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Horticultural Therapy Course as an Educational-Therapeutic Tool of Rehabilitation for Individuals with MSDs

Author(s): Iryna Sarancha,Mikhaylo Kovinko,Borys Maksymchuk,Halyna Tarasenko,Sergey Kharchenko,Iryna Demchenko,Sofiia Dovbnia,Liliia Rudenko,Olesia Symkanych,Tetiana Martyniuk,Valentyna Bilan,Iryna Maksymchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The article presents the authors’ course “Horticultural Therapy”, which includes various activities related to the interaction with flora and its images. Evidence suggests that Ukrainian discourse lacks methodical materials on horticultural therapy and, thus, requires methods that can contribute to developing the skills of conscious psychological separation from constant parental care, taking responsibility for their lives, setting real-life goals and destroying the position of helplessness in individuals with MSDs. The article aims to theoretically justify, methodically develop and present the results from implementing the authors’ course “Horticultural Therapy” in rehabilitation centres. The authors’ methodical complex is based on the use of the following methods: analysis of theoretical and methodical sources; modelling of educational conditions and programmes; methods of implementing the didactic content in the educational-rehabilitational process; expert evaluation; statistical methods. The verification quasi-experiment of the modelled conditions for corrective learning has shown a significant increase in social skills in individuals with MSDs. Besides, findings confirm the increased levels of their independence, social and personal incentives, household and self-care skills. The international relevance of the article lies in the further development of nature-centric methods of corrective pedagogy, conductive pedagogy and non-medical treatment of CNS diseases, which is an important area of neurorehabilitation today.

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The Establishment and Development of a Therapeutic area in Physical Education of Students in Ukraine

Author(s): Liubomyr Byhar,Larysa Kozibroda,Oleksandr Herasymenko,Vitalii Osipov,Oles Pryshva,Taras Serman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Caring for the health of the young generation is a thorny issue in Ukrainian society today. It covers several interrelated aspects which characterize different areas. These areas include the organization of professional activities, physical exercise, leisure, nutrition, sports, healthcare. This group also involves the organization of physical education for students from special medical groups. The article aims to disclose and summarize historical, theoretical and methodical principles of developing a therapeutic area in physical education of university students during the second half of the 20th century - the early 21st century. Research methods are the following: theoretical analysis and summary of literary sources and documentary materials; historical-and-pedagogical analysis of philosophical, psycho-pedagogical, scientific-methodical literature and regulatory documents; comparative-and-historical analysis; comparison, generalization, systematization, synthesis; constructive-and-genetic method; special scientific methods: chronological order; search method and bibliographic analysis. The article analyzes historical and methodical aspects of developing a therapeutic area in physical education of students, as well as the main stages in their establishment and development within the specified time, in the context of permanent changes in the attitude towards maintaining the health of university students in the country. It justifies the legal framework of developing a therapeutic area in physical education in higher education institutions (HEIs) within the specified time. Also, the article traces and summarizes the characteristic tendencies in the development of the content and basic forms of establishing a therapeutic area in physical education of university students within the specified time. Finally, it reveals the development of the main pedagogical and organizational principles of realizing physical education for students from special medical groups.

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Correlation of Physical Indices with the Subjective Physiological and Neurophysiological Parameters of Health

Author(s): Ihor Hasiuk,Serhii Medynskyi,Volodymyr Saienko,Tetiana Biriukova,Nataliia Ivanikiv,Volodimir Yakovliv / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

In our work, we conducted research and analysis of the components of physical health of students of pedagogical specialties. To this end, the vital and strength indices, the Robinson and Rufier indices, and the height-to-weight ratio were determined. The article also confirms the hypothesis that the physical health and the neurophysiological (psychological) state are related and mutually determined, but not in the direct proportion, depending on the type of index and aspect of self-esteem. Specific results were obtained by comparing physical health indices with subjective feelings of psychological or neurophysiological discomfort. Data saturation and their analysis were conducted using the following methods: anthropometry; spirometry; dynamometry; tonometry; functional tests; mathematical and statistical analysis, as well as questionnaires developed by the authors of subjective assessment of their own condition, which were offered remotely. The research was performed on the basis of Khmelnytskyi Humanitarian-Pedagogical Academy at the Department of Physical Culture and Valeology. The experimental part was performed with the participation of students of 1-4 years of three specialties with a total of 118 people, of which 100 were girls and 18 were boys aged 17 to 21 years (region – Ukraine). The average sample values for girls of the Rufier, Robinson, and “strength” indexes were below average; “vital” and “height-to-weight” indices are defined at the average level. Averaged values for the sample for boys were the following: high are “strength” and “height-to-weight” levels; the Robinson index is low, and the Rufier and “vital” indices are below average. The international significance of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the objective and subjective health indices stated by the interviewers have been measured comparatively. The authors' original contribution is determined by unexpected results obtained by correlating physical indices with subjective physiological and neurophysiological health parameters in young boys and girls.

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Physical Activity of Middle School Students from Cluj-Napoca during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Rares-Mihai Pop,Emilia Florina Grosu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Physical activity has numerous health benefits, including better cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal health, psychological health and reducing obesity. However, more than 80% of adolescents worldwide are not active enough, failing to meet the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity, and due to COVID-19 restrictions, the percentage might be even higher. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the level of physical activity and its influencing factors in a sample of 333 middle school students (mean age = 12.93, SD = 1.20) from Cluj-Napoca, Romania, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and two instruments were used to assess interest variables, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children and the Cues, Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results showed a low level of physical activity in our sample for both male (M = 2.76, SD = 0.76) and female (M = 2.62, SD = 0.63) adolescents. The most commonly reported cue to physical activity was “encouragement from parent(s) to exercise”, the most prevalent perceived benefit was “to stay in shape”, and the most powerful barrier was “wanting to do other things with personal time”. Conclusion: Understanding adolescents’ cues, perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity could help teachers and coaches to provide suitable programmes, and parents or peers to support adolescents. Discussion includes implications for practice and guidelines for policymakers and participants.

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Exercise Influence on Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Academic Performance in Middle-School Children

Author(s): Marco Batista,Luis Ramos,Jorge Santos,João Serrano,João Petrica,Samuel Honório / Language(s): English Issue: 4 Sup.1/2022

Studies have highlighted the benefits of regular practice of exercise and a positive contribution in the development of cognitive function. Psychological benefits of exercise have been noticed in the academic performance increasing, the self-trust, the emotional stability, the memory and positive body image and well-being. This study had as main objective to analyse the impact of physical exercise in academic performance of middle-school students of a Portuguese public school. The number of participants consisted of a total of 107 students. Of these 107 students, 55 (51.4%) were males and 52 (48.6%) were female, aged between 10 and 12 years and mean ages =11.19 ± 0.81. A total of 41 children (38.3%) from the fifth grade and 66 children (61.7%) from the sixth grade were randomly selected. For data collection instrument, the scale of Self-concept of Susan Harter validated for the Portuguese population was used, where it was proceeded to a descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis to confront the mean levels of self-concept, in the fields of competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, behaviour conduct and global self-esteem. Results suggest that the practice of physical exercise for students increases the levels of self-concept, self-esteem and school performance of the students.

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The Effect of Physical Activity Programs on Dynamic Balance of Older Adults during Covid-19

Author(s): Iris Malka,Iacob Hantiu / Language(s): English Issue: 4 Sup.1/2022

Dynamic balance has been found to be a very important ability for older adults to improve posture control and prevent falls, injuries and hospitalisation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two different physical activity (PA) programmes on the dynamic balance ability of older adults. A total of 39 people (mean age: 62.31) from Tel-Aviv, Israel, participated in this research, which was initiated a few weeks before the Covid-19 restrictions. They were divided into three groups: 16 people participated in the Harmonic Gymnastics programme; the second group also consisted of 16 people who regularly practised moderate-to-high intensity fitness exercise; the third group included 7 participants who did not practise PA (No PA). Dynamic balance was measured using the Y-Balance Test before and after three months of the programme. The results showed that participants in the two PA groups increased their dynamic balance for both legs, although only the Harmonic Gymnastics group achieved significant results (p = 0.001). In the two PA groups, the number of falls decreased (p = 0.017 for both groups), and the No PA group recorded lower scores for both legs, although the decrease was significant only for the left leg (p = 0.043). The study emphasises the importance of PA for older age groups, especially in Covid-19 conditions, and the importance of the Harmonic Gymnastics PA programme that involves body awareness, coordination, vestibular and proprioceptive abilities.

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Specifics of Physical Training of Future Border Guard Officers of Ukraine: Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Klavdiia Tushko,Vadym Dyiak,Oleh Farion,Pavlo Lysak,Ruslan Sych,Valentyn Demskyi,Liubov Trifanina,Mykhailo Synyshyn / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article highlights the range of problems concerning the level of physical training of future officers of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The purpose of the article was to analyze the peculiarities of physical training of border guard cadets before and after the full-scale invasion. Methods: The methods used in the research were both theoretical and practical. The results of the research were processed due to the comparative analysis. Results: The recorded changes were taken into account in the content of the Draft Military Doctrine of Ukraine and in the developed Instructions for the Physical Training of Border Guard Officers; in the work educational programs devoted to physical training, personnel policy of the law enforcement agency and the quality of the relevant training sessions, improving the level of physical training of future border guard officers. Conclusions: The connection between the quality and the content of physical training of future border guard officers in terms of the effectiveness of defensive as well as dynamics and potential of offensive operations during the war was proved subsequent to the results of the research.

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Psychological and Pedagogical Characteristics of a Teacher in the Process of Physical Education of Students

Author(s): Grygoriy Griban,Inna Asauliuk,Vasyl Yahupov,Valentyna Svystun,Oksana Shukatka,Svitlana Vasylieva,Dmytro Oleniev,Pavlo Yefimenko,Nataliia Agarkova,Olena Otroshko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The effectiveness of the process of the physical education of students largely depends on the teacher of physical education, one’s competence, pedagogical skills, personal qualities, managerial capacity, and so on. The article is devoted to the study of psychological and pedagogical characteristics of a teacher in the process of physical education of students. The study was conducted in 2012-2022. 1323 students (528 males and 795 females) took part in the research. A survey of students was used to study their assessment of physical education teachers. The study of the relationship between students and teachers in the process of physical education showed that the relationship of respect is prevailing – 72.5 %, the relationship of familiarity is quite common – 13.6 %, despondency accounts for 10.4 %, there are also cases of advances (3.0 %) and flattery – 0.5%. It was found that 59.6 % of students prefer friendly relations with the teacher when the teacher is in the role of senior, a smaller proportion of students (30.9 %) prefer friendly relations and only 7.5 % prefer formal and 2.0 % – strict and inaccessible in physical and health-improving classes. The effectiveness of the impact on students depends largely on the authority of the teacher, one’s characterological, personal qualities, and managerial capacity, among which the most important are professionalism, pedagogical skill, experience, outlook, honesty, justice, patience, appearance, endurance.

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COLD WAR REFLECTIONS ON TODAY'S CONFLICTS

Author(s): Berat MAKSUTI / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

After the World War II, a rivalry was established between the USA and the Soviet Union, a rivalry developed at a scientific, economic and political level. Each side tried to propagate greater power than the other in each of these fields. All this turmoil was called the Cold War. The term was first coined by presidential and financial adviser Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. The Cold War reached its peak in 1948 to 1953. During this period the Soviets attempted an unsuccessful blockade of the western side of Berlin. Meanwhile, the US and its allies formed the North Atlantic Pact, NATO, a pact created as a response to the Soviets' tendency to overrule Europe (1949). All this sounds very actual from the fact that similar developments are happening throughout the current conflict in Ukraine. This paper aims to place an emphasis on the main events during the Cold War so that the reader can notice the correlation with what is happening today.

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WAS NATO INTERVENTION IN KOSOVO JUST IN A MORAL POINT OF VIEW? CONFRONTING APPROACHES STATISM VS. COSMOPOLITANISM

Author(s): Donika KAMBERI,Shefik SHEHU / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

This paper confronts two contrasting theoretical perspectives on humanitarian intervention such as: statism vs. cosmopolitanism. The aim of the research is to find out powerful reasons for grounding moral reasoning of humanitarian intervention. The paper seeks to argument that the justification of humanitarian intervention should rest upon moral reasoning rather than international law or normative framework when it comes to abuses of human lives, it is a moral imperative and through moral reasoning we can determine what ought to be done for sake of global justice. It is indeed a perplexing issue and we are not seeking to solve the moral dilemma but rather give a comprehensive account of which theory best fits the reality. The paper does not tell the entire story, but from a cosmopolitan standpoint we can see that sovereignty is conditional and relative while human rights are absolute while from a statist position the juridical boundaries prevail.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Author(s): Faton SHABANI,Donika KAMBERI / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

The resolution of disputes outside the courts, otherwise known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is not a new phenomenon. This is because societies around the world have historically long used non-judicial methods, often with the help of a third party in the role of judge or facilitator, in order to reach a resolution of their conflicts. What is new is the promotion and widespread dissemination of ADR models, the guidance and in certain cases even the court's order to disputing parties to use ADR, as well as the increasing use of ADR as a tool to achieve broader goals than the resolution of specific disputes. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is committed to strengthening the infrastructure of ADR, primarily arbitration and mediation worldwide and launching various services available to everyone. The results show that the ICC is increasingly seen as the go-to institution both in terms of the number of disputes addressed for resolution and in terms of the value of the disputes. This paper analyzes precisely these most prominent activities of the ICC in terms of providing solutions for the management of dispute resolution. The analysis of official statistical data presented by the ICC provides results that prove a constant ongoing demand for ICC services, i.e. reflecting its continuing global efforts.

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INTEGRATION OF FOREIGNERS WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: NATIONAL STATES AND CITIZENSHIP

Author(s): Lulzim MEHMEDI,Gezm XHAMBAZI,Makfirete AMETI / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

Constituting nation-states in Europe carried along several ambiguities about the status of people who belong to another ethnicity. Nowadays, when referring to democratic EU member states, the ethnic definition remains a fundamental indicator of the administrative and political rights of its inhabitants. Most of these countries are governed and ruled by right-wing governments, therefore we find duality in defining their citizens. Linking between the state and nationals is reciprocal in many segments, but there is a mutual imbalance between nationals within involvement in politics and decision-making, although some foreigners already have been equipped with the citizenship act of the state where they work. This finding is a clear indication of a violation of freedoms and human rights, even human dignity as an undeniable right guaranteed by all international conventions.

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THE ROLE OF THE ALBANIANS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (1991–2001)

Author(s): Mariyana STAMOVA / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

For more than two centuries the Albanian factor in Republic of Macedonia has been an objective and dynamically changing reality. It has manifested itself in different dimensions, forms and conditions: as an ethnic, demographic, socio-economic factor during the Ottoman rule and in unitarian Yugoslavia; as an ethnic minority, political and constitutional-structural crisis – at the time of federal Yugoslavia, in which the People’s (from 1963 - Socialist) Republic of Macedonia was included as a constituent part; ten years after the establishment of independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia, since the beginning of 2001, along with its traditional dimensions the Albanian factor received a number of new ones: it has turned into a major problem for the existence, constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Macedonia; it has emerged as an important criterion for the adherence to the European norms and standards, for inter-ethnic relations and resolving the problems of minority communities, as well as for the successful and accelerated implementation of the European integration priorities in the foreign policy of the Republic of Macedonia; in 2001 it received also a military dimension - with the organization, arming and activation of Albanian paramilitary formations in Macedonia ready to establish control over certain areas in the Republic of Macedonia; it has developed into a regional and international problem - after the active interference of the leading international players and forums, which have an impressive presence in the Republic of Macedonia and are able to influence the strengthening the stabilizing trends and processes in the republic. The last decade of the 20th century is associated predominantly with the international consolidation of the Republic of Macedonia, whereas during the first decade of the 21st century the country faced grave international problems and confrontations between the Macedonian and the Albanian communities, as well as the dilemma of its further steps towards membership in the European and North Atlantic structures.

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FREEDOM OF BELIEF AND THE RELATION BETWEEN CONSTITUTION AND THE ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Muhammed Izeti / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

Being part of the public sphere, religion and faith inevitably have meeting points with the state and its legal order, where it should be noted that the history of a large number of legal institutions is permeated by the influence of religion since the issues of sovereignty, in the contemporary issues of human rights, discrimination and coexistence and preservation of diversity in international integrations, or multicultural societies, religion and the legal order are intertwined and mutually determined and this is so at different levels and in different aspects - both in terms of achieving the individual dimension of religious freedom, and in terms of the legal status of religious communities and other religious associations as an expression of the collective dimension of religious freedom, from the general pattern of relations to the details of that relation in "the various points of relationship" between religion and public order, such as public holidays, the autonomous legal order of the religious traditions, its application and protection, the education system, public broadcasting, the use and protection of religious symbols, worship in public places, the construction of cult objects, the oaths of public servants, the promotion and protection of religious heritage where many of these issues regulate or the autonomous legal order of religious communities, or the law of state religion, or the law of religious communities understood as a legal branch of the state legal order that includes norms that regulate relations between the state and religious communities.In this statement freedom of belief and the mutual relationship between the constitutional legal framework and the Islamic Religious Community in the Republic of North Macedonia will be analyzed.

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THE DOMESTIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Njomza OSMANI,Gjeraqina LEKA / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

This article brings to attention the domestic impact that possibly is produced by a state’s foreign policy orientation. Dwelling on the case of North Macedonia, the article explores the challenges the state faces in fulfilling its foreign policy strategic objectives. It further tries to correlate these challenges to internal relations. In other words, the paper analyzes the impact that a NATO and EU oriented foreign policy has over inter-ethnic relations domestically, focusing on the external blockades to these foreign policy objectives and their relation to domestic developments. This relationship derives from the authors’ assumption that foreign policy orientation serves as a unifying factor of the two biggest ethnic groups in the country, hence every threat (external in this case) to foreign policy objectives may possibly result in domestic cleavages between the ethnically different groups. In efforts to accumulate evidence for the laid hypothesis, the article uses empirical data gathered through interviews with political actors, researchers, and academics, in the period 2017-2020. The aim is to evaluate whether foreign policy influences domestic relations between different social groups, illustrating this relationship through the case of North Macedonia.

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THE IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICS ON UNITED NATIONS

Author(s): Stojanche Masevski / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

Geopolitical risks and challenges pose a huge challenge to all international actors, from countries, NGOs, to transnational corporations and international organizations. Geopolitics itself has a huge impact and significance on the formation of the world order, and thus inevitably with the hierarchy of the world and its constituent parts. The functioning of international organizations regardless of their character is conditioned by the great geopolitical leaders such as USA, Russia, France, UK and China. This is especially obvious in the UN. These countries are trying to achieve their geopolitical goals with the assistance and help of the right and power of veto and therefore paralyzing the work of UN and UN led operations. It should be emphasized in particular that the role of the United Nations is not to uphold or reject a particular order and hierarchy in the world, but to guarantee peace and security for all. The UN should not be an extended arm to achieve the goals of certain states, nor tool to gain geopolitical power. This is because some countries think that by being the biggest contributors to the financing of international organizations, they should have the greatest rights, benefits and advantages in the fields of security, economics, international relations over other countries.

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ADDITIONAL TREATMENTS IN DAYCARE CENTER FOR CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME IN NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Teuta RAMADANI RASIMI,Arita AGAI,Pranvera ISENI / Language(s): English Issue: 5-6/2022

It is well established that additional treatments of children and youngsters with Down syndrome improves their motoric skills, however they are often neglected from thesel treatments in Republic of North Macedonia, and the only support that they receive are in the main institutions. A comparative study of gross motoric skills, fine motoric skills and general praxis was carried out on a sample (N = 16) children with Down Syndrome, both sexes, school age (4-14 years old) from special school in Tetovo, eight of them who visit also a daycare center. The main criterion variable are the motor skills of the children evaluated with a screening motoric test, whilst the predictor variables are visiting the daycare center, gender and age. Analysis of the Mann Whitney test for independent samples have shown a difference in favor of subjects that do not visit the daycare center only for the general praxis, especially for melocintetic skills, which indicates that the occupational treatment that they receive from the daycare do not make any difference in their alternative and mimic skills, however there is no statistical difference in gross motoric and fine motoric skills. The second variable, age have shown a difference in some segment of gross motor skills, motor coordination at rest in favor of younger group, aged 4-10, which can be as a consequence of early intervention. The gender performed a significant difference in the field of gross motor skills in favor of females, especially for tasks regarding stability where females outperformed males. Even though results showed that an additional treatment for these children with Down syndrome didn’t made a difference in their motoric skills performance, the significant difference in motoric skill performance among younger and elder group in favor of younger, clarifies the need of additional treatments as early as possible, with a specific attention to developing motoric skills in males.

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Sosyal Medya Platformlarında Dijital Şiddet: Spor Bilimleri Öğrencileri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma

Author(s): Erdal ÇETİN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2023

This study comparatively examines the digital violence that sports science students are exposed to on social media platforms. For the study whose sample included students of Batman University, a questionnaire about digital violence was used. According to the results of the questionnaire, students in Sport Sciences were exposed to more digital violence than students in other departments. Acts students of sports sciences were most exposed to were a requirement of social media or e-mail account password (23.1%) and persistent follow-up requests (20.5%). Students of the Department of Sports Sciences declared that gender, ethnic identity/race and physical characteristics were the leading factors in their exposure to these acts. When asked about the measures or reactions they used to prevent these acts, the majority of the students suggested that they considered options such as blocking or intranet complaining but they showed weak reactions to social measures or legal initiatives.

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Embodiment of American Virtue, Embodiment of Corporate Interest? – Michael Jordan’s Public Persona and Its Historical Roots

Author(s): Till Neuhaus,Niklas Thomas / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

In professional sports physicality is closely connected to an omnipresent capitalist logic. Therefore, professional sports constitute an arena in which bodies are produced, serve as revenue increasing entities, and are ultimately consumed. By taking a closer look at the National Basketball Association’s (NBA) as well as affiliated companies’ narratological marketing efforts, this paper tries to identify dominant narratives. The NBA constitutes a particularly interesting case, as a racial component highlights the (un)conscious decisions made by corporate leaders. This racial division in fans and athletes could not be bridged for a long time and made the league financially unsuccessful. This changed with David Stern’s tenure as commissioner. Theoretically, this paper draws on Stanley Deetz’s (1992) concept of “corporate colonization” which implies that, in the act of making sense of the world, interpretations which primarily consider efficiency and/or revenue aspects are selected over other possibilities. This paper highlights the selected modes of (re-)presentation by looking at one of the sport’s most recognizable icons, Michael Jordan.

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У предасима између битака: Прво фудбалско првенство Републике Српске Крајине 1992/1993.

Author(s): Milan Gulić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

The article describes the circumstances that led to the revival of sports events in the territory of the Republic of Srpska Krajina in the second half of 1992, temporarily interrupted due to the war. First competitions started in football, by far the most popular sport. After the first part of the competition had ended according to the regional principle, the winners of the five regional competitions met at the final tournament in Glina at the beginning of August 1993. The title of the first champion of RSK was taken by the host team, Banija from Glina, ahead of Šparta from Beli Manastir. The paper was written on the basis of press and publications from Krajina and sports press from Serbia, relevant literature, material from Croatian archives and published memories.

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