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Decision-making and risk-taking behavior undergo developmental changes during adolescence. Disadvantageous decision-making and increased risk-taking may lead to problematic behaviors such as substance use and abuse, pathological gambling and excessive internet use. Methods: Based on MEDLINE searches, this article reviews the literature on decision-making and risk-taking and their relationships to addiction vulnerability in youth. Results: Decision-making and risk-taking behaviors involve brain areas that undergo developmental changes during puberty and young adulthood. Individual differences and peer pressure also relate importantly to decision-making and risk-taking. Conclusions: Brain-based changes in emotional, motivational and cognitive processing may underlie risk-taking and decision-making propensities in adolescence, making this period a time of heightened vulnerability for engagement in addictive behaviors.
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The article presents the results of the pilot study of the refined method of basic human values proposed by Shalom Schwartz (translated and adapted into Ukrainian). The methodology has greater possibilities for detailing and evaluation of human values compared to the previous version of the scale. In the modern version of the model, 19 basic values are allocated and placed on the motivational circle organized by the following principle: the neighboring values are the most compatible, the opposite ones - conflict with each other. The English version of the technique was translated into Ukrainian and tested on two pilot studies. The abridged version of six values (18 statements) was tested during the sociological study "Youth of Ukraine2017" which was conducted by Centre of Independent Sociological Research "Omega" for the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine. The survey was initiated within the framework of the State Target Social Program "Youth of Ukraine" for 2016-2020, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The survey was conducted between July 20th and August 10th, 2017. The research method was a structured interview (face-to-face) conducted by a questionnaire survey among young people aged 14 to 34 (Ukrainian citizens). Respondents were interviewed at the place of their residence. The selection of respondents was carried out by the route method. The research sample was 2,000 respondents aged 14- 34, representative of the main socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, area of residence, size of settlement); standard deviations at a reliable 99 percent and the ratio of variables from 0.1 to 0.5 are 1.73-2.88 percent. The geography of the study included 24 administrative units of Ukraine and the city of Kiev (except for the occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, and the temporarily uncontrolled territory of Ukraine, where the state authorities temporarily do not exercise their powers both partially and in full). The obtained results allowed to verify the conceptual and empirical validity of each statement, which are indicators of measurable values. Indicators of quality of the model allow concluding about the best explanatory model of human values measured by Sh. Schwartz. The best quality indicators were obtained during the modification of the model using the ESEM and RI-EFA methods. The framework of the study was the possibility of constructing a self-expression value indicator, which would characterize Ukrainian youth in connection with its participation in the political and public life of the country, readiness to create its own business, youth mobility, and attitude to migration. The created indicator distinguishes the sample and allows to characterize young people aged 14 – 34. According to the results, young people with self-expression values declare their willingness to participate in the political life of the country, to hold elected positions, to initiate participation in youth organizations, to create their own business, as well as show readiness for migration with further return after gained experience abroad. The indicator has a significant statistical connection with the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The level of inherency and non-inherency of self-expression values differs by age: with age, the proportion of those for whom the value of self-expression is inherent decreases. By regionality, the value of self-expression is more common for young people from the Northern and Southern regions. However, the least inherent values were for young people from the Western and Central regions. The following distribution may indicate that value is less common in regions where there are other values. For instance, in priority there are "Conservation" values (e.g., "Tradition", "Societal and Personal security", "Conformity" etc.) or "Self-Transcendence" (e.g. "Benevolence", "Universalism" etc.). Also, the integral indicator makes it possible to distinguish young people by their material situation; more often, the value of self-expression is inherent for more the prosperous category of young people, who evaluate their financial position as "live well, but cannot make some purchases (buy an apartment, car, etc.) yet". The less important value is for the group of young people who evaluate their own financial situation as low: "money is not enough even for buying the necessary products", "enough for food and inexpensive things". The integral value of "self-expression value" has a meaningful relationship with indicators that measure the attitude of young people to political processes in the country, their participation in public life. More often the proportion of young people for whom the value of self-expression is inherent indicate that they are following political life and the main events in Ukraine. With age, the interest in the political life of the country increases among youth with self-expression values. Consequently, young people compared to elderly are more often monitored for political life and main events in the country (those aged 24 – 28 and 29 – 34). Young people mentioned their willingness to hold elective positions. More often such a desire is observed among those who have the value of self-expression. For example, the position of people's deputies of Ukraine is more attractive to those who possess the values of self-expression. The same distribution is observed among those, who are ready to occupy elective seats in councils at different administrative levels (regional or local). Among those, who have inherent value, males more often than females say more about their desire to take such positions. The value of self-expression also has a significant relationship with regards being an entrepreneur or a desire to open one’s own business. There is a direct significant connection between an inherent value and desire to become an entrepreneur. Males compared to females and young people aged 14 – 18 and 24-28 are more likely to be ready to open their own businesses (in the short and long-term future). Research showed that the willingness to leave the locality more often comes from those who have the inherent value of self-expression. Especially, the younger age group of 14 – 18 are more likely to leave their area. Emigrating, but with a view to return to the country, are more likely to be respondents with self-expression value. The real reason for their willingness to emigrate is the desire to emigrate because there is no real democracy and legality in Ukraine and due to military actions in the East of Ukraine. Based on the results of the received data, recommendations for further adaptation and improvement of the Ukrainian version of the PVQ-57 methodology were formulated in order to have the possibility of using the selfexpression value indicator in relation to other variables that will determine the activity of young people and their readiness for change.
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The study compares characteristics of Serbian and American children on the dimensions of temperament and character on the Junior TCI (JTCI) for assessment of 9 to 13 year olds - based on Robert Cloninger’s Psychobiological model of temperament and character. Given the lack of assessment tools for this age group, the goal of the present study was to test the factor structure and main psychometric characteristics of the JTCI in order to determine the applicability of this questionnaire on Serbian children. The sample consisted of 222 boys and girls from the normal population, ages 11 to 13 and who attended grades 6 to 8. The results showed significant differences between Serbian and American sample. Namely, Serbian children had higher scores on the Novelty seeking and Harm Avoidance and lower scores on Reward Dependence and Persistency. As to the Character Dimensions, Serbian children had lower scores on Reward dependence and persistency, and significantly lower on Self-directedness and Cooperativeness. Scores on the Self–transcendence were higher among the Serbian children. The differences on Character dimensions between children from different cultures suppose to be primarily a result of the socialization process. They reflect a lower level of maturity, cooperation and probably compensatory reliance on the religion. Although it is a temperament dimension, being prone to negative emotions (higher scores on Danger avoidance) may also be a result of a situational sensitivity. This result could be interpreted as a reflection of the negative effects that the general socio cultural milieu had on the children who grew up during the social crisis and transitional periods of our society. The result did not confirm a seven factor personality structure of children in this age group. It is likely that at the age of 11 to 13, dimensions of character and temperament did not yet clearly differentiate. Finally, poor reliability of the JTCI scales imposes limitations on valid interpretation of these results. It also points out that using this questionnaire on Serbian children is limited unless necessary psychometric modification is conducted.
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The research has included 96 Roma elementary-school pupils from the first grade, 7 years and 6 months old on average, and 78 pre-school children, (6 years and 1 month old on average), out of which number there were 37 Roma pupils and 41 non-Roma pupils. The cognitive functioning has been tested with a battery consisted of 5 tests, which was based on the (adapted) Wechsler’s scales and the linguistic competence test. The results have shown a significant lagging of Roma children behind the control group and test norms. The Analyses of Covariance have pointed to a significant influence of the father’s educational background on the test score, but the difference between groups remained notable even when that variable was kept under control. However, the Item Analyses revealed a number of items that turned out to be evidently „unfair“ toward Roma children, and their elimination contributed to the annulling of differences among groups in the Analyses of Covariance for a particular number of tests. The data has been interpreted by the authors as a proof of necessity and possibility to adapt tests for the needs of testing the educationally neglected children. The fact that the greatest differences have been noticed in the tests saturated with the factors of visual-motor coordination and memory has been justified by the authors with the Roma children’s lack of experience of manipulation with toys and possible attention deficit as a consequence of absence of simulative environment.
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The article describes the stages of professional development of the individual; psychological regularities and features of professionalization in student's years are analyzed.
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The aim of the research was to examine the moderating role of gender and the mediating role of age in predicting the school adjustment by self-evaluating the symptoms of ADHD. The study included 501 students from higher grades of primary school, out of which 50.7% were boys, and the average age was 12.72. They completed Hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention Scale, Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Children, and were given some general information. Research showed that gender had only main effect on the school success, meaning that being female predicted a better school success. Age had completely mediating role for symptoms of hyperactivity and a school success (i.e., as the students’ age increases, there is no correlation between hyperactivity and the school success), and a partial mediating role for symptoms of inattention and both measures of school adjustment (i.e., as the students’ age increases the correlation among symptoms of inattention and academic self-efficacy and school success become weaker).
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The purpose of this research was to examine the need of parents of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities between the ages of 12 - 18 for education about child's sexuality. Also the aim was to examine the problems that parents face when it comes to the sexual development of their children, and how additional support and help can be provided to them. The study included 14 mothers of children with developmental disabilities who are regular users of Association of families of children and adults with developmental disabilities „Dajte nam šansu“ and The Centar for upbringing, education and rehabilitation „Vladimir Nazor“ Sarajevo. In order to collect the data, we used qualitative approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, and descriptive analytical method was used in analysing data. According to obtained data parents do not have sufficient knowledge neither professional support to guide development of child's sexual needs and changes. Also they do not have knowledge of protecting their children from possible sexual abuse. Lack of knowledge leads to fears, anxiety and confusion in parents, deepens their feelings of insecurity and increases their exposure to stress, while negatively influencing development and adaptation in children. We can conclude that there is a strong need and demands from parents for education about sexuality of their children in order to ensure proper sexual development.
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The article presents the results of a study on the role of social participation (Reinders) in shaping the identity (Luyckx et al.) of people with mild intellectual disability in late adolescence and emerging adulthood compared to those in intellectual norm (N = 127). Three waves of measurement were carried out at semi-annual intervals, using the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS/PL-1) and the Social Participation Questionnaire (SPQ-S). In all the waves people with intellectual disability had a higher level of the moratorium orientation, and at Wave 3 they had a higher level of the transitive orientation. Differences in the levels of identity dimensions were observed in only one wave and only in the case of exploration in depth. The type of social participation has proved to be a factor differentiating the levels of identity dimensions, especially commitment making and identification with commitment, the highest level of which was observed in people with integration and assimilation types. The study responds to the need, expressed in the literature, to focus on specific groups in identity development studies.
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Adolescence is the most important stage of human development. The purpose of the study is to investigate in detail the features of structural arrangement of the experience of family relations in adolescents within the child-parent subsystem. The research is based on the data of the questionnaires about experiencing family relations. It has been found that the more the relations with parents are realized and understood, especially regarding the awareness of their dialectics and details, the greater developing potential with a beneficial effect on the development of the adolescent psyche have family relations. These impressions are freely and easily absorbed by adolescents, built into their view of the world, and act as a resource in interaction with other significant spheres of living. The experience of family relations can change the work of visual and auditory analyzers. These changes are central, psychogenic. In addition, family relations can influence the work of the respiratory system in adolescents. The constructiveness of the process of their experiencing family relations reflects the richness, acceleration of internal time, as well as the high interest in their experiencing and the strength of experience, pleasant bodily sensations in analyzing family relations, high level of imagery and associativity in describing them, and strong emotional reactions. The theoretical significance of the study is determined by the contribution of its results to general psychology (development of the basic category of experience), developmental psychology of the adolescence crisis, and family psychology. The obtained results can be applied in the practice of psychological counseling for adolescents, paying attention to the dialectics in relations with parents, comprehension of details, and recreating the brightness of the impression on family relations in an adolescent.
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The present study revisits the complexities of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) through an experimental investigation of the role of social identity dynamics in asymmetric social interaction around a cognitive Piagetian task in two age groups. Children from two age groups (6 and 10 years old) first solved a spatial transformation task individually (pretest) and then worked in same- or mixed-gender pairs with a partner who was more advanced in task knowledge. In the posttest phase, participants again solved the task individually. At posttest, the six-years old participating in interaction, performed better than those in control groups, who did not engage in interaction. However, there were no differences in the posttest performance of the ten-years old who participated in interaction and those who did not.Moreover, the effect of gender composition on the dynamics of the interaction was different in the two age groups. The social gender identity dynamics formed in the interactions of the six-year olds related to cognitive progress outcomes, but at 10 years social construction of knowledge was equally successful in promoting cognitive development compared to asymmetric social interactions and gender identity dynamics did not have the same formative influence.The present study revisits the complexities of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) through an experimental investigation of the role of social identity dynamics in asymmetric social interaction around a cognitive Piagetian task in two age groups. Children from two age groups (6 and 10 years old) first solved a spatial transformation task individually (pretest) and then worked in same- or mixed-gender pairs with a partner who was more advanced in task knowledge. In the posttest phase, participants again solved the task individually. At posttest, the six-years old participating in interaction, performed better than those in control groups, who did not engage in interaction. However, there were no differences in the posttest performance of the ten-years old who participated in interaction and those who did not. Moreover, the effect of gender composition on the dynamics of the interaction was different in the two age groups. The social gender identity dynamics formed in the interactions of the six-year-olds related to cognitive progress outcomes, but at 10 years social construction of knowledge was equally successful in promoting cognitive development compared to asymmetric social interactions and gender identity dynamics did not have the same formative influence.
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This study aims to determine the relationship between psychological capital and job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation, and the intent to leave. The sample of this study consists of 323 teachers in 25 schools that were selected randomly with clustered sampling method from the schools. The structural equation model that yields the best-fit indices, states that as teachers’ psychological capital levels increase, job satisfaction levels also increase. Psychological capital has a positive effect on teachers’ commitment and motivation through the full mediation effect of job satisfaction. Psychological capital has a negative effect on intent to leave through the full mediation effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It is beneficial for school managers to invest in developing and strengthening the psychological capital of teachers if they want to increase job satisfaction, organizational commitment and motivation levels of teachers and to decrease their intent to leave school
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Peer influence is inevitable and important part of growing up, one's identity development and forming behavioral habits. Peer relations become more important during the adolescence and there is an increasing need for an adolescent to do what his/her peers are demanding from him/her. Peer pressure can be defined as group influence through rewards to those who conform to group norms and/or sanctions to those who resist them. The aim of this paper is to determine domains of the highest and the lowest susceptibility to peer pressure, compare results of peer pressure of undergraduate students with high school students, examine gender differences and explore relation between students’ susceptibility to peer pressure and self-esteem. The research has been conducted among 654 undergraduates from University of Zagreb, 47% male students and 53% female students. Two questionnaires have been applied: Peer pressure questionnaire and Self liking competence scale (SLCS; authors Tafarodi i Swann, 1995). The highest susceptibility to peer pressure was demonstrated in the areas regarding forming self-image through judgement of relevant others in our surrounding. The lowest susceptibility to peer pressure is experienced at manifested risk behavior, especially sexual behavior. Susceptibility to peer pressure is more expressed among high school students comparing to undergraduates’ sample. According to gender, male respondents have shown more significant experience of peer pressure in manifested risk behavior. Correlation between susceptibility to peer pressure and self-esteem was unexpectedly low.
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This paper deals with the problem of prevention of behavioral disorders in the local community, focusing on the concept of Positive Youth Development Approach. The main guideline of Positive Youth Development Approach is the fact that helping young people to develop their potentials is the best way to prevent behavioral disorders. But, to make that possible, it is very important to create the resilience community. Paper explains main characteristics of the resilience community, elaborates main issues of Positive Youth Development Approach and offers some ideas of how to implement some elements of that approach in one local community, by presenting few preventive programs.
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The research object of this study was emergent literacy. The sample included 297 children between 5 and 6 years of age. The test of emergent literacy for preschool children was constructed. Factor analysis extracted five factors: decoding skills, letter knowledge, concepts of print, street environmental print and home environmental print. Children who are at risk for future reading difficulties are able to recognize environmental print before school entry, children who are not at that risk, are able to read words and short sentences because of their decoding skills and letter knowledge. Compared with the second group more children from the first group are from families with low SES. The test of emergent literacy presents a way of identifying children who should receive services in order to prevent reading difficulties before formal reading instruction at school.
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The article deals with maternal inclinations, abilities and talents of the female personality which updating in tireless vital and spiritual work of maternal soul and hands leads to direct and immediate assimilation by soul and a body of the child as starting ideals and models of development of his primary abilities to successful life, his child's endowments, basic on the relation to all other types of his endowments as preconditions of his general vital success.
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The enduring impact of perceived parental behavior on self-esteem as well as anxiety and depression in adults is still unknown. In a large random route sample (age range 18–92), 4,747 subjects were asked to complete questionnaires about recalled parental rearing, selfesteem, anxiety, and depression. Structural equation modeling was used, and the data from the mother and the father version of the FEE (a questionnaire for recalled parental rearing) were analyzed separately. A model proposing that self-esteem mediates the relationship between parental behavior and psychopathological symptoms fits the data rather well (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .05, TLI = .94). Hence, the recalled authoritative parental style is positively associated with self-esteem which, in turn, predicted the degree of anxiety and depression. This model holds to the same extent for men and women of all ages (18–92), thus reflecting the important role parental styles play in the occurrence of psychopathological symptoms throughout life.
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The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of a self-report scale for assessing Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) symptoms according to the DSM–5 and ICD–11 among 3270 college/univers ity students (2095 [64.1%] females; age mean 21.6 [3.1] years) from different countries worldwide. Croatian, English, Polish, Portuguese, Serbian, Turkish, and Vietnamese versions of the scale were tested. The study showed that symptoms of IGD could be measured as a single underlying factor among college/university students. A nine itemsymptom scale following DSM–5, and a short four-item scale representing the main ICD–11 symptoms, had sound internal consistency and construct validity. Three symptom-items were found non-invariant across the language samples (i.e., preoccupation with on-line gaming, loss of interests in previous hobbies and entertainment, and the use of gaming to relieve negative moods). This study provides initial evidence for assessing IGD symptoms among college/university students and will hopefully foster further research into gaming addiction in this population worldwide especially with taking into account language/cultural differences.
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This article analyzed the importance of having siblings in psychological and social growth of a child. It is not a frequently undertaken issue by Polish scholars, hence the point of references is made within foreign studies. The reflections concentrate on the significance of bonds between the siblings, their position in a family and relations depending on the order of arrival to the family, or the child’s gender. The question of sibling rivalry is signaled, as well as overtaking parental roles by the eldest child. Moreover, positive aspects of having sibling are stressed, accompanied by problems that can occur upon giving birth to the youngest child. Last but not least, the article provides some guidelines for parents with bigger number of children, so problems within such families can be avoided or minimized.
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Music therapy has been internationally recognized as a health-promoting profession since the end of World War II, and music therapists have been conducting research in neonatal intensive care since the 1990s. Music therapy professional training was established in Poland in 1973 at the Music Academy in Wrocław, and Polish music therapists have recently begun to seek specialization to work within neonatal intensive care. The commencement of the multi-site international randomized controlled trial LongSTEP, Longitudinal Study of music Therapy’s Effectiveness for Premature infants and their caregivers, has provided the impetus for Polish music therapists to begin offering music therapy services in neonatal intensive care. Thus, engagement in research marks the critical first step in the development of music therapy in neonatal care in Poland. This perspective article examines the current state of experimental research on music therapy in neonatal care and explores its implications for future research in Poland by (1) presenting the clinical aspects of prematurity; (2) summarizing experimental research on music therapy in neonatal intensive care; (3) identifying gaps in the related evidence base; (4) discussing recent developments in international music therapy research; (5) contextualizing music therapy in the Polish neonatal health care system; (6) presenting advanced training in neonatal music therapy, and (7) discussing how culturally relevant aspects of neonatal settings in Poland might impact future research. There is preliminary evidence that music therapy plays a beneficial role for preterm infants and their primary caregivers during the neonatal period; however, research examining long-term impacts and longer-term intervention is needed. Researchers in Poland are poised to make a significant contribution to the international evidence base related to music therapy in neonatal care, and further exploration of particular facets of the Polish neonatal health care system that will impact the delivery of music therapy is warranted.
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