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Online Communities and Early Adolescents

Author(s): Hana Macháčková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter focuses on the role of online communities in the lives of early adolescents. This developmental stage is typical for many changes, including identity development as well as the expansion of social life beyond family boundaries. Children gain new experiences in new social groups, which introduce them to diverse attitudes, opinions, and behavioral patterns. Currently, one of these new groups can take the form of an online community (i.e., a group of people who regularly interact in a specific place on the internet). In the chapter, current knowledge about online communities is reviewed and processes by which online communities may affect children’s development are described. Specific focus is given to the form of interaction with community members: whether it is only online, partly offline, or mostly offline.

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Stranger Is Not Always Danger: The Myth and Reality of Meetings with Online Strangers

Author(s): Lenka Dedkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter deals with the topic of face-to-face meetings with people known only from the internet. First, the popularized picture of online strangers as online pedophiles searching for children on the internet is presented and contradicted to empirical evidence from actual internet-initiated sexual crimes with minors. Next, the chapter focuses on findings from the general population of young internet users and shows the typical meetings with online strangers as an activity which mostly happens among adolescent peers and only in a minority of the cases results in negative outcomes.

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Children’s Privacy Management on Social Network Sites

Author(s): Martina Černíková,Hana Macháčková,Zuzana Ocadlikova,David Šmahel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter examines the management of online privacy on Social Network Sites (SNS) among children and adolescents. Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) was selected as the primary theoretical framework for capturing the process of privacy management and boyd’s features and dynamics of networked publics were used to depict the specific affordances of the SNS environment. Using qualitative cross-national data from European children aged 9–16 from the EU Kids Online III project, the chapter illustrates how current children manage their privacy on SNS and show in which aspects this process has become problematized.

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The Use of Financial Advisory in Czech Republic: Self-confidence

Author(s): Věra Jančurová,Petra Formánková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of behavioral finance and decision making, especially in finance, have grown on importance during last decades. There were conducted many studies of decision making at financial markets all around the world. This study was conducted to analyze financial decision making and behavioral characteristics of Czech population. The purpose of this study is to show how people in Czech Republic control their financial affairs; one of the studied areas is if they use the help of financial advisors, especially, if this is influenced by gender, the level of education or even by the self-evaluation of own financial skills and knowledge. There was conducted a field research based on electronic and printed questionnaire that was answered by 302 respondents. Based on the results of the testing it was confirmed that level of education is significant for both selfevaluation and the use of financial advisors. However the hypothesis that higher education level increase the probability of self-evaluation and decreases the need to use the help of financial advisors was not confirmed. One of possible explanation could be the overconfidence of individuals that is strongly shown by the sample; 70,52% of total respondents consider their financial knowledge better than average and only 3,32% of the respondents consider them worse than average. And only 29,6% pf the respondents use for their financial decisions the help of financial advisor.

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Face Nominal Effect on Capital Market Transactions. The Case of Poland

Author(s): Magdalena Jasiniak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Psychological features have an important role in evaluation processes. Studies indicate that investment decisions are strongly determined by behavioral factors. As a result investors behave irrationally. One of parameters that influence purchasing decision is price. Perceiving price as high generally discourage the purchase. As a consequence, goods at lower price are more attractive to bought what creates higher demand and influence companies’ revenues. Following paper analyze whether the face nominal effect observed at consumer market also occur in stock exchange market. The main aim of this article is to verify whether investors are influenced by face nominal values on stock market exchange. Author state that cheap assets characterized by nominally lower prices are more attractive to buy and bring higher profits (as a consequence of increased demand) in comparison to assets described as expensive. In order to verify the hypothesis, database of 13789 quotations from 1.07.1999 to 30.12.2013 was created. The sample was divided into three groups – cheap, average and expensive stocks. Finally the statistical analysis was conducted among 2924 records including only cheap and expensive units. Statistical analysis confirm that assets defined as “cheap” generate higher profits and lower losses.

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Practical Application of Sentiment Indicators in Financial Analysis: Behavioral Finance Approach

Author(s): Zuzana Rakovská,Martin Svoboda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Behavioral finance assumes that individual financial decisions are influenced by emotions and mood. A public sentiment and its effect on collective decision-making have been studied in a number of publications giving the vast variety of research design. This paper examines various techniques in measuring market sentiment and its applications in analysis of financial data. Using a qualitative, exploratory approach, the study identifies trends in sentiment indicators and also tries to analytically categorize heuristics and behavioral biases connected to public mood.

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Factors Influencing Clients in Selection of Insurance Company

Author(s): Elena Šira,Katarina Radvanska,Zuzana Grančaiová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to show, if clients have changed their preferences in selection of insurance company during 5 years. This article compares how the scheme of client’s behaviour has been changed. Our research compares the data from the years 2010 and the years 2015, which show factors influencing clients in selection of insurance company in Slovakia. We have also analysed and compared the factors with the biggest influence on clients in the year 2010 and 2015. In addition to analysis of client’s behaviour, we have also analysed and compared insurance market environment via selected indicators. We have analysed the volume of written premium, density, penetration and others. The level of economic development of the country may also affect clients in their preferences of the insurance company. We have analysed the unemployment, average monthly wage and other factors in the years 2010 and 2015 to gain the adequate findings.

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Risk-Taking Attitudes and Lottery Experiment

Author(s): Jozef Nemec,Tomáš Želinský,Matúš Kubák / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We carry out framed lottery game experiments with the aim to study whether economic agents behave in accordance with expected utility theory. We control for socio-economic background of the participants and we use Domain-Specific Risk-Taking [DoSpeRT) scale to detect, which of the five risk domains [ETHICAL, FINANCIAL, HEALTH, RECREATIONAL, SOCIAL) have most impact on risky behavior in a lottery game. We find out, that females are more rational than males in non-risky environment and males are more rational in a risky environment. Also, the evidence of more frequent use of risky strategy by males is found.

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Offer, Receive and Share: How to Measure Proposers in fMRI Ultimatum and Dictator Game

Author(s): Lenka Kopečková,Jan ŘEZÁČ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ultimatum game is in fMRI tested overwhelmingly from the responder's point of view. We assessed experimental designs which would allow for simultaneous testing of a proposer and a receiver under hyperscanning protocol. Our final laboratory designs use a specific set of choice sets and enables an iterated ultimatum game combined with control condition and dictator game. We run two pilots with different settings.

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Behavioral Biases: Analyzes of Investment Strategies

Author(s): Věra Jančurová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study is based on the knowledge of behavioral finance that financial markets are strongly influenced by the psychology of financial markets. Besides investment strategies are affected by behavior of participants of financial markets. By referring to psychology the study proves particular features of investment strategies for presence of behavioral biases. Conducted analyzes shows that each feature of investment strategy inclines to several biases and some biases repeat frequently. The findings of the paper may help to avoid psychological effects on investment strategies, which could be useful especially for investors.

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The Banking System of the Czech Republic as a Cybernetic System - a Unit Step Response Analysis

Author(s): František Kalouda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to further describe and analyze the behavior of Czech banking as a cybernetic system. Studying the Czech Republic's banking system using cybernetic methodology has to date given essentialy unambiguous results as regards its static charakteristics (transfer function). It si principially a linear system, which further analysis to some extent simplifies. From a methodological point of view, in order to consider appropriate control interventions, the dynamical charakteristics - i.e. the step response - of the behavior of the system crucial

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Love and sex

Author(s): Lenka Lacinová,Radka Michalčáková,Anna Ševčíková,Štěpán Konečný / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are not many issues that hold such a prestigious position in fiction or lyrics as being in love and love in all its forms. This can be also viewed as a proof of how significant this experience is in human life. Romantic relationships in adulthood represent a deeply embedded and fairly frequent topic in counselling and clinical practice, as well as in empirical research in psychology of intimate relationships. As opposed to that, adolescent romantic relationships represent a relatively new topic in research (Brown, Feiring, & Furman, 1999); the development of its examination follows the developmental line of interest in adolescent intimate relationships in the direction away from relationships with parents, over peer relationships in a group, to the phenomenon of friendship and first platonic relationships.

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Risk behaviour in adolescence: Two perspectives

Author(s): Eva Beranová,Stanislav Ježek,Jan Širůček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Risk, problem or antisocial behaviour or risk-taking in general are in their various forms arelatively common and frequently examined phenomena in adolescence. Risk behaviour was traditionally perceived as an undesirable phenomenon affected by a wide range of well described risk factors (e.g. Jessor, 1977, 1991, 1995; Kandel, Simcha-Fagan, & Davies,1986; Baumrind, 1991; Kaplan, Martina & Robbins, 1984). According to the concept of risk factors, adolescents are shaped during their development by many internal and external factors that make them more or less susceptible to various types of risk behaviour. Risk behaviour is regarded as a negative phenomenon from which adolescents must be protected.

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Why Homo Economicus help each other? (Insights from behavioral economics and neuroeconomics)

Author(s): Lenka Kopečková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Students of economics are commonly “drummed into head” that people do not care about others. Our subjects are “Homo Economicus” and they only care about maximization of own utility no matter of what impact it has on others. Yet in our daily, we can observe many examples that go against this assumption. People contribute to charities, donate blood and sometimes they even sacrifice theirs life to help others. This clearly contradicts assumption of rationality- but is this behavior irrational? This review study aims to briefly map development of economic thinking about rationality in a relation to social decision making. It begins with neoclassical „rational man“ and its origins. It goes further by introducing behavioral economics and its theories of social preferences -which claim that helping others may in fact lead to maximization of one’s own utility. On examples of selected studies it shows its strengths and weaknesses.

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The terrible, horrible, not good, very bad truth about economics and what to do about it

Author(s): Lukáš Likavčan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents a sketch of a philosophical defence of heterodoxical methodologies in social sciences from a perspective of behavioural and ecological economics. Its main thesis explores the bad truth about contemporary mainstream economics: that it stays at least partly uninformed about the nature of actors and environment, what is particularly dangerous when it comes to the matter of policy-advising and policy-making. Provided that any social science which postulates norms without the framework of descriptive facts produces in the long run unbearable and counter productive social practice, I propose that economists have to slog through the hard stuff of understanding the material structure of the objects they are interested in, and not simply taking their nature for granted.

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How Can Economist Contribute to the Research of Charitable Giving?

Author(s): Marie Hladká / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of philanthropy has been receiving attention internationally for several decades. Like other areas of non-profit studies, charitable giving and volunteering are attracting more and more attention from researchers in a wide variety of disciplines including economics. Even though philanthropy tends to be considered a sociological theme rather than an economic one, it poses a lot of questions that challenge economists too.

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SHORT-TERM INDEBTEDNESS ON STUDENT FINANCIAL MARKET

Author(s): Michaela Baňařová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Today, we cannot imagine our life without banks and their products. Every day we pay by our credit cards or cheques, our wages are sent to our bank accounts and majority of our monthly bills are paid through internet banking. So our bank is with us all the time. Banks have various groups of clients. The university students create one of these groups. Why only just university students? Because they are mature but they do not have enough money on their accommodation costs, living expenses or tuition fees in some countries.

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Model chování souvisejícího se zdravím – analýza latentní faktorové struktury

Author(s): Jana Marie Havigerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Tato kapitola sleduje projevy chování souvisejícího se zdravím, pozornost je zaměřena na skupinu projevů chování preventivního a protektivního, a to, jak název projektu předjímá, především dvou typů – chování zdraví podporujícího a zdraví poškozujícího. Sledováno je chování v jeho každodenní podobě. Projevy chování (a jeho konsekvence v rámci dalších samostatných studií) jsou zkoumány na běžné populaci (snahou bylo získat reprezentativní vzorek dospělé české populace). Respondenti pocházejí z prostředí, kde jsou socioekonomické podmínky na takové úrovni, že lze anticipovat možnost volby chování souvisejícího se zdravím – pro ilustraci, pociťuje-li typizovaný jedinec z našeho výzkumného souboru žízeň, má zpravidla možnost zvolit mezi několika alternativami, například zda si uvaří čaj, koupí slazenou limonádu nebo třeba natočí vodu z kohoutku (v prostředí, kde je nouze o vodu, patrně lidé nebudou řešit, zda preferovat perlivou nebo neperlivou), vycházíme tedy z předpokladu blahobytu.

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Neuropsychologické markery chování zdraví podporujícího a neuropsychologické markery chování zdraví ohrožujícího

Author(s): Lubomír Vašina / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Tato kapitola se opírá o nové paradigma pojímání vztahu mezi mozkem a psychikou. Potvrdit, nebo vyvrátit hypotézu, že psychický fenomén je specifický fenomén kvantové povahy (SQC phenomenon), který má nelineární povahu a je více než jedenáctirozměrný, nelze v rámci jednoho výzkumného projektu. Zvýšené nároky jsou dány skutečností, že máme k dispozici pouze takové diagnostické nástroje, které jsou schopny měřit jevy lineární povahy. Přesto chceme v naší výzkumné činnosti dospět k podstatě lidské psychiky a k mechanismům, které zabezpečují fungování živého mozku, nesoucí sebe organizující, sebe regulující a sebe si uvědomující fenomén já, manifestující se na makroskopické úrovni. Tak složitý problém je možné řešit pouze transdisciplinárně a po etapách, kdy výsledky jedné ukončené etapy jsou současně zdrojem informací pro konstituování etapy následující.

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POST - MODERN MARKETING AND MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS

Author(s): Jan Pospišil / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the problem of marketing communications at the time – so called “post –modern” marketing. Conventional marketing models and techniques are built on modernistic paradigm, which presents unique and structured view of the world. Today's marketing communications are controlled by rational rules and they are concentrated above all on measurement, objectivity and verification possibilities.

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