widely recognized roles of the media in this respect is the provision of a space for public discussion where diverse opinions and representations thrive. This chapter argues that,while in the early 1990s policy makers – at least rhetorically – recognized the potential of new media (Web 2.0, in particular) in creating such a space, the underlying rationale for much new media policy has shifted toward economic and developmental goals.

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The local press and independence in Scotland

Author(s): Jan-Philipp Wagner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the Acts of the Union in 1707, Scotland has struggled to varying degrees for independence. Over the last few decades, the demand for Scottish independence grew stronger, which was epitomized in the Scottish National Party’s landslide victory in the 2011 elections to the Scottish Parliament. Once in power, the SNP, under the leadership of First Minister Alex Salmond, began to work on the fulfilment of its campaign pledge to smooth the way toward a public vote on Scottish independence (Mitchell, 2016). As a result, Scots were given the right to choose whether or not Scotland should be an independent country in the Scottish independence referendum on September 18, 2014.

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Local public communication filling the gap for a vanishing local media. A dilemma for democracy in Sweden

Author(s): Carina Tenor,Gunnar Nygren / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In a Swedish municipality building, a former Managing Editor from commercial television channel TV4 is working as Head of Communications for the municipality, along with several colleagues, all of whom have experiences from television broadcasting. These days, the municipality invests considerable resources into creating video content to provide citizens with information, “and we know how effectively pictures talk to people’s emotions”. The municipality’s Facebook page has already been awarded a prize, and now everyone is hoping for a prize-winning website as well, with pictures and videos.

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CONCLUSION

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case studies of Latvia and Sweden offer a test case for analysing China’s influence in the Nordic-Baltic information environment. Although limited in scope, the findings can provide valuable insight into China’s potential to influence public discourse in the specific countries of the region. Both case studies illustrate the main channels of the CCP’s communication efforts and demonstrate how tactics differ depending on the nature of relationship and reaction to China’s perceived ‘red’ lines by the country of analysis. China’s communication efforts towards Latvia thus far can be characterised as non-confrontational, focusing on prospective cooperation between the two countries. In instances of criticism levelled against China, it is not confronted publicly. By contrast, Sweden has experienced a more confrontational side of China’s public communication, with Chinese diplomats publicly reacting to Swedish criticism regarding human rights abuses and aggressive foreign policy.

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Georgia’s Strategic Interests

Author(s): Tornike Sharashenidze / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Similarly to other countries suffering from occupation of their territory, Georgia’s primary national security objective is to regain its lost territories. This is not an easily attainable goal. Georgia’s interests are shaped by its geographical predicament: it is situated in a region that abounds with territorial conflicts and is affected by the Russian-American great power competition. The country is neighboured by Russia – a state that views the South Caucasus as vital to its interests. As Georgia is considered the gateway of the South Caucasus, it became the subject of Russian pressure immediately following the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, weakened by civil war, economic collapse, and disastrous defeat in Abkhazia, Georgia had little choice but to appease Russia and rely on its goodwill. Yet this dynamic could only be sustained as long as the region remained outside of a Western sphere of influence. In the late 1990s, the U.S. and Europe rediscovered the South Caucasus, particularly as a unique opportunity to build a new energy corridor and set an example of democratic transformation. This interest was welcomed by the Georgian public but was met with profound concern in Russia.

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How Does Russia Target the Physical Domain to Achieve Its Strategic Goals in Georgia?

Author(s): Ketevan Chachava / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The choice of Georgian citizens is evident: the majority wants Georgia to join the European Union (EU) and NATO. This aspiration is even reflected and enshrined in the constitution of Georgia, which states that Georgia’s accession to the EU and NATO is an overarching priority for the country. However, Georgia’s road to European integration has not been easy. Russia, which considers the post-Soviet space to be its own ‘backyard’ where it should exercise control, has repeatedly sought to undermine Georgia’s European integration process. To that end, Russia has exerted an influence upon Georgia’s information environment through several approaches, including by targeting the physical domain through cyber-attacks, the occupation of 20 per cent of Georgia’s internationally recognised territory, and the application of active measures through influence networks, among others. As a tool for influencing Georgia’s information environment, disinformation has historically been deployed by the Kremlin and gained newfound relevance since the Russo-Georgia War in 2008. Disinformation is often used to manipulate Georgian identity to imply closeness to Russia or to appeal to identity politics in order to amplify the position of those social groups that promote Russia’s interests. In this regard, physical social networks and interconnectivity become crucial.

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How to Respond to Information Operations While Preserving Commitment to Free Speech and the Free Flow of Ideas?

Author(s): Anna Keshelashvili,Tinatin Tsomaia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The developments following the 2020 U.S. presidential election, which took place during the writing of this chapter, have once more highlighted the problem of societal polarisation, information manipulation, and the influence of new information technologies on societies’ political decision-making and real-time behaviour. The 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol, ‘the most recognized symbol of democratic governance in the world’, brought to fore questions around the collective responsibility of citizens, politicians, and tech giants to better understand, protect, and exercise freedom of speech in a time of disinformation. For example: What constitutes ‘harmful’ online content? Where does the border lie between online content that is protected by the right to freedom of expression and online content that should, or needs to, be regulated? Should tech giants be liable for the information they host? Do they have different obligations to society than other private companies do?

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CYBERGEOPOLITICS AND CYBERGEOSTRATEGY – EMERGING STUDY FIELDS

Author(s): Marius-Cristian Neacşu,CHICIUC Ioana-Andreea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For some time now, mankind has entered a new phase of evolution, with physical space (land, sea, air, cosmic) being doubled by the virtual one, cyberspace – the global network of interconnected information technologies – and geopolitics and geostrategy could not fail to take into account this new phase in the evolution of history, with the emergence of subfields such as cybergeopolitics and cybergeostrategy, with some authors already anticipating cybernetocracies or cyber powers. It should only be added that cyberspace can be both an environment for the 'new' power (the geopolitical logic being the same) and a weapon – the cyberweapon (the use of cyberattacks as a geostrategic tool). The aim of this study consists in identifying the main components (definition, subject matter, terminology) of the two emerging areas, namely cybergeopolitics and cybergeostrategy. The results of this qualitative research are based on the critical analysis of the specialized literature, in order to summarize the specific phenomenology and to theorize the concept of cybergeopolitics and its derivates.

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Bir Lider Olarak Haydar Aliyev’in Vefatının Ardından Türk Basınında Yer Alan Haber Fotoğraflarının Göstergelimsel Analizi

Author(s): Eda Er / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Toplumların yönetimi oldukça hassas ve tarihin akışı üzerinde belirleyici etkisi olan bir konudur. Bu yönetim sürecinde ‘liderler’ ön plana çıkan aktörler olarak önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle toplumsal yaşamı merkezine alan tarih, siyaset, iletişim ve sosyoloji çalışmaları içinde “liderlik” dikkat çeken bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle siyasal iletişim çalışmaları içinde ‘liderlik’ konusu, üzerinde önemle durulan ve çalışmalar içinde sıklıkla yer verilen bir alandır.

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Terms through a strategic communications lens

Author(s): Leonie Haiden,Jente Althuis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The relationship between strategic communications and values does not only concern how we define StratCom itself. The articulation of values has also been a central part of how actors have shaped and shifted discourses in relation to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. When actors use certain terms and concepts—defending Western values, protecting our freedom, fighting an existential war, to name but a few—they aim to shape how we understand the events going on around us, and how we react to them. But in doing so they also shape and sometimes (re)define the terms themselves. It is worth considering the origins of some of these terms, and setting out how and why they have recently been used and contested by different actors. The discussion below is by no means exhaustive. It addresses the most relevant and contested terms that have regained currency in discourse surrounding the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The status of the debate is depicted below, rather than any fresh definition of the terms selected. Terms have already been extensively conceptualised during a rich history that has seen lively academic debate. Instead of redefining them here, better to show how contested some are, and contextualise how they are used today.

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MICRO-PERSPECTIVE: THE RISE OF THE NEW COMMISSARS—AN ASSESSMENT OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE CAMPAIGNS ON THE EVE OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Charlie Winter / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Shortly after 21.30 MST on 21 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that Moscow was set to recognise the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) in eastern Ukraine as independent territories. Moments later he gave the order for Russian ‘peacekeepers’ to deploy across the border into eastern Ukraine. Putin’s statement came just four days after a sustained surge in ceasefire violations by Russian and pro-Russian forces, which was reported by the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence on 17 February, and amid widespread, months-long speculation regarding the prospect of a full-fledged war on Kyiv.

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MACRO-PERSPECTIVE: STRATEGY WITHOUT DESIGN

Author(s): Ofer Fridman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

‘Modern Westerners,’ argues cultural psychologist Richard E. Nisbett, ‘like the ancient Greeks, see the world in analytic, atomistic terms; they see objects as discrete and separate from their environments; they see events as moving in linear fashion when they move at all; and they feel themselves to be personally in control’. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Western approach to strategy is dominated by the notion of linear progression towards objectives defined in advance, as Western ‘institutionalized habits focus only upon analytic and linear models’. Strategy is commonly perceived as a combination of ‘calculation and control to effect planned movement over a predictable but fast-moving environment in order to realize well-designed aims’. Consequently, the application of this linear thinking to the Kremlin’s behaviour has repeatedly led Western researchers to characterize President Putin as ‘astrategic’ or a ‘tactical’ player who is ‘adept at short-term tactical responses to setbacks, but less talented at long-term strategy’. Moreover, when applied to Russia’s hybrid media environment, these linear models would understand it in terms of pre-thought plans which were then orchestrated and coordinated to achieve the desired control over the media or the narrative.

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RUSSIA’S 2022 INVASION OF UKRAINE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT ON KREMLIN-CONTROLLED DOMESTIC TELEVISION

Author(s): Max Levin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This report is focused on the relation-ship between Russia’s actions in the physical environment and its behaviour in the information environment (with a particular focus on Kremlin-aligned television) in the period leading up to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In the months before the invasion, many reports appeared in the media of Western countries claiming that Russia intended to invade Ukraine. Such reports were typically based on briefings from government sources (which were in turn ostensibly based on assessments made by intelligence agencies) or on open-source intelligence analyses. In either case, assessments were primarily founded on Russia’s behaviour in the physical domain3, such as movements of its troops and military equipment to areas adjacent to the Ukrainian border. This report is based on a desire to better understand how the information domain ought to fit into this dynamic of intelligence interpretation. It attempts to answer the following two questions...

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Friendly Hand – Accusing Finger. Metaphors in the Persian Political Discourse

Author(s): Sirma Kostadinova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Subject of this paper are metaphorical linguistic expressions, which reflect the relation between the target domains of NATION and COUNTRY and the source domain of HUMAN BODY in Persian. Media analyses on Iranian policy, speeches, and statements of government officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran are the main source for the research. The corpus of the collected phraseological units is analysed and classified in the light of the Conceptual metaphor theory. Metaphorical linguistic expressions containing the terms 𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑡 “hand”, 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜š𝑡 “finger” and 𝑚𝑜š𝑡 “fist” are in the focus of the paper. It discusses the question if Persian political discourse demonstrates features of cultural conceptualisations, providing comparative analysis with English and Bulgarian. It is a part of a broader research on conceptual metaphors in contemporary Persian.

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The media Context of the Czech Foreign Policy in 2007–2009

Author(s): Lenka Vochocová,Vlastimil Nečas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The information revolution in the twentieth century had an essential impact on the ways of asserting political interests and inﬂuencing voters – not only during pre-election campaigns. It was particularly the massive onset of television in the second half of the last century which brought about a signiﬁcant change in the relation between politics and the media, referred to as mediazation. Political or media studies are thus confronted with the question of the relation between the media and politics in the present-day western democracies. Theoretical as well as research works analysing this relation fall within the sphere of political communication and, in more general terms, the region of exploring the theories of media effects. A considerable number of diverse concepts have emerged as a result in the course of the systematic investigation of the manners in which the media have been inﬂuencing individuals and society (approximately since the end of the 1930s).

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Mediální kontext české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Vlastimil Nečas / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Informační revoluce ve 20. století zásadně ovlivnila způsoby prosazování politických zájmů a ovlivňování voličů, a to nejen v průběhu předvolebních kampaní. Zejména mohutný nástup televize v druhé polovině minulého století měl za následek výraznou změnu ve vztahu politiky a médií, označovanou jako mediatizace. Politická a mediální studia tak narážejí na otázku po vzájemném vztahu médií a politiky v současných západních demokraciích. Teoretické i výzkumné práce, analyzující tyto vztahy, pak spadají do oblasti politické komunikace. Například Eric Louwe považuje za šest klíčových oblastí zájmu politické komunikace: 1) zkoumání mediatizace západní politiky, 2) nárůst spin-doktorů a využívání public relations v politice, 3) vztah mezi mediálním pokrytím a politickou praxí, 4) vývoj politické žurnalistiky, 5) politici využívající různé mediální formy, 6) jak televize změnila podstatu politiky

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Mediální kontext české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Vlastimil Nečas,Lenka Vochocová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V kapitole věnované analýze zahraničního zpravodajství českých médií v roce 2014 navazujeme na výzkumy z minulých let, a to se stejným záměrem identifikovat a pojmenovat převažující charakteristiky zpravodajství o zahraničněpolitických událostech. Struktura kapitoly, metody zkoumání i způsob výběru analyzovaného materiálu zůstávají stejné jako v uplynulých letech a je tak dále doplňována souvislá řada poznatků shromažďovaných již od roku 2008. V první části kapitoly se věnujeme základním charakteristikám zahraničněpolitického zpravodajství tří českých televizních stanic, konkrétně hlavním tématům, aktérům, kteří byli ve zpravodajství zmiňováni, a destinacím, na které bylo v souvislosti se zahraniční politikou nejčastěji odkazováno. Výsledky obsahové analýzy potvrzují dlouhodobě pozorované charakteristiky zpravodajství, je patrná zejména domestikace a personalizace událostí. Z hlediska typologie protagonistů, kteří měli možnost se k tématům ve zpravodajství vyjádřit, je zjevná dominance českých politických aktérů (zejména členů vlády a osob zastupujících prezidenta ČR; viz Vochocová–Nečas, 2014).

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Mediální kontext české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Vlastimil Nečas,Lenka Vochocová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V kapitole věnované analýze zpravodajství českých médií v roce 2013 navazujeme na výzkumy z minulých let, a to se stejným záměrem identifikovat a pojmenovat prevažujúci charakteristiky zpravodajství o zahraničněpolitických událostech. Struktura kapitoly, metody zkoumání i způsob výběru analyzovaného materiálu zůstávají stejné jako v uplynulých letech a je tak dále doplňována souvislá řada poznatků shromaž-ďovaných již od roku 2008. Díky kontinuálnímu sběru dat a analýze zpravodajství vzniká datová opora pro pojmenování trendů v zahraničněpolitickém zpravodajství českých médií. První část kapitoly se věnuje výsledkům kvantitativní analýzy zamerené na identifikaci hlavních témat, přítomných aktérů a zemí, kterým byla v zahraničnom zpravodajství věnována pozornost. Druhá část kapitoly představuje dvě prípadové studie zaměřené na rozbor mediálního pokrytí vyvěšení vlajky Evropské unie na Pražském hradě v dubnu 2013 a na téma tzv. Benešových dekretů, o kterých se diskutovalo v lednu roku 2013 v kontextu kampaní před volbou prezidenta České republiky. Cílem těchto dvou specifických analýz je identifikovat kontexty doprovázející mediální reflexi událostí a interpretační rámce, do nichž byly události zasazovány.

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Mediální kontext české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Vlastimil Nečas,Lenka Vochocová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Analýza zahraničního zpravodajství českých médií je rozdělena, podobně jako v minulých ročenkách, do dvou částí. První je spíše přehledová kvantitativní analýza zpravodajství českých celoplošných televizí, jejímž cílem je určit základní kontury mediální agendy zaměřené na zahraniční zpravodajství českých médií. S ohledem na zřejmé interpretační limity metody se soustředíme na přítomná témata, preferované zahraniční destinace a aktéry, kteří se k událostem vyjadřují. Pro kvantitativní analýzu jsme použili stejnou metodiku i analyzovaný vzorek jako v loňském roce. To nám umožňuje rozšířit výzkum o srovnání s výsledky analýzy z roku 2009. Druhou část analýzy tvoří kvalitativní textuální rozbor vybraných, mediálně výrazně exponovaných událostí v českém tisku s cílem pojmenovat převládající interpretační rámce a schémata, jež média vytvářela kolem dvou dominantních událostí.

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