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Piękno starzejącego się ciała: oczywisty czy pozorny wymiar wartości społecznych?

Author(s): Mariola Bieńko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2015

The purpose of this paper is to review theory and empirical research concerned with the problem of social and subjective body image among the elderly. There is a common perception among the public that age reduces attractiveness and older people tend to be stereotyped as “ugly”. Given the challenges of aging, older individuals strive to maintain positive evaluation of their physical selves both in domain of appearance and health. As newer cohorts of “over sixties” replace older cohorts, changes have become embodied in through increased levels of discretionary spending, greater levels of physical activity, more attention to diet and fitness regimes, more frequent recourse to cosmetic and rejuvenative technologies. The analysis has shown that there is a social stigma around the effects of the natural ageing process. Obsession with a youthful and beautiful appearance has become commonplace in modern western society and has resulted in procedures trying to reverse the aging process. The need for aeastheticization of bodies and media fixation on beauty functions as censorship of old age in the physical realm. Special attention was given the gender-related differences in aging. As there are examples of men presented in mass culture who were “allowed” to get old, in the case of women it is obligatory to be “forever young”.

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Aktywność fizyczna przyczynkiem do satysfakcji w geriatrii

Author(s): Jerzy Rottermund,Andrzej Knapik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Statistical data and forecasts point to an increasing number of elderly in european societies, including also Poland. This demographic state, causes an economical and social consequences, both in individual as well as in social dimension (health care, social support, etc.). Therefore a gaining increasing importance has the issue of successful aging. The notion of satisfaction is defined as “a feeling of pleasure and contentment” which contributes to feeling of happiness, joy and quality of life. Pointing to the life satisfaction of elderly, must first of all take into consideration, their current state of health and independent physical functioning in environment that allows to keep psychomotor performance.Physiological process of aging is accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in organs and systems of human body. These natural processes are complex and irreversible, ultimately leads to reduce psychophysical and regenerative capabilities of human. One of the key determinants which cause and give the satisfaction is a healthly lifestyle with properly dosed level of a physical activity. The primary purpose of a physical activity of elderly, with particular indication of exercises is: independent functioning, inhibiting of progressive involutional changes, improve mood, maintain of correct figure and improving of balance. Physical activity of elderly may have significantly impact to the attitudes towards own person, increasing the quality of life and giving the satisfaction feeling.

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DIE ALTERUNG DER GESELLSCHAFTEN ALS ZEICHEN DER ZEIT

Author(s): Ryszard Hajduk / Language(s): German Issue: 17/2016

The Church has the duty of scrutinizing the signs of the time. They are processes and social phenomena to which followers of Christ can not be indifferent. Signs of the times are loci theologici. They can not be interpreted as pure facts, but as a reality privileged by God that He uses to show humanity His plans and purposes. The phenomenon of aging populations belongs to the signs of the time. It affects not only Western countries, but also Eastern Europe and Russia. Although older people are sometimes described as an economic burden for the younger generation, it is difficult to imagine social life without them. They play an important role in it, providing assistance to their families, as well as undertaking a number of initiatives for the common good. As “guardians of the collective memory” (John Paul II), elderly persons help young people to discover the meaning of life and to shape their personal identities. Their wisdom and experience contributes to building a better world. For the Church, this means a challenge to use their potential for the development of the work of evangelization and to provide them with pastoral support, responding to their spiritual needs and helping them to live with dignity in the “autumn of life”.

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STAROŚCI SIĘ NIE WYBIERA – WIEK SĘDZIWY W PERSPEKTYWIE TEOLOGICZNO-PASTORALNEJ

Author(s): Edward Wiszowaty / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

Old age is a natural life process. People do not choose it, they can only accept it. This truth is expressed, among other sources in the Bible, and in the teachings of the Fathers of the Church and of popes.Biblical texts present old age in an ambivalent manner. On one hand, they perceive it as God’s gift, by glorifying knowledge, experience, sagacity and wisdom while, on the other hand, they depict indispositions related to this age. The Bible sees old age in earthly maturation towards eternal happiness and unity with God. In a symbolic sense, it emphasizes the transformation of “an old man” (veti hominis) into a new one. This biblical and theological perspective provides a counterbalance to the perception of old age in postmodern society, where old age is looked at, among other things, through the prism of social capital, social roles, demographics, the labour market, economics and social policy, recognizing, first of all, the social and economic consequences of the process of ageing. The one-sidedness of such a view can be balanced by a theological and pastoral reflexion concerning old age. The Church in its teaching and pastoral care reminds us of the dignity and mission of the eldest. While referring to the life testimony of elderly persons, and particularly their suffering, it presents a Christian vision of old age.

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UNA SAGGEZZA NEGATA. LA CONDIZIONE DELL'ANZIANO NELLA SOCIETÀ POSTMODERNA

Author(s): Furio Pesci / Language(s): Italian Issue: 17/2016

Senility has been considered synonymous with wisdom for a long time, but the condition of the elderly seems to be perceived otherwise in a liquid society. The causes of this change are due to the paradoxical situation in which the elderly live today. On the one hand, life expectancy has lengthened greatly in recent decades and the economic condition of pensioners has improved; on the other hand, the new diseases that affect the elderly have questioned the equation between senility and wisdom, while the costs of the pension system seem nowadays unsustainable even in advanced countries due to the economic crisis. The situation of the elderly becomes, then, a significant example of the existential condition typical of our time. A vision of life as a “project” generates suffering and frustration which are expressed in anxiety and depression, so widespread in our times, particularly among old people. Only the recovery of an authentic vision of wisdom and transcendence could help to overcome these social and cultural contradictions

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MĄDROŚĆ JAKO PRZYMIOT STAROŚCI

Author(s): Łukasz Florczyk,Paweł Brudek,Stanisława Steuden / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

The article shows what inspired the authors of Scripture in the first place to attribute wisdom to God alone. This mainly concerns the creation of the world and man. It also points to human wisdom, which is God's gift, of which there is still a need to ask the Creator. King Solomon left us an example of such trusting prayer for wisdom. He did not ask God for a long life, wealth, or the destruction of his enemies, but for a heart full of common sense – in order to judge and discern good and evil. This human wisdom applies primarily to mature and older people, but that does not mean that it is reserved only for them. That wisdom manifests itself primarily in piety, observance of the precepts and fear of God. A wise man can also boast extensive knowledge and life experience, because he can share his wisdom with other people (especially the young generation), and when the need arises he can think and advise. Old men – distinguished by wisdom – enjoyed great authority and respect, and the reward for their longevity and life was a living memory for future generations.

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WYCHOWANIE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ MŁODZIEŻY DO ZROZUMIENIA I AKCEPTACJI STAROŚCI – UJĘCIE KATECHETYCZNE

Author(s): Anna Zellma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

Educating young people at catechesis to understand and to accept old age requires diverse educational activities. These include sharing knowledge about the dignity of elderly people, about their importance in the family, and about the value of wisdom and experience in educating young people. Such knowledge is necessary to understand and to accept old age. Drawing on reliable knowledge about old age (especially the dignity of elderly people, their wisdom and experience) deserves particular attention in the post-modernistic culture. Elderly people are usually perceived as helpless, confused, useless, unfit, both physically and mentally, anxious, passive, dull and troublesome. On the other hand, their wisdom, which comes with age and experience, is not undervalued. Therefore, it should be regarded as important that such activities are initiated in religious teaching which a focus on supporting young people in understanding and accepting old age. Passing on knowledge about old age also requires getting involved in initiatives with and for elderly people. Working together creates a favourable environment for the openness of adults, children and adolescents to each other’s diversity and facilitates inter-generation dialogue. This is a climate in which values can be passed on, in which people can learn from one another and in which interpersonal bonds can be created. However, achieving these objectives requires appropriate pedagogic initiatives in religious teaching, which support students in acquiring the ability to understand elderly people, to learn and to cooperate

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THE ISSUE OF OLD AGE IN CURRICULUM GUIDELINES FOR RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

Author(s): Adam Bielinowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

The article presents the curriculum content related to old age included in the curriculum guidelines for Roman Catholic religious education in schools in Poland. The study is based on two documents that are currently in force: “Core Curriculum of the Roman Catholic Catechesis in Poland”, the text of which was adopted by the Polish Episcopal Conference on 8 March 2010, and the “Syllabus of the Roman Catholic Religious Education in Kindergartens and Schools”, adopted at the meeting of the Commission for Catholic Education of the Polish Episcopal Conference on 9 June 2010. Based on the analysis of the above-mentioned documents, issues concerning old age presented in detail have been proposed.

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OCENA ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI ZA DZIAŁANIE OSÓB W STARSZYM WIEKU

Author(s): Grzegorz Ciuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

Among many circumstances affecting a person’s functioning there are also those inscribed in the individual life cycle, i.e. person’s age, as well as features and ailments connected with it. The time of ageing is especially interesting. The article describes a set of changes considered to be the symptoms of ageing and age itself, since research confirms that in spite of many individual differences, there is such a thing as a set of features called “the old age psyche”. The aim of this paper is to try to answer the question about the impact of changes experienced by an older person on the responsibility for actions taken. In this research, among other things, the recall of basic information about human acts, and the distinction between ageing pathologically and physiologically is very helpful.

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DOJRZEWANIE DO WIECZNOŚCI. CZASOWY WYMIAR LUDZKIEGO ISTNIENIA W PERSPEKTYWIE ANTROPOLOGII KAROLA WOJTYŁY

Author(s): Jarosław Merecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

The paper aims to show some possible ways of facing contingency, which is an inevitable element of human experience. The first of the discussed ways is modern science, which dramatically limits the contingency of human life, but cannot eliminate it completely. The other is religion, which not only offers a solution to the problem of the existential contingency of the human being, but also makes the problem even more radical. The paper analyzes existential contingence as expressed in the temporality of the human person, drawing on two authors: R. Ingarden and K. Wojtyła. According to Ingarden, the human person transcends contingency, realizing the values of Truth, Beauty and Good that persist in time. Wojtyła also states that the transcendence of the human person consists in realizing those values, but he adds that the values themselves can persist only if they are rooted in the eternity of the Absolute Person

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AGING THROUGH THE ETERNAL NOW

Author(s): Dominic Sheridan / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

This article is about why an how the soul and mind do not age or change in the same way a the body and brain. Because the coul and body are distinct and separate substances, they must ultimately belong to diffrent realities, and because of this the soul cannot adhere to the rules of a reality of which does not control it. The reality of the body is temporal, and therefore it will agead die, whereas the reality of the soul is eternal and will not age and die.This article is about why and how the soul and mind do not age or change in the same way as the body and brain. Because the soul and body are distinct and separate substances, they must ultimately belong to different realities, and because of this the soul cannot adhere to the rules of a reality of which does not control it. The reality of the body is temporal, and therefore it will age and die, whereas the reality of the soul is eternal and will not age and die. Further to this, because the mind is a faculty of the soul, it necessarily will not age and die like the brain, but it will be effected both positively and negatively by the brain during the reality of the temporal life, unlike the soul. Because the mind needs the brain in order to think and understand in the temporal reality, then it stands to reason that the mind will appear to degenerate like the brain, but in the non-temporal reality the mind remains unaffected. Because of these things, there must also be a realisation that reason is the domain of temporality, whereas revelation is the domain of eternity. Because of this, we will conclude that reason will ultimately fail and revelation will not. The body also needs nourishment, as does the soul, but this is different for each. The body and the soul need nourishment from their own kind; ashes and dust for the body, and God for the soul. The body is made from ashes and dust; the soul is made in God’s image. The changing of the created function of something is what determines its continued existence, and while the body changes, the soul does not. The use of tense-laden grammar is characteristic of the temporal reality, but tense cannot exist in eternity where there is a constant ‘now’. It is demonstrated that these grammar concepts do not even exist in temporality, as there is no past or future ‘existing’. The present, being the only true existing tense, is also the only truth we can assert about the soul whose created function is to live. It exists through the eternal now, while the body ages and dies in temporality.

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ESCHATOLOGICZNE POWOŁANIE CZŁOWIEKA KLUCZOWĄ INSPIRACJĄ W SPOJRZENIU NA ŻYCIE I ŚMIERĆ

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

Eschatology is an essential light falling on the entire human life, as well as on the history of mankind. It is primarily presented in the biblical tradition. Taking this into consideration, eschatology appears as a destination, a goal to achieve, and thus, along with a direct, chronological and horizontal meaning, it also possesses a vertical and qualitative dimension, showing what is best for Man and concurrently casting an essential light on the calling of Man and becoming its fundamental dimension. The calling is clearly eschatological in its nature. God, who addresses Man directly by his name, offers him an optimal self-realisation and optimal access to the course of the history of salvation. It would not be God’s calling if it did not have this absolute completeness, this ultimate level which is possible to achieve not only in a personal but also in a community dimension. Starting from this general perspective, we focus in this study on the eschatological dimension of the calling of a person, on the meaning of the Church for the realization of the calling, and finally on the way in which Man can overcome the difficulties that he meets during his calling (contingency, aggressiveness, death). The undertaken study is concluded by the issue of the ultimate fulfilment of the eschatological calling which will find its realization in Heavenly Jerusalem

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Q-CAMP 2010

Author(s): Philip Kazin / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2012

Artykuł stanowi sprawozdanie z przedsięwzięcia “Q-CAMP 2010”, zrealizowanego w ramach Projektu Best Agers – Using the knowledge and experience of professionals in their primes to foster business and skills development in the Baltic Sea Region w Petersburgu, jesienią 2010 roku. Celem przedsięwzięcia było umożliwienie młodym przedsiębiorcom, w tym studentom planującym dopiero uruchomienie własnego biznesu, spotkania i wymiany doświadczeń z przedstawicielami biznesu. W rolę ekspertów i doradców, dzielących się swoją wiedzą i spostrzeżeniami na temat uwarunkowań prowadzenia firmy w XXI wieku z początkującymi przedsiębiorcami, wcieliły się osobyw wieku 55 lat i więcej, przedsiębiorcy i doświadczeni w branżach technologicznych specjaliści. Pełny raport z przedsięwzięcia „Q-CAMP 2010” jest dostępny na stronie internetowej projektu: www.best-agers-project-eu.

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The „Real“ Old Age and the Transition between the Third and Fourth Age

Author(s): Marcela Petrová Kafková / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

My paper focuses on the relation between chronological age and health. I understand health decline as an indicator of the transition into the fourth age. Currently the definition of the fourth age has been somewhat unclear. Some of the authors consider the fourth age as a synonym of the oldest-old and they define individuals in the fourth age based on their chronological age, mostly between 75 and 80 years. From the perspective of social gerontology, however, such a view is insufficient. Fourth-agers might be characterized especially by the loss of agency, ability to care and to make decisions about themselves. The SHARE data analysis for the Czech Republic confirmed the connection between health decline, frailty and chronological age, but it is not easy to define the exact boundary of the fourth age. Ageing is undoubtedly very individual. The frequently used boundary of 75 years seems to be unsuitable since frailty and general health decline occur more after 80 in men and women. Although the quality of life of older adults declines apparently with age, the decline is more affected by health status than chronological age. Health and quality of life are significantly influenced by the cultural and economic capital of older adults. Older adults with basic education and low income are more at risk of poorer health and lower quality of life. There are also significant gender differences. Women are more fragile, the analysis of the impact of income and education showed, however, that the relationship of gender, health and quality of life is much more complicated. To reach higher quality of life, women benefit from higher income more than men, higher education, however, brings greater benefit to men. Generally, structural factors seem to intervene in health and quality of life significantly.

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KLASYFIKACJE OBSZARÓW POLSKI Z PUNKTU WIDZENIA WYBRANYCH CECH SPOŁECZNO-DEMOGRAFICZNYCH LUDNOŚCI

Author(s): Anna Majdzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The paper aims at assessing the similarity between Polish regions in terms of selected socio-demographic characteristics. Focus will be placed on the education structure of the population, within which I will consider the age and sex structure of the population with higher education. The survey will be conducted at the level of voivodeships and poviats in 2002 and 2011, using selected methods of multidimensional comparative analysis (including Ward method and k-means method). I will also investigate the dynamics of changes in these structures over a given period. The analysed data will be obtained from the publications of the Central Statistical Office on the structure of education of the population, derived from the results of population censuses, carried out in Poland in 2002 and 2011.

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Specialists aged 50+ as coaches and mentors

Author(s): Anita Richert-Kaźmierska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

The main aim of the article is to present how the knowledge, skills and experience of persons aged 50+ can be used in companies and other institutions. The specificity of coaching and mentoring processes has been discussed, as well as possibilities of involving persons aged 50 years and more in them.

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ANALIZA PRZESTRZENNA PROCESU STARZENIA SIĘ POLSKIEGO SPOŁECZEŃSTWA

Author(s): Katarzyna Zeug-Żebro / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2/2014

The first law of geography formulated by W. Tobler in 1970, which says that everything is related, but near objects are more related than distant ones, spatial modeling has become an important research area. The methods which were developed proved to be excellent tools which can also be used in regional analysis. The most common are measures of spatial autocorrelations, which show the dependence of variables in respect of spatial localization. Spatial correlation allows to determine that intensification of a given phenomenon is more perceivable in neighboring units than in units distant from each other. The main objective of this paper is to study the spatial dependences of demographic aging index using measures of global and local spatial autocorrelation. The data used in analysis come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. All calculations and presented maps were made in the R CRAN.

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Istraživanja položaja radnika i radnica na kruzerima

Author(s): Lara Končar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 20/2016

This paper analyzes the concepts of modern research of the cruise ship industry, with a special focus on the position of migrant workers. From the beginning of the 21st century, the rapid development of this industry on a global scale has drawn the attention of many authors and institutions, and the studies of this phenomenon have resulted in an interesting fragmentation: tourism studies and the social-economic approach. Tourism studies, as an important field of the cruise ship industry research, have rarely engaged on the topic of migrant cruise ship workers, while the social-economic perspective has barely included the field of tourism as an important element in researching their position. The goal of this paper is to simultaneously provide better understanding of the cruise ship industry phenomenon in a wider social, economic and political context, and also point out the oversights that are visible when creating notions in public discourses on the position of workers. In order to better explain the importance of re-conceptualizing their general position, it is necessary to consult tourism studies regarding this problem, explain the relations that exist within the travel and cruise ship industries, and connect that with the relation between work and migrations as the primary factor for contextualizing conditions in which they exist. A special aspect of this paper is dedicated to the problem of the lack of a feminist theory and critique, both in tourism studies and in the social-economic approach. By introducing the feminist perspective, this paper points out the “dangers” of the scientific research discourse in creating concepts about the “migrant subjectivity” and the marginality of cruise ship workers. The first section offers a short review of the approached and basic concepts in defining the cruise ship phenomenon, and refers to the legal and political context of the workers’ position within the industry. The second section deals with the insights of contemporary research and papers, indicating the theoretical and methodological problems of mapping the social-economic position of workers, while the aim of the third section is to indicate the importance of the feminist perspective in the understanding of thisphenomenon, offering suggestions for further reviews and further research on the position of cruise ship workers, especially within the field of feminist geography.

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ROLA STRATEGII ZARZĄDZANIA WIEKIEM W PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWIE

Author(s): Małgorzata Rembiasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/3/2015

The article presents the essence of the main elements of the age management strategy. Enunciated the basic internal and external conditions of its creation, and the selected micro and macroeconomic effects of the strategy implementation. The prospects for the wider use of a comprehensive management strategy diverse age groups of employees in Polish companies have also been described. Disturbed questions require a further detailed research and analysis. The demographic process of advancing age need to interested of this subject both discussed in theory and business practice. A managers of human resource will be forced to learn, how to use the potential of mature workers. This will allow to maintain or improve the current market position. Therefore, age management strategy should be an important part of the strategic business management.

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PRZESTRZENNE ZRÓŻNICOWANIE WSPÓŁCZYNNIKA DZIETNOŚCI, PRZECIĘTNEGO DALSZEGO TRWANIA ŻYCIA ORAZ WSPÓŁCZYNNIKA STAROŚCI W POLSCE W LATACH 2003–2013

Author(s): Wioletta Wolańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2/2016

An important challenge of the EU cohesion policy is to take into account the dynamics of demographic change in the context of a factor conducive to the sustainable development of Europe. The analysis of the evolution of demographic processes is so important for effective local policy, whose priority is to support less developed regions, including rural areas. In the article it was examined, whether, in the Decade of Polish membership in the EU directions for change and the intensity of selected demographic processes are similar in rural and urban areas and provinces in Poland and that the observed changes in Poland correspond to the changes occurring in the EU?

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