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Autor przedstawia zarys metodyki formułowania strategii przedsiębiorstwa, charakteryzuje strategie portów lotniczych (misja, strategiczne portfele działalności), by naświetlić strategiczne przesłanki konkurencyjności portów lotniczych.
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Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze kwestie związane z pisemnym i ustnym komunikowaniem w ramach PR. Omówiono zasady konstruowania tekstów PR-owych według formuły Rudolfa Flescha, znanej pod nazwą Flesch Readability, dla różnych typów wypowiedzi pisemnych, m.in. news release, information release, press release, press statement, information release, background release. Uwzględniając netykietę, przedstawiono główne reguły sztuki epistolograficznej, zwracając uwagę na najczęściej popełniane błędy. Nie lada wyzwaniem dla współczesnych PR-owców pozostaje stosowanie właściwych form językowych w mediach społecznościowych, które pomogą w budowaniu wizerunku przedsiębiorstwa i korzystnie wpływają na jego pozycjonowanie w przestrzeni publicznej. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie odpowiednich form językowych, które usprawniają komunikację i właściwe rozumienie treści adresowanych do wybranych grup targetowych.
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Autor koncentruje się na podstawowych zasadach funkcjonowania wyspecjalizowanej części public relations, jaką stanowią relacje z inwestorami. Zjawisko relacji inwestorskich występuje we wszystkich organizacjach, które mają charakter publiczny i posiadają prywatnych interesariuszy. Autor omawia pięć obszarów tematycznych. We wstępie przedstawia wąskie i szerokie definicje relacji inwestorskich oraz typologię podmiotów, których te relacje dotyczą. Pierwszy podrozdział jest poświęcony celom relacji inwestorskich, modelom realizacji tych celów i kluczowym zasadom oceny informacji, mających owe cele realizować. W podrozdziale drugim autor przedstawia adresatów działań podejmowanych w ramach relacji inwestorskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem akcjonariuszy i inwestorów. Multiplikatorzy opinii, istotni w perspektywie relacji inwestorskich, to temat trzeciego podrozdziału. Autor najwięcej uwagi poświęcił instrumentom relacji inwestorskich, opisanym w ostatnim, czwartym podrozdziale. Zalicza się do nich m.in. spotkania różnego typu, raporty, walne zgromadzenia akcjonariuszy i stronę internetową danej organizacji.
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Since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in the spring of 2011, the number of Syrian nationals seeking refuge within the borders of Turkey has surged, and the recent intensified threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has only caused the number of Syrians fleeing to Turkey for safety to rise further. Today, Turkey hosts more Syrians than any other country in the world; according to official United Nations Refugee Association (UNHCR) registration statistics as of April 10, 2015, there are 1,758,092 registered Syrians in Turkey (UNHCR 2015) although estimates among academics, representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others predict the actual number of Syrians in the country as closer to 2.5 million. However, the legal status of Syrians in Turkey is unique. Not legally recognized as refugees due to Turkey’s historic and current migration policies, Syrians in Turkey are considered as ‘guests’ in the country and remain here under the legal status of temporary protection. Although this status provides for many basic rights - including shelter, food, education, medical support and the possibility of employment - Syrians often remain uninformed of and unable to access their rights-based provisions. Additionally, as the governmental and societal discourse of ‘guests’ suggests, Syrians are expected to be ‘hosted’ by the Turkish government and society and subsequently return home. Although governmental policy and many Turkish humanitarian aid-based NGOs continue to convey this discourse of Syrians as ‘guests’ under temporary protection, Turkish society is becoming tense - the Syrian ‘guests’ have overstayed their welcome.
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Nowadays, shareholders would like to receive more information about companies’ activities. They would like to know how the company treats their local community, how their activities influencethe environment or even if the company’s activities are harmful for society. This information is needed and has to do with costs for society. Tracking these costs, called external costs, more precisely seems to be becoming more important in accounting and is starting to become a new research area.The need for treating external costs like a part of research in accounting is indicated by a trend of the accounting of social responsibility, the theory of legitimacy in accounting, the concept of full cost accounting and the directive on disclosure of non-financial information. The use of the environment isn’t free of charge for companies. According to national laws, companies are obligated to pay environmental fees or taxes when using the environment. Existing fees and taxes for using the environment don’t resolve the problems of measuring and evaluating the external costs in companies. What is important to note is that external costs are connected with using goods such as air, soil, water,silence or the aesthetics of the surroundings. They all are non-marketable goods; they don’t have prices on the market. Therefore, one of the non-market valuation methods could be used to evaluate them. One of the biggest problems for accounting in the future will be measuring the volume of using these goods or measuring the size of reduction in the quality of public goods suffered and assigning the decrease to particular companies.
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Purpose: The aim of the chapter is to compare the declarations of local and international companies regarding the maintenance of sustainable development initiatives during acrisis. Design/methodology/approach: The article presents the results of a survey conducted in September 2020 on a sample of 500 enterprises located in Poland. Respondents were asked to declare if they will maintain or abandon sustainable development initiatives in a crisis situation. The examples presented a pandemic similar to the one caused by Covid-19, an economic crisis, or a significant decrease in company revenues. Findings: The research showed that the largest group of companies in acrisis situation will completely abandon their initiatives in the field of sustainable development. Another group will give up those initiatives that generate the highest cost. There are some small differences in responses of local and international companies. Companies with foreign entities in the ownership structure seems less likely to give up all initiatives in the field of sustainable development. International companies more often than local companies declare that they do not know which initiatives they will abandon and which will they keep. Research limitations/implications: Factors other than international involvement (e.g. company size, strategic approach to sustainable development) may have a decisive impact on decisions regarding the maintenance of sustainable development initiatives in acrisis. Originality and value: The chapter illustrates the approach to sustainable development by companies classified into various categories: local and international.
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Whistleblowing is defined as the conscious revealing and disclosure of unethical or criminal situations occurring within the organization by the member or members of the organization (Cross and Tiller, 1998). The concept of whistleblowing has gained importance with the emergence of scandals in large and powerful enterprises, institutions and organizations, especially in recent years. Organization members who engage in whistleblowing behavior may naturally conflict with their organizations, other organization members and managers and remain silent. In this silence, unjust, unfair and illegal situations in the organization can become widespread (Near and Miceli, 2013). Therefore, whistleblowing is protected by different laws in different countries in order to support the members of the organization to take action without hesitation (Kaptein, 2011). However, in order for whistleblowing to be implemented and carried out effectively in the organization, the members of the organization must know the internal politics and ethical rules well and be knowledgeable and conscious about this issue (Miceli and Near, 1992). As a result, the concept of whistleblowing is an extremely important concept in terms of revealing unfair and erroneous situations in organizations and ensuring justice within the organization. However, members of the organization must be careful and act in accordance with the law when deciding whether or not to engage in whistleblowing. In this book chapter, information about the emergence of the concept of whistblowing, its reasons and its importance in terms of working life will be given.
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Since organizations are social systems that interact with the environment, the development of green environmental awareness among the organization is inevitable in order to make natural resources sustainable. Regardless of the sector, organizations must develop an awareness of environmental problems. Today, environmental awareness is very important in order to provide competitive advantages and to make this superiority sustainable. Therefore, green organization functions have taken the place of classical functioning in organizations. Green organizations have a strategic importance in terms of using resources economically, developing green awareness towards nature and making this awareness sustainable. In this way, while the costs of the organizations decrease, the corporate image is also positively affected. While the main purpose of the top management in traditional management approaches was to produce and market the needed product or service, today, in addition to this purpose, environmental awareness has been added as an extension of corporate social responsibility. In this direction, in addition to the basic objectives of the organizations, it is ensured that they use their resources economically with green environmental awareness, reduce their costs and contribute to the sustainability of the resources. In this section, under the title of green organization, it is emphasized the place and importance of some functions in the management of organizations such as human resources management, production and marketing. At the same time, it is aimed to investigate the current studies on green organizations in the literature. According to the result, green environmental policies come first among the corporate social responsibilities of organizations. A green organization with environmentally friendly strategies, sustainability and green behavior is a beacon of hope for future generations. Sustainable green strategies give organizations a competitive advantage.
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The concept of malingering, which means false illness, is not only an issue that should be addressed by the field of psychiatry, but also an important issue that should be examined for businesses. This concept, which is difficult to detect, is seen as a situation where employees take shelter in order to escape from work. The concept of malingering, which is defined as consciously pretending to be sick, exaggerating or triggering the disease for an identifiable secondary gain, has become an important problem in business life within the framework of its causes and effects. Malingering in business life can be due to personal reasons as well as to reasons arising from the business environment. Many empirical studies show that malingering; health complaints, perceived workload, working conditions, ergonomic defects, negative employee-manager and employee-employee relations, health status of individuals, age, migration history, job and income satisfaction, size of the institution they work for, and existence of a fixed-term employment contract. reported to be significantly related to its properties. The effects of malingering are manifested in the form of turnover, continuous payment of absent employees, inadequate use of labor, productivity losses, customer dissatisfaction, increased administrative costs, high turnover costs, reductions in workforce morale, and heavier workloads. The increase in malingering is not only harmful to organizations in the long run, but also brings a burden to the state and society. Despite all this importance of the subject, it is seen that studies in the field of health are intensively carried out, although scientific statistics on malingering in enterprises cannot be reached. In this context, it is thought that it is important to know the concept in detail.
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This study delves into the intricate relationship between leader narcissism, stress levels, and organizational communication, providing insights into the dynamics of contemporary workplaces. Utilizing a sample survey conducted within an information technology department, participants assessed leader narcissism, job stress, and organizational communication through comprehensive questionnaires. The findings illuminate the positive correlation between the "exploitativeness" dimension of leader narcissism and the "work-family conflict" sub-dimension of job stress, as well as the "feedback" sub-dimension of organizational communication. Similarly, a positive association emerged between the "superiority" dimension of leader narcissism and the "critical communication" sub-dimension of organizational communication. Conversely, a negative relationship was observed between the "self-sufficiency" dimension of leader narcissism and the "information sharing" sub-dimension of organizational communication. Moreover, a statistically significant negative correlation was identified between the "authority" dimension of leader narcissism and the "role ambiguity" sub-dimension of job stress, while a positive relationship was detected with the "role stress" sub-dimension. These empirical findings underscore the nuanced effects of leader narcissism on job stress and the quality of organizational communication within the workplace. These significant insights offer valuable implications for leadership practices and organizational communication strategies, empowering organizations to address the challenges associated with leader narcissism. The scholarly contribution of this study advances the field of organizational behavior, providing actionable recommendations for leaders and managers striving to cultivate a conducive work environment.
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In today's post-modern world, where uncertainty and chaos prevail, rule-based hierarchical organizations are giving their place to businesses where expert power and knowledge, and therefore people, are more important. In these new structures, where continuous change is required, the effect of individuals' behaviors within the organization on performance and the importance of directing these behaviors in a positive way increase even more in order to manage individuals and institutions. In this study, the concepts of organizational citizenship behavior and organizational politics, which are two important research areas of the organizational behavior literature, are discussed over the relationship between each other and on the basis of Social Exchange Theory. Although research on politics in the management literature has increased in recent years, it does not receive the importance it deserves. Researches generally associate politics only with manipulation and behavior aimed at protecting the interests of managers or management. This negative perception leads to an incomplete understanding and explanation of the organizational politics. But political behavior includes both positive and negative behaviors. The policies implemented by the managers and the political behaviors they exert are closely related to the potential and existing organizational citizenship behaviors of the employees. In the context of the Social Exchange Theory, it is seen that the citizenship behaviors of the employees increase to the extent that the managers meet the expectations and needs of the employees.
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As is well known, interest is an economic fact that has been known and practiced since time immemorial and is subject to positive or negative assessments. This fact, which has not lost its significance throughout the history of the economy, is still considered one of the most important indicators that distinguish political and economic regimes. Due to this importance, since its inception, interest has been among the research topics of philosophers and economists, especially celestial religions. Islam, the last of the heavenly religions, has taken up this problem, which is of great interest to society, in a form of law based on its own moral laws, and has taken a religious-legal approach to interest. Thus, the Holy Qur’an states: “O you who believe! Do not consume one another’s property illicitly, and do not kill yourselves, except by mutual consent. Surely Allah is Merciful to you. Whoever commits aggression and oppression, We will cast him into the Fire of Hell. That is easy for God. If you avoid the major sins, We will cover your sins and admit you to a beautiful place. “(Surat an-Nisa, verses 29-31) From this point of view, scientific-research work is relevant from the point of view of research of scientific approaches in the importance of interestbased system approaches in the modern management system.
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The objective of the article is to evaluate, based on primary research, the effectiveness of the public aid of the entities during Covid-19 pandemic within their activity to be supported or, on the contrary, stopped the operation. At the same time, a proposal is made to evaluate the effectiveness of these supports from the point of view of business entities and public administration using SOAR analysis. The results showed that blanket support is not that effective, and a dialogue is necessary, which can be opened precisely with the help of the national recovery plan, when it was calculated that there could be an improvement from 38% to 76.25 in 2027.
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The publication presents a sample of research on the impact of the employer brand as a marketing tool on the behavior of human resources /attraction, turnover and their subsequent retention/ and on the market performance of companies in a period of recovery after the Covid-pandemic and in particular with an emphasis on their reciprocal response in the conditions of and after clearly defined risk circumstances and uncertainty for the business. The research was conducted among 55 enterprises from the food industry in Bulgaria and covers the period 2021-2023. Enterprises are grouped according to various characteristics, such as enterprise size (small, medium, large), branch of the food industry – dairy, meat, bakery, etc. and geographic region of the country. The study is carried out under the assumption that the performance of the business with a well-developed and strong employer brand will be positively influenced by it.
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The aim of the chapter is to present the importance of accounting policy in the audit of financial statements. The chapter identifies the basic functions of accounting policy in financial reporting and then refers them to the tasks of a financial auditor during the process of financial audit. After presenting the specifics of the relevant audit procedures relating to accounting policy the chapter shows accordingly the main conclusions of the auditor presented in the audit report. Due to the lack of exhaustive research in the analysed research area of this chapter, the study contributes to reducing the cognitive gap existing in the Polish scientific literature. The considerations presented are of a legislative and theoretical nature, however they may constitute an incentive for further research aimed at showing the role of accounting policy in the practice of financial auditing.
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This paper aims to present the role and importance of management control systems. This paper includes an overview of the characteristics of management control systems and their main advantages. A systematic review of current research on management control systems during the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that the scope of management control systems needs to be expanded and upgraded in the psychological dimension.
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Purpose: The chapter aims to identify the most important challenges related to public transport organisation during COVID and post-COVID times. The author asks several questions: How have the restrictions affected (and still affect) public transport? Can economically efficient public transport services be offered in COVID and post-COVID times? And finally: Is public transport safe for users, and will it be safe in the future? Design/methodology/approach: The chapter is based on the literature review and examination of selected case studies. The analysis is carried out in urban transport, regional and interregional rail transport and international transport (particularly air transport). Findings: The chapter specifies the “dilemmas”, of which the most important is a contradiction between the essential requirement for the operation of public transport (to transport many people in a small space) and the basic principle of minimising the increase in COVID infections (the avoidance of large crowds of people). Research limitations: Quantitative methods could further develop and confirm the study. Practical implications: The chapter diagnoses the main challenges related to the organisation and operation of public transport systems in (socially and economically) uncertain times that lie within areas of interest of both managers and local government authorities. Originality and value: The study contributes to the ongoing discussion on improving publictransport.
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Purpose: This chapter investigates the factors influencing a company’s vulnerability to economic crises, particularly focusing on the role of firm capabilities and export diversification. In light of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, the study explores how these variables interact to shape a company’s resilience in the face of crisis. Design/methodology/approach: This study utilises primary data collected from Polish exporters in 2022, allowing for a retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact. Drawing on the resource-based view and firm internationalisation theories, the research formulates hypotheses concerning the relationships between firm capabilities (marketing and technological) and crisis affectedness, moderated by export diversification. Findings: Both marketing and technological capabilities have a negative impact on a company’s vulnerability to economic crises. However, this effect is more pronounced for companies with lower export diversification. In contrast, highly diversified exporters show reduced sensitivity to firm capabilities in mitigating crisis affectedness. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses on Polish exporters in a post-transition economy, which may differ from firms in other economic contexts. Additionally, the research explores a specific crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and its effects on export-oriented companies. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to other crises andregions. Practical implications: The findings suggest that companies should invest in marketing and technological capabilities to enhance resilience during crises, especially if they have a limited international diversification strategy. Highly diversified exporters may need to balance their focus on capabilities with broader market approaches. Originality and value: This research contributes to the understanding of how firm capabilities and export diversification interact to influence a company’s vulnerability to economic crises, with practical implications for exporters navigating turbulent times in a globalized world. The study sheds light on the complexities of resilience-building strategies in post-transition economies and underlines the importance of adaptability in international business.
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This paper examines the role of cross-cultural marketing in international management and marketing, focusing on understanding consumer behavior and brand perception in diverse cultural contexts. Drawing upon the literature in the field, the study investigates the impact of cultural dimensions on consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and brand perception. It explores effective strategies for adapting marketing efforts to accommodate cultural differences and foster customer engagement in international markets. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with marketing professionals. The findings emphasize the importance of aligning marketing communications with cultural values, employing localization strategies, and building authentic and emotionally resonant connections with consumers. Practical implications and recommendations are provided for firms operating in international markets. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on cross-cultural marketing and provides insights to enhance marketing strategies in diverse cultural contexts.
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This article, part of a series on cybersecurity management, addresses the challenge of managing Cybersecurity as a process and a product. It explores the connections between the current situation, standards, and policies for self-control in the cybersecurity work environment while also highlighting the concept of GAP analyses for managing the main threats and defence mechanisms. The article provides practical example that demonstrate the real-world application of these concepts in different organizations, thereby assuring readers of the practicality of the solutions presented. GAP analysis is a commonly employed methodology across diverse fields including business, education, and project management. It plays a crucial role in assessing the disparity between the present state of affairs and the intended objectives. The acronym "GAP" encompasses "Goal, Achievement, and Performance," representing the fundamental elements involved in the analysis process.
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