Zasada sprawiedliwości a dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej

Author(s): Beata Szymańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The main purpose of my paper is to consider a problem of justice in a context of health care. The John Rawls’ theory is my point of methodological departure. He states in it the importance of the concept of fairness and equality from behind what he terms a “veil of ignorance”. Rawls refers to the “original position” in which a person is attempting to determine a fair arrangement for society without any preconceived notions or prejudices. I refer, however, his theory to the health care field and I consider such problems as fair distribution of medical care or fair partition of taxes for personal insurance. Further problems appear there in consequence, e.g. who has the privilege to attain the medical help as a first and the resulting doctor’s ethical dilemmas.

Wyłączenia pracownika organu podatkowego jako gwarancja realizacji zasady prawdy obiektywnej

Author(s): Andrzej Buczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2010

Balancing Human Dignity, Life and Security. On Dogmatic Structures of Fundamental Rights in Times of Terrorism

Author(s): Rolf Grawert / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

Prawo – moralność. Próby definicji

Author(s): Marcin Sala-Szczypiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2008

Prawo w świetle przekonań moralnych i politycznych

Author(s): Krystyna Daniel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2005

Samorząd terytorialny a zasada pomocniczości

Author(s): Monika Chlipała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2005

Michał Urbańczyk, Idea godności człowieka w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki [Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań 2019, ss. 389]

Author(s): Rett R. Ludwikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Normativitatea

Author(s): Anton Parlagi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 03/2014

Normativity is one of the practical premises of law in order: to provide the ideonomic legal enforcement framework through the rationality of the regulation; to provide the socionomic framework of the social relations through legitimacy of the regulation; as well as that allows, politonomic speaking, the exercise of power relations by imperativity. The rationality of rules derived from compliance of subjective regulations with objective reality (economic, social, political). At ideonomic level, individual behavior is (auto) regulates through awareness; at socionomic level, through connection; and at politonomic level, through conformity to the rules of law. For the phenomenology of law is desirable the compliance with the legal regulations due to the objective attributes: to the fact that they are fair in the rational field, equitable in the social field and politically correct.

Zabójstwo w afekcie (148 § 4 k.k.) z perspektywy dowodowej i statystycznej

Author(s): Paweł Czarnecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The subject of the study is to present the issues of gathering and using evidence in a case of a murder of passion (Article 148 § 4 of the Penal Code), which is punishable by up to 10 years in prison. The article only minimally discusses the conditions for assigning responsibility for this crime, but focuses on the key aspects of the taking of evidence. The author presents the principle of free appraisal of evidence (Article 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) and claims that the entity responsible for assigning criminal liability should be only the judge, despite the fact that it is the forensic expert who significantly influences the findings of fact. The article also presents the number of proceedings conducted by the Police and the amount of penalties imposed by criminal courts in this category of cases.

Ochrona dobrego imienia jednostki samorządu terytorialnego a prawo do wolności wypowiedzi – glosa aprobująco-krytyczna do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 13 stycznia 2021 r., III CSKP 18/21

Author(s): Adam Białas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The commented judgment of the Supreme Court (III CSKP 18/21) is related to the fundamental standard of a democratic state, which is freedom of expression and its possible conflict with the right to protect the good name of a public legal person. The author accepts both theses of the judgment, however, he is critical of part of the content of the justification of the judgment, evaluating the judgment from the normative and praxeological perspectives. The fact of granting public legal persons, including local government units, the right to protection of legal goods, catalogued in relation to the subjective status of these units and the specificity of their normative structure, should not raise objections. However, a significant problem arises at the moment of collision, and thus the need to weigh up between the protection of the dignity and good name of a public legal person and the right to freedom of expression, when in the course of journalistic work, articles with content unfavourable to a public legal person are published. As a result of the analysis conducted with the use of formal-dogmatic and comparative methods related to the analysis of national and international legal acts relating to the analyzed issues, it can be concluded that if the analysis of the situational context of a statement gives it a place within the framework of permitted criticism dictated by the protection of the social interest, it seems to fulfil the legitimate acknowledgement of the absolute primacy of freedom of expression over the protection of the good name of a public legal person.

Reconsidering a civil case in the same court composition when the decision making in the case may be problematic

Author(s): Aleksandra Partyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

According to art. 386 § 5 of Civil Procedure Code where the judgment is set aside and the case is referred to be re-examined, the court examines it in the same composition, unless it is not possible or it would cause excessive delay in the proceedings. Such a provision is controversial as, in principle, the judge will have to conduct the same civil case again – even if they already gave judgement in the case. The current regulation in which the same judge is to adjudicate in the case for the second time may be seen as inappropriate in view of the content of another legal regulation. According to art. 386 § 6 of Civil Procedure Code a legal assessment expressed in the statement of reasons for a judgment issued by the court of the second instance is binding on the court to which the case was referred and the court of the second instance in the case of re-examining the case. However, this does not apply to a situation when there was a change in facts or the legal situation, or when after the court of the second instance issued a judgment the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland expressed a different legal assessment in a resolution settling a legal issue. In the paper I pay attention to the regulation from the judges’ perspective. I present some observations on the difficult role of a judge who is to pass the judgment in the case for the second time. I focus on the issue of psychological mechanisms relating to the reconsideration of a decision that has been challenged. The paper is partly based on the interviews with Polish judges.

Kara nieredukowalnego dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności (art. 77 § 3 k.k.) jako przykład nowej recydywy jurydycznej?

Author(s): Tomasz Tyburcy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The Act of 7 July 2022 amending the Act – Criminal Code and certain other acts introduced into the Criminal Code the possibility for the court to impose the sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of parole (Article 77 § 3 and 4 of the Criminal Code), which constitutes a novelty in Polish criminal law and is widely criticised by the legal community. The legislator has provided two grounds for the optional imposition of life imprisonment without possibility of parole. The article discusses Article 77 § 3 of the Criminal Code is based on formal grounds: a previous final conviction for a specific type of crime (against life and health, freedom, sexual liberty, public security or of a terrorist nature) for life imprisonment or imprisonment for a period of not less than 20 years. It introduces a new form of juridical (legal, special) one-time recidivism. Fulfilment of its prerequisites, however, does not tighten the limits of life imprisonment, but the possibility of imposing it with the prohibition of conditional release

The timelessness of Isidore of Seville’s thought for the philosophy of law

Author(s): Dawid Kostecki / Language(s): English Issue: 49 (3)/2024

The intellectual legacy of Isidore of Seville is impressive. The Sevillian left behind hundreds of pages of texts that are a subject of reflection of theologians, historians, philosophers and literary scholars. The author of Etymologiae, as a talented compiler, created a cohesive vision of law, that resonates indirectly in contemporary philosophy of law. The aim of this paper is to show one possible path of implementation of a fragment of the intellectual legacy of the bishop of Seville to explore and expand readers’ horizons in legal philosophy. Isidore of Seville did not create his own school of natural law, but his works affected Thomas Aquinas, to name one. The bishop of Seville can hardly be called solely a thoughtless copyist, because the model of law that he proposed is largely a universal and timeless canon explored by today’s outstanding philosophers and theoreticians of law, such as L.L. Fuller or R. Dworkin. Despite the passage of fifteen centuries since the birth of the bishop of Seville, it turns out that the answer to the question of what should a good law be like is still a subject of discourse among lawyers, philosophers, ethicists, sociologists or anthropologists of culture. In order to present the intellectual legacy of the Sevillian, this article uses the method of historical investigation, comparison and linguistic analysis.

Encyclopaedia of Isidore of Seville as polyphony(based on Etymologiae, I–III)

Author(s): Tatiana Krynicka / Language(s): English Issue: 49 (3)/2024

The life of Isidore hid under the shadow of his writing. Generations of Europeans learned about the world from its most famous work – Etymologiae. The author of this impressive compilation was a bishop dedicated to God’s people, advisor to Visigoth rulers, propagator of monastic life, ardent preacher, benefactor of the poor, leader of synod sessions. He was neither a scholar, nor a traveller, not a lawyer, a farmer or a doctor. His knowledge of the world was literary. Etymologiae was a kind of a cento, whose building blocks were breves tabellae (passages from works of other writers). In effect, Etymologiae may be considered a polyphonic work, from which the voice of the author himself reaches the reader from afar.

Food and meal consumption according to St. Isidore’s Rule in comparison to contemporary Western monastic regulations

Author(s): Piotr Sadowski / Language(s): English Issue: 49 (3)/2024

This article analyzes St. Isidore’s Rule, founded in the years 615–619, and studies the image of food and meal consumption that emerges from it. It presents the position of the bishop of Seville in comparison to other contemporary Western monastic rules of the time. The article reflects how much attention ancient monks paid to food and meal consumption in the community and whether, in the light of monastic regulations left in place, we can claim that their creator was aware of all the safety risks associated with food safety and food security. In the analysis of monastic regulations, this paper relies on comparative studies and also applied mainly historical-legal methods. There is no doubt that the questions of safe, “simple and fresh” food (food security) and the function of the hebdomadary (nutrition security) were present in Isidore’s Rule. This pastor and scholar wanted the community to create unity through eating. Food and culinary issues were important, though not the most important in the life of a community. The way in which people ate their meals expressed the hierarchy of the community life. The superior of the community was responsible for making decisions on numerous subjects. In his Rule, St. Leander’s brother did not pay as much attention to food and nutrition issues as, for example, Italian rules do. In contrast to other rules of ancient Western monasticism, the one presented by St. Isidore in terms of culinary and organizational matters turns out to be well balanced, moderate and devoid of all eccentricity. All of early monastic rules in the West analysed here focus on fasting.

Christian criticism of pagan religious and magical practices in Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville – an outline

Author(s): Irmina Weronika Stodulska / Language(s): English Issue: 49 (3)/2024

Etymologiae was Isidore of Seville’s most well-known work. This volume included a number of issues that reflected ancient knowledge adjusted to the changing realities of then contemporary world. The terms defined there were grouped in twenty books, which in turn were divided into chapters. Definitions of individual magical professions were included in Book VIII The Church and sects in chapter nine (Magicians). One could find there explanations of terms such as: magicians, necromancers, hydromancers, divini, incantatores, harioli, astrologers, sortilegi, salisatores, haruspices, augurs or pythonissae. Isidore believed that magical professions had one thing in common: they were all related to the work of demons. The main research problem of this article has been formulated as follows: to what degree can one talk about a coherent and consistent Christian critique of pagan religious and magical practices in Isidore’s Etymologiae? The aim of this article is to present Christian critique of pagan religious and magical practices in the Sevillian’s most famous work. The following methods are applied in this work: historical investigation, comparison and philosophical analysis.

Isidore of Seville and the ius et lex formula – inspirations for a philosopher of law today

Author(s): Jerzy Zajadło / Language(s): English Issue: 49 (3)/2024

Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae has always been a subject of interest to lawyers. This concerns in particular its chapter five: Laws and times. This article, however, points out that a different fragment of Etymologiae carries certain importance to understanding the relation between ius and lex – an excerpt from chapter twenty. Isidore of Seville analyses there also another meaning of the word ius. On this basis, this article attempts to investigate the relation between different notions of law in a philosophical and legal angle.

Skala i różnorodność odniesień do emocji w polskim orzecznictwie dotyczącym szkód niemajątkowych

Author(s): Julia Wesołowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Opracowanie bada sposoby, w jakie prawo może chronić lub kompensować emocje. Skupia się na przypadkach, w których stany afektywne stają się materialnym przedmiotem zainteresowania prawa i zostają włączone do rozumowania prawniczego. W przypadku szkody niemajątkowej (krzywdy) w polskim prawie cywilnym lakoniczne sformułowanie ustawowe pozostawia zdefiniowanie tej instytucji sądom, które mają tendencję do określania jej w kategoriach emocjonalnych. Artykuł bada skalę tego zjawiska i wyznacza jego cechy poprzez analizę orzecznictwa pod kątem roli, częstotliwości i różnorodności emocji pojawiających się w opiniach sądowych. W tym celu przeprowadzono zarówno ilościowe badanie występowania terminów związanych z emocjami w orzecznictwie, jak i jakościowe badanie rodzajów emocji, które stają się prawnie istotne według polskich sądów. Badanie to pozwala na zbudowanie wstępnego “topograficznego” modelu roli emocji w tej części polskiego prawa cywilnego oraz zaproponowanie wstępnego wyjaśnienia, w jaki sposób emocje “wpisują się” w logikę interesów i odszkodowań prawa deliktowego. Wyniki badania pokazują, że różne emocje pozytywne są pośrednim obiektem ochrony prawa, a ich naruszenie jest uważane za miarę szkody niemajątkowej; z drugiej strony, niektóre negatywne emocje stanowią szkodę samą w sobie. Charakter przeżyć emocjonalnych, ich nasilenie i specyfika są badane i oceniane w celu określenia rozmiaru krzywdy. Emocje są postrzegane przez polskie sądy jako złożone, intencjonalne stany umysłu związane z ważnymi interesami. Opracowanie stanowi jedno z pierwszych w polskiej nauce prawa i być może pierwsze empiryczne spojrzenie na związek prawa i emocji. Jako takie, dostarcza ono wglądu w to, jak stany afektywne mogą stać się częścią dyskursu prawnego i wpływać na rozumowanie sądowe, co ma implikacje zarówno dla filozofii prawa, jak i nauki prawa cywilnego.

Hard to explain? – rozumowania abdukcyjne w prawniczych wnioskowaniach o faktach

Author(s): Bartosz Wielechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Celem niniejszego tekstu jest zastosowanie koncepcji rozumowań abdukcyjnych do opisu oraz oceny prawniczych wnioskowań o faktach. Refleksja prowadzona jest na gruncie filozofii prawa oraz ogólnej metodologii nauk. W oparciu o krytyczną analizę literatury przedstawiam inferencyjną teorię abdukcji Charlesa Sandersa Peirce’a oraz tzw. zasadę „wnioskowania do najlepszego wyjaśnienia” (IBE) w jej współczesnym ujęciu, bazującym na pracy Petera Liptona, która niekiedy w potocznym dyskursie filozoficznym utożsamiana jest z abdukcją. Argumentuję, że choć używanie obu pojęć zamiennie jest istotnym uproszczeniem, IBE zasadniczo daje się wpisać w szerokie rozumienie abdukcji, które przyjmuję w niniejszym tekście. Korzystając z pracy Mariusza Urbańskiego i Atochy Alisedy charakteryzuję IBE w ramach eksplanacyjno-dedukcyjnego modelu abdukcji. Tak rozumianą abdukcję postuluję wykorzystać na gruncie prawniczym. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury filozoficznej, prawniczej, oraz wyników uzyskanych z bazy LEX – wykazuję, że koncepcja abdukcji jest w doktrynie prawniczej niepopularna. Rozumowania tego rodzaju opisywane są zwykle jako „redukcja”, „indukcja” bądź „wyjaśnianie” (koncepcje te określam „koncepcjami zastanymi”). Zasadnicza teza artykułu jest następująca: szeroko rozumiana abdukcja oferuje istotną wartość dodaną w zakresie opisu i oceny wnioskowań zawodnych w stosunku do koncepcji zastanych, jednocześnie zawierając ich kluczowe elementy. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala zbadać i określić relacje między funkcjonującymi w literaturze światowej teoriami abdukcji oraz IBE a koncepcjami przyjmowanymi w polskiej literaturze filozoficznej i – czerpiącej z niej – doktrynie prawniczej. Wprowadza ona nowe koncepcje – abdukcję i IBE („abdukcję w szerokim rozumieniu”) na grunt debaty filozoficzno-prawnej, umożliwiając opis i ocenę jakości prawniczych wnioskowań zawodnych z użyciem nowych narzędzi teoretycznych. Rezultat tej aplikacji daje nadzieję na metodologiczne wzmocnienie zarówno procesu dokonywania ustaleń faktycznych, jak i oceny dowodów zgodnie z art. 7 k.p.k.; art. 233 k.p.c. i art. 80 k.p.a.

Emmanuel Jeuland, Theories of Legal Relations, Cheltenham, Northampton 2023. Recenzja

Author(s): Marzena Kordela / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024