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Slovenský politik Ľudovít Štúr v siločiarach európskeho vývoja. Hľadanie „slovenského záujmu“

Author(s): Juraj Marušiak / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pri diskusiách o zahraničnej politike sa Ľudovít Štúr slovenským čitateľom asociuje väčšinou s rozsiahlou prácou Slovanstvo a svet budúcnosti, ktorá predstavuje skôr projekt identity a civilizačnú víziu než návod na praktickú politiku. Podľa Svetozára Bombíka, ktorý spis ako prvý pripravil na vydanie v slovenskom jazyku, tento Štúrov takpovediac politický testament predstavoval odmietnutie Západu1 . V diskusiách, ktoré najmä v prostredí médií prebiehali v súvislosti s uplynulým rokom 2015, vyhláseným za „Rok Ľudovíta Štúra“, neraz unikala európska dimenzia jeho politických aktivít, a to napriek viacerým zaujímavým publikáciám z pera slovenských historikov aj filozofov.

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GEOPOLITICS OF EUROMAIDAN: A NEW STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN PONTIC-BALTIC REGION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu,Constantin Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Baltic-Pontic Sea zone can be seen not just as a geographical area of Intermarium but aswell as Intermundium or the interface of the struggle between Western and Russian powers. From the Great Game and classical geopolitics associated with Halford Mackinder’s ‘Heartland’ thesis through the Cold War and geopolitical science interpretations of global ‘shatter zones’, the place of Pontic-Baltic area has assumed and maintained a central role in the studies of international relations. The paper sets out to explain the logic of dynamic patterns shaping this struggle for geopolitical influence in this area. The analysis starts from the conclusions voiced by analysts since 2014 that the Ukrainian area could become the scene for a military confrontation with Russia. The present article also reviews the recent debates and examines the insights gained from past developments in the region.

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DOCTRINAL APPROACHES RELATED TO THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CRISIS

Author(s): Tomita Zavoianu,Constantin Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Charter of the United Nations emphasizes the importance of respecting the principle of national sovereignty and the need to develop international cooperation, states being the original subjects of international public law. Some international crises, potential risks and threats to regional security require that appropriate military decisions be made in compliance with international public law. The quasi-permanent phenomenon of international relations, the political-military alliances are a fundamental component of world politics, a way of promoting the interests of the member states.

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VARIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUPPORT HUMAN SECURITY

Author(s): Filofteia Repez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human security is a widely debated issue at international, regional and national levels. Launched by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, the concept of human security has grown further remarkable that the human being is placed as main reference on the security agenda. Through this document, the seven levels (or components) of human security have been established: economic security (ensuring a minimum income for every individual); food security (access for every individual to basic nutrition); health security (guaranteeing a minimum protection against disease to prevent diseases); environmental security (protection of individuals against natural disasters or against the implications of the natural environment’s deterioration); personal security namely protection of individuals against physical violence from inside or outside the state); community security (protection of individuals to maintain and perpetuate their relations and traditional values and protection against ethnic or segregation violence); and political security (ensuring a standard of living in accordance with fundamental human rights and securing individual and group freedoms against any vicious attempts to exercise control over them). Education, culture, science and technology bring important contributions to support human security along with the numerous regional and international organizations. Starting from this, as well as from studying a relevant bibliography, the present paper aims to provide an opening in approaching an interesting subject - various contributions to support human security.

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RUSSIA’S COMEBACK TO POWER POLITICS

Author(s): Violeta-Elena DĂSCĂLEŢ (NICOLESCU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current security environment in Europe resembles, in a certain way, the long-gone times of the Cold War. Is it time for NATO to return back to basics? The hereby paper generally elaborates on Russia’s track from a NATO partner to a state with aggressive posture in the Allied Eastern Flank, with the aim of regaining the power it once held. Going through its actions against Georgia and Ukraine and observing the Russian influence in the Republic of Moldova, we ask ourselves the legitimate question whether NATO’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, hence the deterrence and defence measures taken so far, are enough to provide collective security for the all Allies on the Eastern Flank. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern Flank.

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ANALYSIS OF MARITIME SECURITY COMPONENTS FROM A REALIST PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Auraș Liviu COMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From a realistic perspective, maritime security represents for Romania a key means of promoting the Romanian interests on the Black Sea and Danube river. In the absence of a maritime security strategy, our country can not promote the instruments of national power on Black Sea and the Danube River, as riparian states, NATO and EU often have divergent political, economic and diplomatic goals. Romania, using all instruments of national power, must reaffirm itself in the Black Sea and restore a balance of forces, and in particular to make every effort to restore a climate of mutual security and trust, while supporting the EuroAtlantic interests in region. At this time, when the political-military alliances in the region have become more and more diluted, military regional initiatives have almost been abolished (less OBSH, Turkey's maritime security operation in the Black Sea), the CSBM Initiative (Confidence and security Building Measures) and Open Sky, have become increasingly formal.

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ASSESSING ROMANIA'S SOCIETAL SECURITY USING COMPLEXITY METHODOLOGY

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security, is an extremely important domain of Romania’s contemporary security which needs to be reassessed and revaluated by using new analytical methodologies. This article aims at evaluating Romania’s societal security using the societal trends to 2030 identified by RAND Europe in its project “An Analysis of Global Societal Trends to 2030 and their Impact on the EU”. The research will focus on the long term policy challanges Romania should prioritise for the next decade and boyound considering five main societal trends: the rise of a new global middle class, the growing and ageing population, employment and the changing labour market, evolving patterns and impacts of migration, connected societies and empowered individuals.

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PRILOG POLITIČKOJ BIOGRAFIJI AVDE HUME – VIJEĆNIKA TREĆEG ZASJEDANJA ZEMALJSKOG ANTIFAŠISTIČKOG VIJEĆA NARODNOG OSLOBOĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Dženita Sarač-Rujanac / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

One of the councillors of the third session of the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (orig. abbrev. ZAVNOBiH; April 26-28, 1945 in Sarajevo), who participated in the preparation and work of the previous two sessions (in Mrkonjic Grad in 1943 and Sanski Most in 1944), was Avdo Humo, a writer from Mostar, an illegal and a professional revolutionary. Humo is undoubtedly one of the most important intellectuals and politicians of the 20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper points out the key biographical data following Avdo Humo from his student days. As a graduate of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, he has been an active member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) since the mid-1930s and also an organizer of anti-fascist resistance during World War II. Humo had great merit in the process of constituting and institutionalizing Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of the six equal republics in federal Yugoslavia. After the war, he participated in numerous prominent political and social roles, both in the Republic and in the federal centre. However, Avdo Humo was politically marginalized and morally disqualified in the context of a strong wave of self-criticism within the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) in the early 1970s, during the reconstruction of the Republican leadership and the removal of the so-called spring followers and liberals, i.e. significant re-Stalinization of the system. The parting of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Avdo Humo, Hajro Kapetanovic, Osman Karabegovic, and Cedo Kapor at the end of 1972 followed their sharp criticism of the dominant current, undemocratic relations, unprincipledness, firm-hand leadership, management by a narrow circle of leaders and the more. The Republican leadership assessed them as a synchronized group, as a faction within the League of Communists that cooperates with ”liberals, informers, and bearers of hegemonic tendencies” and that has ”insatiable lust for personal power in realization of dominant influence on the policy of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” The party leadership unanimously assessed their criticism as groundless and stated that their target was the destabilization of the leadership and causing a rift within it.

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Pitanje ustanka 1875–1878. u bosanskohercegovačkoj historiografiji: između historijske istine i multiperspektivnosti

Author(s): Edin Radušić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian-Herzegovinian historiography of the 21st century shows that the uprising and the eastern crisis (1875–1878), as part of the great theme of imperialism and nationalism, are phenomena of long duration. During this period, new books and articles appear that elaborate or significantly touch the uprising. The dominant feature of much of this new historiography and its creators is that they were more or less willingly placed in a national context. The central point of historiography on the uprising has been Milorad Ekmečić, who intensively dealt with this thematic framework in the second half of the 20th and the first half of the 21st century. In his more relaxed phase of interpreting historical themes, Ekmečić, in methodological terms, selecting and processing phenomena of long duration, strongly connected the uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1875–1878 not only with previous events (the “Serbian Revolution” and other uprisings of the Balkan Christian peasantry) but also with those that recur at certain intervals until the end of the 20th century. Moreover, in his interpretation, the uprising of 1875–1878, together with other similar events, before and after it, belongs to one whole that is an expression of revolt against the socio-economic system of inequality and division, essentially established by the Ottoman (Islamic) state idea and practice. Established social relations during this period, which ultimately resulted in the division and distrust of members of different religious and national groups, Ekmečić saw as the historical foundations of division and mutual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkans at the end of the 20th century. Such Ekmečić’s approach found fertile ground among some of his historiographical followers, who at scientific conferences and round tables, together with institutional leaders of political, scientific and cultural life in Republika Srpska, strengthened the link between the Bosnian-Herzegovina uprising 1875–1878 and the present. In interpreting the causes of the uprising in the Bosnian-Serbian historiographic circle, Ekmečić’s thesis on the dominant socio-economic causes of the uprising and on agrarian movements as the essence of the national revolution has been largely retained, with some exception in recent interpretations of Bratislav Teinović.

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Da li je Bosna i Hercegovina zaista tako loša kako se o njoj piše?

Author(s): Armina Galijaš / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Za razliku od izučavanja starog ili srednjeg vijeka, moderna povijest mora gotovo uvijek računati sa interdisciplinarnošću. Kako istoričari koji se bave ovim vremenom zalaze u druge discipline, tako i kolege iz drugih disciplina neminovno zalaze u povijest. Sama granica između disciplina nije uvijek potpuno jasna, metodološki, a često i teorijski pristupi i koncepti su prijemčivi za različite discipline. Iz tog razloga je i literatura koja je u fokusu moje prezentacije sveobuhvatnija i ne isključivo istorijska.

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NACIONALNA I KONFENSIONALNA SLIKA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Ivan Cvitković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Popis stanovništva. Identitet. Bosna i Hercegovina po nacionalnoj pripadnosti njenog stanovništva. Odnos nacionalna pripadnost – religioznost. Bošnjaci u zrcalu popisa stanovništva. Hrvati u zrcalu popisa stanovništva. Srbi u zrcalu popisa stanovništva. Smanjenje broja stanovništva u odnosu na 1991. godinu. Bosna i Hercegovina po konfesionalnoj pripadnosti njenog stanovništva. Religijska samoidentifikacija. Muslimani i njihova rasprostranjenost po općinama. Pravoslavni i njihova rasprostranjenost po općinama. Katolici i njihova rasprostranjenost po općinama. Ateisti i agnostici. Zaključno razmatranje.

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May 9 (Victory Day) Commemorations in Georgia

Author(s): Ketevan Chachava / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Every May 8, European, North American, and many other countries around the world celebrate Victory in Europe Day (known as VE Day). For millions of people living in the West, VE Day has a special meaning, symbolising the historic victory over Nazi Germany and an end to nearly six years of a brutal war. On this day, various celebratory events are held to mark the occasion, including parades, memorial services, and street celebrations.

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Od junaka do divljaka: Albanci u srpskom herojskom i nacionalnom diskursu od sredine osamnaestog do početka dvadesetog veka

Author(s): Aleksandar Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This paper argues that the proper origin of Serbian-Albanian hostility had been established in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In the first part, the paper offers examples of positive mutual perceptions between Serbs and Albanians in the oral tradition, early Balkan ethnography and historiography from mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. It is contended that the appreciation for Albanian heroes found in Serbian/Montenegrin folk oral songs and narratives stems from a similar social background and shared patriarchal values among the two ethnic groups. In the second part, the paper follows the change in their perceptions from the later part of the nineteenth century onwards, influenced by the Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, formation of the Albanian national movement, weakening of the Ottoman rule and territorial disputes over the present-day Kosovo and Northern Albania. It is argued that these tendencies gradually led to the establishment of Serbian-Albanian hostility, which became cemented on the eve of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. In the last instance, the article focuses on positive examples of Serbian intellectuals who contested such approach and advocates for the re-affirmation of these narratives that emphasize similarities and promote friendship between Serbs and Albanians.

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„Balkan balkanskim narodima“: evolucionizam, rasizam i kolonijalizam u srpskim naučnim i političkim diskursima pre Drugog svetskog rata

Author(s): Ana Petrov / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the ways the scientific imperialism was manifested in Serbian ‘scholarly’ discourses from the end of the nineteenth century until the World War II. The leading ethnographers, geographers, cultural historians and writers promulgated the idea that the Serbs represented one ‘race’ marked by similar physical and psychological features and customs. Joined together by the same ‘blood’, territory and history, the Serbs were presented as the dominant ‘race’ in the Balkans, thus being ‘superior’ in comparison to the other peoples, especially the Albanians. The discourse was theoretically promoted in the scholarly works at the end of the nineteenth century and just before the World War II proposals for colonization of Kosovo and extermination of the Albanians were made (in Vaso Čubrilović’s writing Isterivanje Arnauta and in the claim, supported by Ivo Andrić, that ‘the Balkans should be given to the Balkan people’). I here argue that the concept of ‘social type’ helped the leading intellectuals in the promotion of the idea that the division of the Balkans should be made according to current scientific paradigms about the supremacy of the Serbs.

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Viđeni tuđim očima: reprodukcija orijentalizama i interni balkanizam među Albancima i Južnim Slovenima u bivšoj Jugoslaviji

Author(s): Atdhe Hetemi / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The article examines the role of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourse in the Former Yugoslavia with a particular focus on Albanians. Here, Western Orientalist and Balkanist stereotypes of the Former Yugoslavia are examined arguing that the Orientalism and Balkanism of peoples living in the Former Yugoslavia is and was viewed differently from Western standards and by the peoples living in the Former Yugoslavia in the way how they perceive each other. In addition, this article analyzes the perceptions of Albanians living in the Former Yugoslavia, both in the sense of how they defined themselves and how they were viewed by the South Slavic majority. Methodologically, the article relies on three seminal works that shall serve as pillars of this theoretical analysis: concepts of Edward Said’s “Orientalism, ”Milica Bakic-Hayden’s theories on “nesting Orientalisms” in the Balkans, and Maria Todorova’s analysis of the external practices of representation of the Balkans.It is argued that these authors provide a useful theoretical framework for exploring the distribution of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourses in Former Yugoslavia.

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Neprijatelji i ljudi

Author(s): Basri Çapriqi / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In the first part, this article embraces the idea of a common Balkan identity that has roots in Antiquity and of linguistic and cultural Balkan unity following from the Ancient Greek culture. It then follows the demise of this Balkan identity during the rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century, and advocates that it is the time to leave the conflict in the past and to pacify and reunite the Balkans in the European Union. The second part of the article discusses negative influence of writers on promoting the conflicts in the Balkans, to emphasize several authors and literary works that by its pacifism and humanism stand out from the main current: The Immigrants – the Songs of Ali Binak by Radovan Zogović, Ali Podrimja’s Happy Ending, Predrag Lucić’s Ići Mići Ahmići and The Elite Worse Than the Crowd by Mirko Kovač.

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O NEMOGUĆNOSTI BIJEGA OD POLITIČKOG: SUDBINA SELIMOVIĆEVIH LIKOVA

Author(s): Maciej Falski / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Europska se moderna kultura voli pozivati na baštinu antičke Grčke što je, bez sumnje, itekako utemeljeno. Pa ipak, moderna je Europa zaboravila na nešto što bijaše temelj grčke antropologije, antičkog poimanja društvenog svijeta: čovjek je, prema čuvenoj a loše prevođenoj Aristotelovoj definiciji, političko biće, zoon politikon. Upravo tu odrednicu moramo smatrati najvažnijom predodžbom o mjestu čovjeka u društvu što ju je utemeljila antika. Ljudski se kozmos razlikuje od životinjskog zato što se ljudi grupiraju u zajednice u kojima vlada zakon. Odluke se donose na temelju diskusije, razgovora, polemičke razmjene stavova, što je svojstveno ljudima. Odlučivanje o poslovima zajednice, polisa, moramo smatrati politikom u širem smislu – političko je sve što se tiče polisa, upravljanja zajedničkim općim stvarima

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NAPUŠTANJE TEMELJNIH VRIJEDNOSTI ZAVNOBIH-A ETNOPOLITIZACIJOM I SEGREGACIJOM OBRAZOVNOG SISTEMA BIH

Author(s): Adila Pašalić Kreso / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

From the whole of this discussion and tabular summary, the inevitable conclusion is imposed about the Dayton BIH lagging behind in the development of democratic values in education. Today, it is easier to find the similarities of the system of values of ZAVNOBIH with values that are supported by international organizations (UNESCO, OECD, EU, and Council of Europe) than ZAVNOBIH with the education system of BIH today. It seems that the more developed world insists on democracy, the more retrograde forces holding the BIH education system “flee” from that. Since the actual narrative tells that everything socialist is to be blamed, especially in political and public life, with the “deliberate construction of distorted memories”, the educational system(s) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is sinking more and more into the old practice that is today largely overcome and abandoned everywhere. Everything that Europe highly valued and appreciated in education by the end of the last and the beginning of this century, we had, but we thoroughly destroyed and abandoned. Therefore, the “education experts” are here for more than two decades to teach us democratic values, interculturality, tolerance, common life, reconciliation, equality in education, while we should have taught them. We have had a foundation and a long successful practice of cultivating everlasting values, pedagogical principles and goals established in ZAVNOBIH. What was set in the difficult days of the Liberation War and based on the true notion of humanism has been in the education of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for several decades and is still not overcome or lost its relevant character. The analysis in both studied social systems confirmed the inextricable link between society and education, but with different interests and diametrically opposite goals. While the ZAVNOBIH in education insists on clear, explicit goals and values in the function of building a new society, a new person, progress, unity, common life and tolerant ethnic coexistence, Dayton BIH enables strengthening of centrifugal forces that represent a serious threat to the “brotherly community of all nations”, to “the Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina” and “our homeland”, if it is allowed to use these forgotten syntagms from the time of ZAVNOBiH. If by any chance could be analyze todayʼs education by ZAVNOBIHʼs councillors were to analyze today’s education in BIH, they would have been certainly amazed that schools turned into environments that had not existed even 70 years ago. Instead of learning and acquiring high-quality knowledge and critical thinking, schools are becoming more and more, as the textbook analysis have shown, the schools of misunderstanding, intolerance, conflicts and half-truths. Politicians of todayʼs BIH not only do not mind it but rather say loudly: “Your ignorance is feeding us” or we are proud of your “graduated ignorance supported by false certificates”. There are many reasons why it is necessary to return again and again to the values of ZAVNOBIH. We have to refresh awareness why we need to thoroughly reform our education system, why to return to knowledge (not diplomas) and its universal value, why to leave national and develop integrated intercultural programs in which the values of all cultures of BIH will be and from which they will learn “everything about everyone”. In addition, everyday discriminatory rhetoric in education has to be replaced by another more acceptable from the point of view of tolerance and understanding, of strengthening patriotism and antifascism. This will certainly help to turn Robinsonʼs knowledge key to the right side more quickly and to unlock the perspectives of young people.

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MONONACIONALNE STRANKE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I NEGACIJA ZAVNOBIH-A

Author(s): Nerzuk Ćurak / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The denial of mutual history all the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina share has culminated in a nationalistic triumph and political institutionalization of that ideology through the country’s current political and legal order. This phenomenon will be treated, in the context of philosophy of history, as the culmination of injustice towards one’s own historical self. The author will argue that the crucial source of virtue lies in the ZAVNOBIH heritage, which stands opposed to nationalistic oppression. Moreover, it will be argued that the principles of a more just Bosnian society can be nourished exactly through that heritage. De facto destiny of Bosnia and Herzegovina depends on the capability of the internal political, cultural and intellectual actors to replace the nationalistic tyranny with a social consensus on virtue.

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Ancheta

Author(s): Hugó Ágoston,Adâm Anavi,Imre József Balázs,Béla Bíró,Mircea Cărtărescu,Péter Demény,Paul Drumaru,Läng Zsolt,Martin Mircea,Carmen Mușat,Anamaria Pop,Ion Pop,Mircea Popa,Júlia Szilágyi,Szabolcs Szonda,Geo Șerban,Júlia Vallasek,Daniel Vighi,András Visky / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Investigations by: Âgoston Hugo, Anavi Âdâm, Balâzs Imre-Jôzsef, Biro Béla, Mircea Cărtărescu, Demény Péter, Paul Drumaru, Läng Zsolt, Mircea Martin, Carmen Mușat, Anamaria Pop, Ion Pop, Mircea Popa, Szilâgyi Julia, Szonda Szabolcs, Geo Șerban, Vallasek Jûlia, Daniel Vighi, Visky Andrâs.

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