![Závěrečná zpráva z výzkumu „Nenechte se dikriminovat“](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_767924.jpg)
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The positions of people are one of the characteristics which are subject to variations. Opinions and attitudes of people are subject to changes, more or less frequent, and under the influence of other groups of people, media, or some other means of information. The most interesting for me are the attitudes toward groups discriminated against, or groups of people in a marginal situation.
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Ve společnosti organizované na principech tržního hospodářství, kde je pozice na trhu práce jednou ze základních složek individuální identity a kde je vyšší vzdělání asociováno s vyšším příjmem a prestiží, se politická a akademická obec shodují na potřebě odstraňovat nerovnosti ve vzdělávacích systémech. Jednou ze základních kategorií, podle které se distribuuje nerovnost, je také gender. V anglo-americkém kontextu a v zemích západní Evropy byla pozornost do devadesátých let věnována zejména znevýhodnění dívek, během posledních dvou dekád se v centru pozornosti ocitají genderové rozdíly ústící v neprospěch chlapců. Výzkumy zaměřené na genderové nerovnosti ve vzdělávacím systému jsou v ČR, ve srovnání se zahraniční produkcí, spíše sporadické. To přesto, že rozdíly mezi studijními výkony chlapců a dívek, které jsou považovány za indikátory genderové rovnosti ve vzdělávání, patří v ČR podle výsledků mezinárodních komparací v rámci zemí OECD k jedněm z nejvyšších (Schnepf 2004, Potužníková a Straková 2006), a rozdíly v měřených matematických dovednostech se dokonce v čase prohlubují (Palečková a Tomášek 2005).
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In recent times, violent incidents have occurred between rival gangs in the so-called ‘ghettos’ of Copenhagen (Politiken.dk, 2008). These turf wars have mostly taken place between the local Hell’s Angels’ gang and various other gangs. Discussions related to the gang wars in Copenhagen first appeared in the media in 2007-2008, between the local MC gang ‘Hells Angels’ and the ‘Black Cobra’ gang, which consists mainly of ethnic minority members (Schmidt, 2009, 2011: 605). Gang wars have taken place in Nørrebro, which is an area in the North of Copenhagen, where the concentration of immigrants is the highest in the city. The encounters between gangs have had disastrous effects with severe impacts upon the general impressions of foreigners in Denmark (Nasser, 2010). This paper proposes that gang wars in Denmark can be explained by various levels of marginalisation through negative social capital and grounded political discourses preventing integration as opposed to promoting it. Specifically, this chapter highlights discourses in relation to the groups defined as deviant or ‘the minority group’ within the framework of marginalisation, and their integration into criminal capital as the negative side of social capital.
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In Turkish media, the representation of homosexuality is roughly categorized in three periods. “Homosexuals” were perceived as abnormal and “an imaginary creature” after the coup d'état on September 12, 1980. Homosexuals appeared on media as individuals relating to murders, immorality, anal sex, prostitution, transsexual in slang, AIDS, and a bad example for kids in society. After the formula which homosexuality equals to transvestite and trans-sexuality was dominated in the first period, the lack of self-confidence in the period of visibility on media raised doubts about media. “Half-masked” would not be wrong to say for this period. In the second period, Kaos GL (Kaos Gay and Lesbian Cultural Research and Solidarity Association) issued the first magazine on gays and lesbians in Turkey in 1994. In addition to this magazine, Express periodical magazine and Cumhuriyet daily of the year gave coverage to LGBT movement. Eventually, the third period may be defined as “unmasked.” On May 1, 2001, Kaos GL freely and confidently remonstrated with labors and students by holding a banner on which “we are homosexuals, we are real and here” was written. The current situation is as is known to all. Although media is generally seen as shifted from apprenticeship to mastership on making news about LGBT individuals, they sometimes report or broadcast extremely sensitively, but they occasionally get out of kilter by giving headlines such as “They seized after getting out gay bar”, “Transvestite Violence”, “Homosexual Murder”, “I killed because he asked me anal sex,” “Transvestites bargain for prostitution on streets.”
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It cannot be overstated how condescending the I/father–you/my children dichotomy sounds. (Neither the ‘Friends & Brothers’ interpellation nor the spurious ‘your father and friend’ self-identification nor the euphemistic ‘advises’ can mitigate its hierarchical thrust.) Some modern readers may not find such paternalism offensive, thanks to their regular congress with the clergy, whose discursive subject position is traditionally that of a (spiritual) father – the self-styled vicar (vicarius, ‘substitute’) of God the Father. President Jackson assumes here a comparable lordly position, yet one endorsed, he claims, from heaven (the deity) to earth (white male ballot). Claims to the natives’ land had long been sounded as an authority-related argumentum by verecundiam in appeals by European settlers to the charts issued by their monarchs as enforcers of Christianity, hence allegedly of God’s will. Granted that the differential governmental traditions and the European ruse – we have a chart to support our claim to your land; can you produce yours? – must have taken the natives by surprise. But did the ruse appear to them as the Great Spirit’s hand? Decidedly not.
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Migration movements that have many causes and effects is as old as human history. Migration is defined as changing of place. Migrations are mandatory or voluntarily according to the causes of migration. Movements of migration can also be classified as internal migration and international migration into two groups. Migration movements' causes, effects and consequences are different from each other.
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Türkiye, Ortadoğu’da Suriye merkezli siyasal ve toplumsal sorunlardan etkilenen ülkelerin başında yer alır. Bu durum coğrafyanın siyaseten bugünü ve geleceğine ilişkin ciddi dalgalanmalar oluştururken toplumsal olarak da önemli sonuçlara sahiptir. Savaştan ve iç karışıklıklardan daha güvenli bölge ve ülkelere doğru gerçekleştirilen insan hareketliliği Türkiye’ye yapılan göç ve sığınma taleplerinin abartılı bir şekilde artmasına neden olmuştur.
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In March 2020, the Syrian conflict entered its ninth consecutive year, meanwhile continuing to trigger unprecedented humanitarian, demographic and geographical problems with far reaching consequences for Syria and its neighbouring countries. With 6.5 million internally displaced persons and at least 4.8 million Syrian refugees who have fled the country since 2011, Syrians have become the largest refugee community in the Middle East . Over the course of the conflict, Lebanon, which has a population of approximately 4 million, has received more than 1 million Syrian refugees . In 2018, this number declined for the first time under 1 Million. However, unofficial number are said to be much higher than those published by the UN Refugee Agency in Lebanon. While Lebanon turned into the most important refugee reception state worldwide, Lebanese state authorities have neither been able to mitigate nor to respond to this high-impact and vigorous influx of (Syrian) refugees, acting as a weak host state. Despite the fact that prior to the Syrian refugee crisis, Lebanon had received millions of refugees from Palestine, Lebanese state authorities have failed to implement a coherent national strategy for the management of the Syrian refugee crisis in their country . Considering the highly elevated needs in combination with a persistent underfunding, as well as, the absence of sustainability in the various sectors, such as electricity, health care, education, waste management or water, poverty and unemployment rates in Lebanon have risen to worrisome levels. Consequently, this article is driven by the interest to explore the various dynamics behind the mismanagement of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon and the reasons why Lebanon has attained in the last quarter of 2019 nearly the stadium of state collapse.
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Older people are often insufficiently involved in the community’s life and participate to a limited extent in cultural activities for various reasons. These reasons may be geographical isolation, unfavorable financial opportunities, disability, etc. Lack of awareness of the need to involve generation 65+ in cultural education further adversely affects the availability of cultural content intended for them. Increased access to such content contributes to their quality of life, activation, and greater inclusion in society. Social inclusion is an essential element of quality of life and dignified aging. It permeates different segments of life and includes different dimensions and layers. One of its main characteristics is that it is changing. Older age brings with it the problem of adapting to everyday life. The involvement of the elderly population in cultural content is significant, both for the mentioned population and for the local community. This chapter will present the results of a survey conducted among the elderly population of Osijek - Baranja County on their involvement in cultural content and culture perception.
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Based on the turn to common language in practice of the mid-20th century, mainly through Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, the paper offers an analytic of language games, starting from an analysis of the problem of naming at Wittgenstein’s and Austin’s works. It is argued that chances of discourse of hate speech should be discussed not only as a direct reference to the naming problem but also to the problem of inequality in language games and in the language games of legitimation. The analytical capabilities of the latter are emphasized by their classification, a condition for the possibility of reaching such an opportunity is also the return to the problem of authorization in Pierre Bourdieu's analyzes, as well as the problem of the legitimacy functions of meta-narratives and the process of their delegitimation, following Jean-François Lyotard. By suggesting the link between language games (method) and the problem of the legitimacy of boundaries of philosophical discourses (subject), Lyotard gives a chance to raise the problem of legitimacy by interpreting the field of the endogenous logic of practice. Since all this necessitates the problem of daily quantification, it is argued that the method-subject relationship gives a chance to identify a number of data in hate discourses that allow a critical interpretation of the sustainability of, in Harvey Sachs's theory of conversation analysis, „categorical explanations immunized against induction,” such as the most common forms of „doing hate”. At the end of the text, a thought experiment is proposed in which, relying mainly on the analytical chances provided by non-classical transcendental logic and intentional analytics, a case is presented in which the so-called „doing hate” and „immunization against induction” are analyzed with a focus on the forms of legitimation and daily quantification.
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At the center of this article is the figure of the refugee, which I have interrogated in a previous analysis, considering it as a „radical metamorphosis of the stranger” (cf. Orbova 2014). In this article, I will try to analyze this image through discursive practices and strategies of hate that construct it and fill it with social sense and meanings, but as an „essentially negative Other”. The explication of these prepredicative evidences and inconsistencies in the language contained in the discourse on refugees is the starting point from which we could draw conclusions not just about who the Refugee is as an ideal type, as a form of strangeness, but also about the two-way relationships of the differentiation by which it is constructed. The practical logical forms of thinking and of expressing the otherness of the Refugee construct not a homogeneous image, but many of its figures that begin to construct at many different levels that generalized everyday notion which stigmatizes, rejects and does not tolerate the Different.
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The article aims to provide a few examples from the fictional literature, film industry and computer games, all of which directly address the problem of collision between worlds that are incommeasurable. The main suggestion is that the conflict between them can be resolved only through the complete destruction of one of those worlds. This will be the starting point for the analysis of the so-called „clash of civilizations” theme, which was documented during the media monitoring carried out in October 2015. The main argument of the article is that the construction of a generalized negative image of the Other and its systematic exclusion from access to the order of discourse in its essence can become a „self-fulfilling prophecy” (borrowing the term from Robert C. Merton), i.e. this Other becomes the bearer of a crisis which, prior to that, has been ascribed as essential to him. In this way the marginalized elements of society do not have any alternative exit but to be who they are, in line with their ascribed negative identity.
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This text aims to highlight the ways in which the image of the enemy in State Security documents is built and functions, as well as its functioning in the socialist reality – In the creation and consolidation of social differences, unequal treatment and social exclusion. By systematizing the implicit and essential features of the “enemy”, this analysis attempts to reconstruct the social conditions for its “emergence”, the establishment of the monopoly on its identification and naming. Through the confrontation between the “enemy” and the „New Man”, a value-defined clash of ideologically constructed figures takes place. A similar collision also takes place at a pre-ideological level between the lexemes of „enemy” and „people” in the combination of „enemies of the people”. They include, on one hand, the meaning and value implications of origin and belonging (genus), proximity, indivisibility and nativity (native), but also of unity, community, common blood, fate, history, etc. At the same time, in the same phrase, the „enemy,” we find a whole palette of negatively coloured meanings such as hatred, animosity, malice, enmity, ill-treatment. In practice, a doubling of the meaningful load of the two lexemes is done in their combination. The pages of the documents also reveal a specific discourse reproducing the so-called „Enemy speeches” that challenge the act of production as both symbolic domination and impenetrability and/or limited chances of access to the order of discourse. In fact, the discourse of the documents gives visibility to enemy elements and the audibility of their speeches. There is a fracturing in the situation of impenetrable access to the order of discourse and the creation of an anti-ideological discourse, which in essence questions the legitimacy of the identity-donors, can be registered.
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Most Europeans are women, but men still dominate the European labor market. This is especially present in senior positions where vital decisions are made. Therefore, a big gender employment gap and a gender pay gap are still a European reality. Hence, an adequate inclusion of women in the labor markets should be made. In order to present the labor market gender diversity situation at the EU level, the chapter aims to analyze the labor market by age and gender in the EU according to the available projection timeframe with an ageism perspective by gender and the need for inclusive social measures. The gender employment gap has been a European problem for decades. However, in the last decade, it started to stabilize mainly due to the employment rate for men, which started to stabilize, while that of women continues to grow. The chapter concentrates on the older working-age group (55-64) by gender, where those differences are even more pronounced. The analysis includes gender equality in higher job positions in which older age groups are most often found, such as academia, R&I, and decision-making positions in the EU. The fact is that discrimination in career advancement or the “glass ceiling” phenomenon increases with gender and age. The chapter emphasizes social inclusion measures for inclusion of women in the labor market and the importance of social inclusion of the elderly in terms of gender. In order to explore the existence or non-existence of gender (in)equality and career progression issues, the research is focused on the presentation of women and their participation in decision-making and leadership positions in academia and the financial sector. The chapter contains support measures for solving the mentioned social and economic problems based on analyzing current financial system principles and mechanisms for woman empowerment, etc., which should be implemented in other economic activities subjects in business units of EU countries. Consequently, the objective of the chapter is to reshape the position of women in today’s aging society and the ways to improve balance, inclusion, and equality.
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Ovo poglavlje bavi se posljedicama rodnih predrasuda u odabiru žrtava (od strane učinilaca, povlačenjem iskaza žrtava i procjenom lažnih navoda (uključujući otkrivanje prevare).
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Gender bias affects our understanding and opinion of the world around us, particularly concerning social behavior. Specifically, gender bias refers to negative or positive judgements and/or behaviours associated with women, men, girls, and boys and extending from prevailing stereotypes in a given socio-cultural context. Gender bias can be explicit or implicit; and implicit bias develops automatically and unconsciously in a process we are all affected by, in which we assign a stereotype and/or associate a negative or positive attitude with a particular group, or with an individual associated with a group.
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The paper focuses on the challenges of intersectionality as a productive approach to the analysis of gender (in)equality in higher education institutions through the discussion of several theoretical concerns within contemporary feminist intersectional research, informed by the empirical lens of the UNIGEM quantitative and qualitative research conducted in 2021. It offers a short outline of recent debates involving intersectionality studies, feminist standpoint theory and critical realism, and then proceeds to analyse some ways out of the constraints posed by the UNIGEM research when it comes to intersectional data pertaining to class and positionality. The argument is that the dearth of class analysis when researching the politics of equality and solidarity in higher education can be countered through future research inspired by the feminist critiques of Bourdieu’s theory of education and their prescient insights into the dynamics of class and positionality within the academia.
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Svi imamo prošlost, sadašnjost i budućnost. Uprkos tome, ponašamo se kao da nam nešto nedostaje. Težimo oduzeti komadić od drugog/e, kao da težimo onome što pripada drugima ne shvatajući da naš život i sam ima vrijednost.
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Kenet Švarc (Kenet Swartz), uspješan bostonski advokat je imao samo četrdeset godina kada mu je dijagnosticiran rak na plućima. Dan prije zakazane operacije došao je u pripremno odjeljenje bolnice gdje je u prepunoj čekaonici, u kojoj su užurbane medicinske sestre jurile oko njega, čekao da ga neko prozove. Kad je konačno prozvan, ušao je u ordinaciju u kojoj je medicinska sestra obavila s njim predoperativni razgovor. U početku je djelovala vrlo osorno – Švarc se osjećao kao tek još jedan bezlični pacijent. Kad joj je, međutim, rekao da ima rak pluća, lice joj se smekšalo. Uzela ga je za ruku i pitala ga kako se nosi s tim. Dok joj je pričao o svom dvogodišnjem sinu Benu, njih su dvoje odjednom izašli iz svojih uloga medicinske sestre odnosno pacijenta. Ona mu je rekla da ima bratića koji se također zove Ben. Na kraju razgovora medicinska sestra je brisala suze. I mada nije imala običaj da silazi u operacioni blok, obećala je da će doći da ga posjeti. Sljedećeg dana, dok je u kolicima čekao da ga odvedu na operativno odjeljenje, posjetila ga je. Uzela ga je za ruku i sa suzama u očima mu poželjela sreću.
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