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Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

Author(s): Oľga Gyárfášová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2003

Slovakia has successfully closed an important period in its modern history – it is entering the European Union and NATO. We all know that concluding this epoch does not bring about the end of history. On the contrary, I consider the present and upcoming times to be equally important, but they are also more complex and more demanding on the scale and depth of foreign policy resources. Goals, issues and challenges will grow in number, not diminish. This can be seen from at least two perspectives. Firstly, integration itself is important since we have become part of a greater whole – its players, partners and opponents. The second factor is the global, very dynamic international situation, characterised by new threats. Integration into the Union and NATO is not a ticket to a comfortable life with guarantees of prosperity and security. On the contrary, it is a ticket to active membership and greater responsibility.

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Eristinis argumentavimas politinėje reklamoje

Author(s): Skirmantė Biržietienė,Eglė Gabrėnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

Rhetoric is a universal persuasion system: it is the ability to discover persuasive ways and means in each particular case. The essential part of the convincing process – argumentation – becomes the core of the rhetoric science. The article deals with the argumentation level of political discourse, specifically with political advertising. The aim of the article is to elucidate the concept of eristic and eristic arguments, as well as reveal the universal character of rhetorical persuasion – to identify and explain the dominant models of eristic reasoning in political advertising. Eristic arguments are considered as logical fallacies, unreliable arguments, but classical rhetoric justifies the ethical use of sophismata and eristic ways in persuasive discourses. Eristic argumentation is ethical as long as the addressee is free to accept or reject the arguments put forward, so the eristic must be understood further because we can identify and reveal false statements. An analysis of the peculiarities of argumentation of various forms of advertising reveals that eristic argumentation is the predominant kind of argumentation in advertising. The choise of eristic argumentation in political discourse is influenced by the competitive mode of elections, clearly seen in the pre-election debates and other verbal form of dispute.

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From Villain to Superhero

Author(s): Roman Husarski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Confidential Assignment (Kongjo, Kim Sung-hoon), released on January 18, 2017 between DPRK nuclear tests, tells a story of two special agents. One is from North Korea and the other one from South Korea, and they unite to fight against a common enemy. Extraordinarily, the North Korean agent is portrayed as more formidable than his South Korean counterpart who is unable to match him in every field. Also, the North Korean agent is portrayed by a Korean super star, Hyun-Bin. In this paper, I analyze two other similarly themed movies: The Net (Kŭmul, Kim Ki-Duk) and Steel Rain (Kangch’ŏlbi, Yang Wooseok). All of them were released recently and were huge commercial successes in South Korea. The aim of the following paper is to show and analyze the evolution of the image of North Korean characters in South Korean cinema. During the analysis, the question of how the change from villain to super hero was possible is answered. The way in which the movies talk about inter-Korean relations and how they portray both countries is particularly important to understand the current political sentiments in the Peninsula and how it can affect the Moon Jae-in presidency.

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Will a Post-Pandemic Society in Russia be Post-Liberal or Conservative?

Author(s): Yury P. Averin,Valentina A. Sushko / Language(s): English Issue: 1 Sup 2/2020

The coronavirus outbreak, which has covered a huge number of countries, leading to infection of more than a million people, forcing states to make extraordinary efforts to overcome it, affects the public consciousness, intensifies the people's perception and assessment of measures taken by public authorities to protect the population from the spread of coronavirus.

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Cyfrowy tłum - charakterystyka zjawiska

Author(s): Aleksander Zbirański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of this article is to describe the phenomenon of the digital crowd, which is a phenomenon specifi c to the functioning of political debate on the Internet (with particular emphasis on social media). Referring to the concept of Le Bon and Girard, it presents the behavior of the digital crowd and its importance for the development of public debate in the area of mass communication such as the Internet.

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Novi oblici političke participacije: analiza dinamike političke kampanje na forumu 4chan

Author(s): Matej Mikašinović-Komšo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

U radu se analizira i kritički razmatra politička kampanja korisnika internetskog foruma 4chan – specifičnije, s podforuma /pol/ (Politically Incorrect), u svrhu utvrđivanja predstavlja li ona novi oblik političke participacije. Kroz prikaz relevantne literature o političkoj participaciji te kroz prikaz povijesti, organizacije i koncepcije foruma 4chan, uspostavljaju se temelji na kojima se razrađuje kvalitativna analiza studije slučaja političke kampanje korisnika /pol/-a. Glavni nalazi analize odabrane političke kampanje pokazuju da je ona kolektivna, subverzivna, da koristi troll strategije radi realiziranja konzervativnih ciljeva te da sudjelovanje korisnika u njoj, zbog političke motiviranosti djelovanja, predstavlja oblik političke participacije. Takva politička participacija se također, zbog naglaska na djelovanju manjeg broja pojedinaca iz cijelog svijeta, nedostatka organizacijske hijerarhije te drugačije logike upotrebe društvenih mreža za dijeljenje materijala, može smatrati novim oblikom političke participacije.

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Niezrealizowana koalicja PO-PiS w świetle wybranych publikacji prasowych

Author(s): Jan Kujawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The article contains issues connected with unsuccessful attempt to form a government of the Civic Platform and Law and Justice after the parliamentary elections in 2005. The basis of the article content analysis includes selected texts related to coalition formation appearing in two daily press titles: “Gazeta Wyborcza” and “Rzeczpospolita” in the period from September 1, 2005 to October 31, 2005. Considerations focused on identifying the most important topics constituting differences between the two parties. The aim of the article was to analyse the press discourse and, as a consequence, answer the question of how the main reasons for not creating the PO–PiS coalition were presented in the pages of two newspapers.

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Wulgaryzmy w komunikowaniu politycznym

Author(s): Paweł Malendowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Vulgarisms – called indecent words in the language of Polishlaw, occur in the process of political communication. It involves thetwo-way flow of political messages between broadcasters and recipientswith the participation of the media. Vulgarism is a lexical unit thatcan exist in public space thanks to the media, but the Internet is theentity that perpetuates it. Verifying this hypothesis is the aim of thearticle. Vulgarisms perform many functions in the process of politicalcommunication. The most important of them are: discrediting, escapist,catharsis, descriptive, entertainment, provocative, and – symbolically –representation, integrating, delimiting, mobilizing.

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Communication Performance in the Public Space. Is There Still Room for Argumentation Theories in the Context of Infodemia?

Author(s): Corina Barbaros / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2020

The main aim of this study is to draw attention, in a critical manner, to what communication performance means, on the one hand from the perspective of argumentation theories, and on the other hand from the perspective of the current public arena and its dynamics. Firstly, the conceptual article revises several approaches in the field of argumentation theories: natural logic, discursive schematizations, interactive argumentation strategies, discursive interaction rules imposed by the pragma dialectical theory of discourse, highlighting the meaning of communicative performance according to these analytical perspectives. Subsequently, the attention is turned to the research question that underlies the study: does argumentation theories have an outdated perspective? It seems that the field of argumentation theories is overtaken by current communicational and political realities characterized by infodemia, misinformation, emphasis on image and argumentative over simplification. However, in the second part of the article we argue that some concepts extensively studied in the field of argumentation theories, such as common construction of the meaning, the discursive schematizations, the interactivity aspects of communication are able to contribute to the current requirement of communicative performance, thus the study is affirmatively answering to the question addressed by the title.

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Politischer Antidialog – Kommunikation zwischen Abweichung und Norm

Author(s): Dorota Kaczmarek / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

The language of politicians should reflect the established linguistic standards of the respective culture; at least this would be expected from the public language and the one made public. However, the language of anti-dialogue, such as the linguistic communication between the Polish oppositional parties ‚PISʻ and ‚POʻ described in the following article, contradicts that. The aim of this article is firstly to make an attempt to define the term ‚partylectʻ as a specific language, which establishes political identity and is characteristic of a concrete party and its supporters. This language rests in opposition to political opponents and serves as a means for their defamation. In this context, one of the vital questions that arises is where ‚partylectsʻ can be placed between norm, aberration of the norm and ‚politically acceptedʻ norm.

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CАМОЦЕНЗУРА ЖУРНАЛИСТОВ В ТАТАРСТАНЕ И В КРЫМУ В СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ: ПЬЕР БУРДЬЕ И НОВАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ЦЕНЗУРЫ

Author(s): Olga Zeveleva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

This article offers a preliminary analysis of a comparative study of journalistic fields in contemporary Tatarstan and Crimea. This analysis allows us to see how the boundaries of what can be said are established in two different regions of Russia that differ by degree of autonomy from their de facto federal center and by degree of regional involvement in geopolitical conflicts. The article investigates how the state sanctions certain media outlets and journalists and how these sanctions can differ by region and bring about varying adaptation strategies among journalists who are affected. The primary focus of the article is on adaptation strategies in the form of self-censorship. Drawing on 70 qualitative interviews conducted in Tatarstan and Crimea (after Russia’s annexation of the peninsula), the article shows that in the journalistic fields of more autonomous regions that are not involved in conflict journalists value social capital more than other forms of capital. This means that personal connections among people are important for a journalist to become successful, and in these cases journalists are prone to drawing a distinct line between their “private transcripts” and “public transcripts,” to use the words of James C. Scott. In regions that are relatively less autonomous and are embroiled in conflict, symbolic capital, or the capital of esteem and legitimacy of those on the top of the power hierarchy, plays a relatively more important role. In this situation journalists employ a strategy of “mobilizational self-censorship” in their journalistic work, but due to the smaller role of social capital they do not self-censor outside of the workplace.

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UDELEŽBA ALI BEG?

Author(s): Ana Barbić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 30-31/1999

Yugoslav media study from the end of 60-ies finds that moderate viewing and listening boosts political activity but that heavy radio/TV exposure may substitute for involvement. Politically most active moderate radio listeners and TV viewers have also positive political attitudes, they are well educated, their income is high and they are well settled in their (urban) communities. Among heavy radio and TV consumers prevail older, less educated, and country-dwellers. They tend to use media as a substitute for other satisfactions and for friends lost or never won.

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North Kosovo and the Serbia-Kosovo Normalization Dialogue

Author(s): Gustavo Oliveira Teles de Menezes / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2020

The article describes and discusses political and security trends in Serb-majority North Kosovo during the Serbia-Kosovo normalization process launched in 2011. Perspectives from the local Serb population in the face of the interests and policies of the governments of Serbia, Kosovo and the Western great powers that promote normalization are highlighted, showing that critical views of normalization and associated trends are widespread in North Kosovo. In this connection, it is argued that dissatisfaction and insecurity with normalization and associated trends also became present in the region’s political life, pointing to latent challenges to the legitimacy and sustainability of normalization.

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O FENOMENU MANIPULACIJE SVEŠĆU

Author(s): Aleksandar Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2021

In this paper, the author analyzes the phenomenon of manipulation of consciousness and the various forms through which this phenomenon is manifested. Manipulation of consciousness has been current through the centuries-long civilizational existence of man as a species and has not lost its significance even at the beginning of the third millennium, as evidenced by current global events such as the migrant crisis and the coronavirus pandemic. Manipulation aims to narrow the breadth of the spirit in people, to enslave intellectually, reshape the human brain to its own measure and as such uses them for the particular interests of the manipulator. Manipulation of consciousness tends to be absolute, to have a monopoly and to suppress any resistance. It has elements of repression in its form, so it is unreasonable to expect that it can be overcome by passive resistance. Victory over the manipulation of consciousness can only be achieved through a systematic struggle in all fields, primarily educational as a promoter of broadminded and critical thinking.

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БОРОТЬБА ЗА СВІДОМІСТЬ ЛЮДЕЙ В ЕПОХУ ПОСТПРАВДИ

Author(s): Mikhail Petrovich Trebin,Taisya Oleksiivna Chernyshova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The era of post-truth is investigated as a communicative situation that contributes to the spread of propaganda and counter-propaganda, since it generates a pluralism of interpretations of reality, and, consequently, wide opportunities for creating frames, and is determined mainly by emotional perception of information as opposed to analytical understanding and conscious reflection. Proceeding from the fact that the basis of counter-propaganda (as well as propaganda) is the communication process, its structural elements are determined.

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Oblikovanje medijskog sistema bih: politička instrumentalizacija i medijska autonomija

Author(s): Amer Džihana / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2021

This paper examines the links between the media and the political system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hallin and Mancini's approach to the analysis of media and political systems is briefly presented, which examines in detail the connections between the media and politics. Then, the peculiarities of the development of the media system in BiH are presented. The central thesis is that the political instrumentalization of the media has a long tradition in BiH and that, despite comprehensive international intervention in the media sector, it has remained an important tool for shaping the media system and further deepens its polarization. Consequently, the gap between the established normative framework and the way the media system functions is widening every day.

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Polarisation of Content in Polish News Making, as Exemplified by News Programmes of Licensed Broadcasters and the Public Service Broadcaster

Author(s): Jędrzej Skrzypczak,Grzegorz Iwasiuta / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (246)/2021

The paper contains a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the news services of the three largest broadcasters and three events essential for the functioning of the state and public life in Poland. The first one was the amendment to the Supreme Court Act of July 2017. The second event was the local elections campaign in Poland (broadcasts aired on the 18th of October 2018, the last but one day of the elections campaign), while the third set of material were the news items on the murder of the Mayor of Gdańsk – Paweł Adamowicz (broadcasts aired on the 15th of January 2019, one day after the tragic event). The analysis focused on the evening news editions by the three most popular broadcasters with the highest viewership, including commercial stations (i.e. TVN’s Fakty and Polsat’s Wydarzenia) and the public broadcaster (i.e. the Polish Television’s Wiadomości). In total, 43 news items of 2 hours, 20 minutes and 6 seconds were analysed. The study has revealed a clear polarisation of news content coming from the licensed broadcasters and the public service broadcaster.

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O zjawiskach kryzysowych w mediach (nie tylko w Polsce) – refleksje obserwatora

Author(s): Janusz Adamowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2020

The publication attempts to describe and analyse numerous crisis phenomena that have been revealed in the media environment (including Polish ones) in the last several years. In a brief form, mainly due to the volume of this text, the changes taking place in the ways in which modern media are received are exposed, as well as processes and phenomena negatively affecting their current condition, such as the deepening of their politicization (which is in Poland – especially in the case of public audio-visual media – a huge burden), tabloidization and slow, systematic disappearance of the so-called old media (mainly the printed press), the last one mainly due to changes in the ways of information and entertainment consumption. It is also accompanied by adverse phenomena and processes occurring within the native journalistic environment, such as its deepening decomposition, as well taking place against the background of significant differences in the political attitudes of its members.

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Telewizjajako aktor polityczny w ocenie społecznej Polaków

Author(s): Katarzyna Maciejewska-Mieszkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2020

Television, treated as one of political actors, is subject to social evaluation in terms of its credibility and trust. In the case of Polish audiovisual media, many years of surveys in the field show that in the last few years there have been fundamental changes in the perception of television broadcasts by Poles. This tendency should be associated with the dynamic transformations of the Polish political scene and the shaping of political preferences of the public. This publication aims to show changes in the assessment of television, taking into account the attitude of Poles towards political reality and their preferences in the use of specific sources of information.

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Ochrana seniorov v kontexte zákona o vysielaní a retransmisii

Author(s): Adam Solga / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3-4/2021

Both Slovak and European population is getting older. At the same time percentage of European senior citizens has been constantly increasing. The seniors have got their specific interests, needs, and demands. In this case the subject of matter is really wide. This article is focusing on Slovak Broadcasting and Transmission Act and whether it reflects vulnerability of a part of senior citizens and ensures some kind of protection granted for minors. We are searching if such an increased legal protection is possible and meaningful on the basis of analysis, analogy and comparison. And if not, how to achieve that the most vulnerable part of seniors would not be exposed to the excessive effects of broadcast programmes.

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