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Locally Embedded Civil Society Organizations and Public Diplomacy: the Advocacy Roles of the “Mothers of Srebrenica” in Promoting a Culture of Remembrance

Author(s): Jasmin Hasić,Dženeta Karabegović,Bisera Turković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Increasingly, non-state actors exercise unofficial forms of influence within international affairs. Analyzing the actions and platforms in which they operate offers a broader perspective on their influence within diplomatic spheres traditionally occupied by state actors. This paper explores the relationship between victim-oriented advocacy roles taken by the NGO ‘Mothers of Srebrenica’ and the resulting formulation of a ‘culture of remembrance’ as an unofficial part of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s cultural and public diplomacy portfolio. We examine the Mothers’ advocacy work in promoting genocide remembrance and fighting genocide denial within the country’s foreign policy agency framework. We scrutinize under which circumstances their advocacy shapes or is formulated in parallel with official state diplomacy. We trace three types of advocacy engagement and discuss the influence in contributing to the country’s cultural and public diplomacy. This analysis contributes to scholarship on the influence of non-state actors in public diplomacy by examining the role of advocacy organizations on local, regional, and global levels and expanding the scholarship about the intersection of non-state actors and cultural and public diplomacy to include states undergoing transition, particularly post-conflict states.

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Doista, u laži su kratke noge ili još jednom o politici povijesti ili politici laži

Author(s): Davor Marijan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

U Časopisu za suvremenu povijest (2020, br. 3) odgovorio sam na „prikaz” moje knjige Rat Hrvata i Muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1992. do 1994. godine koji je napravio Mesud Šadinlija. Odgovor sam naslovio „Politika povijesti ili politika laži – povodom jednog prikaza u Preporodovu Journalu”, a odgovorio sam na tekst koji je objavljen u Preporodovu Journalu, dvomjesečniku Kulturnoga društva Bošnjaka Hrvatske. Smisleno je pitanje treba li uopće odgovarati na „prikaze” znanstvene knjige u neznanstvenim publikacijama, posebno onima koje bi se trebale baviti očuvanjem i razvojem kulture jedne manjinske zajednice, u ovom slučaju one bošnjačko-muslimanske u Hrvatskoj. Mislim da treba, baš zato što će u suprotnom čitatelji te publikacije, odnosno pripadnici te nacionalne manjine steći potpuno pogrešnu sliku o nekim važnim povijesnim događajima koji u mnogočemu određuju njihove odnose s hrvatskim narodom, kako u Hrvatskoj tako i u BiH. Naime, Šadinlija svoj „prikaz” temelji na metodi prešućivanja i vađenja iz konteksta. Usto mi je pripisao riječi koje nisam rekao niti ih ima u mojoj knjizi. Riječi iz jednoga dokumenta HVO-a pripisao je meni kao moja osobna stajališta, „prigovorio” mi je na ignoriranju izvora na koje sam se referirao, ustvrdio je da sam prešutio nešto što nisam, a da ne govorim o spominjanju „validnih argumenata” na bitnim dionicama na kojima nije mogao argumentirano osporiti moju interpretaciju. Šadinlija ne postupa kao profesionalni povjesničar, koji želi dodatno provjeriti činjenice i propitati eventualno dvojbene interpretacije. Na temelju takva pristupa posve sam utemeljeno zaključio da me doživljava kao neprijatelja s kojim se treba obračunati, a tada su laž, konstrukcije i podmetanja potpuno validni i legitimni.

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Djelovanje JNA i pobunjenih Srba u Lici 1990. – 1992. godine

Author(s): Davor Marijan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2006

Based on the archive sources the author highlights the activities of the Yugoslavian National Army (JNA) and rebellious Serbs in Lika from August 1990 til May 1992. Soon after the democratic elections and the win of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Lika became one of the most problematic parts of Republic of Croatia. Very soon the majority of the local communities with majority of Serbian inhabitants gave support to the political activity of Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) which in 1990 resulted with the establishment of the Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina (Border Zone) which a year later was proclaimed as the Republic of Serpska Krajina (Serbian Border Zone). The dominant role played JNA in this process was significant that from the springtime 1991 by its system of ‘buffer zones’ stopped the introduction of legal system of the Republic of Croatia in the rebellious zones. Furthermore, this allowed rebellious Serbs further expansion to the surrounded areas which in 1991 grew into open war. Although Lika was in all of Great Serbia programmes of JNA and rebellious Serbs, they did not succeed to achieve their goal in 1991 which was to gain Karlobag as one of the ‘border’ points of the planners in Belgrade.

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Križari na gospićkom području 1945. - 1950.

Author(s): Ivica Mataija / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2005

In this paper is presented the end of WWII and appearance, work and disappearance of crusades in the Gospić area. A militia against – partisans and against – communist movement developed at the end of WWII and during the first years after the war. They tried to survive the revenge of the new regime. The author has tried to write about the crusades in the area of Gospić through the prism of existing, poor literature and archival sources.

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Pljačka i teror Dinarske četničke divizije na području općine Krivi Put 28. i 29. prosinca 1944.

Author(s): Mihael Sobolevski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

In this article, based on archival research and other sources, the author represents the passage of the Dinara Četnik Division and one part of Lika’s Četniks and refugees (Četnik families) across the Croatian Coast to Slovenia in the direction of Brlog-Prokika-Mrzli Dol-Krivi Put-St. Jakov-Krmpote-Povile-Novi Vinodolski-Bribir-Grižane-Tribalj-Drvenik-Križišće-Hreljin-Praputnjak-Krasica-Škrljevo-Grobnik and further to Slovenia. The 5,000 Četniks and 13,000 of their families participated in this travel of about 100 kilometres and which lasted from 26th to 31st of December in 1944. Their passage was assured by the German occupying army and the government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) with whom these Četniks collaborated in the war against the Popular Defence Army of Croatia and Yugoslavia. The Dinara Četnik Division was under the command of the duke and priest Momčilo Đujić. The Lika Četniks were under the command of Mile Marijan together with their families. Passing through the Croatian Coast they robbed and killed 33 people and burnt to the ground the village of Bribir. The author paid special attention to the passage of those Četniks and their families through the Krivi Put region during 28th and 29th of December in 1944. Četniks pillaged more than 79 families, molested and abused more people and killed two people. They robbed 27 horses, five mules, 12 sheep, two pigs and a cow. They took all the food and clothes which caused many problems for the local people especially because of the winter period and war conditions with no possibility of buying these things on the market. Četniks took 1,166kg of pork, 195kg of pig fat and other food products. They stole 262 pairs of men and women’s underwear, 88 women’s dresses, 36 men’s suits, 24 coats and a great amount of bed linen. They took peoples watches and rings forcing them directly from their hands and fingers as well as forcing them and beating them to give them their money. The author gave numerous details about this outrageous crime and terror and concluded that this was probably one the one of the largest tragedies in the Krivi Put community during WWII.

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Rujan 1943. u Otočcu.

Author(s): Josip Grbelja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

If we take into consideration everything written about this hospital/war episode in the dramatic historic events of the Lika region, it could be concluded that (public) history is still waiting for somebody who will identify the massacred wounded and ill people and give an answer to the question why, even after half a century, they have been unknown to us and did they really exist or they were so insignificant in history to be continuously mentioned only in propaganda – emotional phrases in superficial newspapers articles.Occasional publications which contain memorable (or artistic) notes rather than scientific, often do not inspire trust and evidence. Only personal perceptions and the facts which suit the occasion are given.Occasional texts contain intolerance and hatred - history is not science of this. History has to serve general purposes (positive or negative) about the reality lived by some persons, tribes, people and humankind and everything which is proven, witnessed and confirmed. Can the truth, in anyway, finally be known about the massacre of those unknowns in the Otočac Hospital and those 16 murdered citizens, who were killed in retaliation and the (non) human act of five nuns-nurses because they are also a part of Croatian history? At the moment this truth is not public. It is rather secret.

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Srpski i hrvatski pokušaji podjele Bosne i Hercegovine u cilju realizacije vlastitih velikodržavnih ideja

Author(s): Amir Kliko,Muamer Džananović,Zilha Mastalić Košuta / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2021

The authors follow the development of hegemonic ideas of Serbia and Croatia since their origins in the 19th century and attempts of their realization to the detriment of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the end of the 20th century. In the centre of attention of the presented work is the formation of the “Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna” on November 18, 1991 and the “Republika Srpska of Bosnia and Herzegovina ” on January 9, 1992 as hegemonic projects of Croatia and Serbia in their joint and agreed attempt of destruction, demolition and mutual division of territory Bosnia and Herzegovina, the consequences of which are crimes of genocide and other forms of war crimes against Bosniaks

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Majka i dijete u zločinu genocida nad Bošnjacima

Author(s): Adib Đozić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 10/2021

The genocide verdict against Bosniaks of the UN Protected Area Srebrenica, before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the verdicts of German courts (Higher Regional Court in Dusseldorf), the crimes of genocide in Doboj and other places in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the verdicts of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina are paradigmatic evidence of genocidal destruction of Bosniaks, because the analysis of specific socio-historical processes, in the form of national liberation movements and nation-building in South Slavic and wider Balkan areas, continuously, as an integral part of them, genocide against Bosniaks took place. There is a lot of evidence of genocide against Bosniaks that are explicit and unquestionable as social, historical and legal facts, but one of them stands out and that is the genocide against a mother and a child as sources of holiness of life. In this paper, we will work on concrete sociohistorical examples of the suffering of mothers and children in the genocide against Bosniaks from the beginning of the so-called “National liberation movements” in the early 19th century, through the Balkan Wars, the First and Second World Wars, to the war against Bosnian society and the state in the period of 1992-1995 using only relevant theoretical and methodological postulates, to prove and show that the last genocide against Bosniaks in Srebrenica, in July 1995, was not an individual and isolated case of genocidal extermination of Bosniaks but, on the contrary, a paradigmatic example, i.e. apart of continuous genocide, as a means of “national liberation movements”from the neighborhood of Bosnia and Herzegovina, derived according to the Jacobin formula “one state-one (ethnic) community.” By analyzing the suffering of mothers and children in the genocide against Bosniaks, we will open the question of ruling false narratives (historical, political, “cultural”and others), about national liberation movements from the position of the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as progressive civilizational achievements.

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Utjecaj genocida nad Bošnjacima na demografske promjene u Srebrenici i Brtuncu 1991-2021.

Author(s): Muamer Džananović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2021

The basic thesis of this paper starts from the fact that the crimes committed against the Bosniaks of Podrinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina,more specifically in the municipalities of Srebrenica and Bratunac, in the period 1992-1995 are an integral part of the Greater Serbia genocide against Bosniaks, which they have been continuously carrying out in stages for over two centuries. That, due to the Greater Serbia genocidal ideology,politics and practice, Bosnian society was destroyed and ties between cultures“were broken”, although for centuries “mixed” and formed a “unity of differences”, we will prove by comparing the demographic picture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with special focus to Srebrenica and Bratunac, analyzing the last two censuses.Also, the denial of genocide against Bosniaks and the celebration of crimes and criminals, by followers of the Greater Serbia ideology, is very relevant since the end of the aggression until today. Frequent physical attacks on Bosniak returnees, threats and discrimination in various fields, especially in negation of identity characteristics of Bosniaks and their constant propaganda dehumanization also has a negative effect on the relatively few Bosniak returnees who have returned to their homes. All of the above results in the departure of the biologically productive population, and the remaining“elderly” households, thus continuing the process of “ethnic cleansing” of Bosniaks in Bratunac and Srebrenica, twenty-six years after the aggression and genocide, is still being conducted and is nearing its completion

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Plesati u ratu. Percepcija pozorišta u ratnom Sarajevu (1992-1995): Pippo Delbono, Giorgio Strehler i Peter Schumann

Author(s): Aida Čopra / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2021

„When I went to Sarajevo, I met a boy“, Pippo Delbono tells us. They talked, and suddenly the boy told him, „I saw an entire city in anger. I’ve seen people become monsters“. And Delbono replied, „And I’ve seen people look at me like I’m a monster. And all the things that turn into monstrosity“. Traveling, for Delbono, is a life experience that turns into a theatrical one at the same time. In 1998, Delbono created a play called War. The story of the boy he meets during his trip to Sarajevo is an introduction to Delbono’s magical world of theater through which he expresses the need to present a life that is born from suffering, illness, war, but in which we still „dancing“. Danzare nella guerra, „dancing in the war“, for Delbono means to oppose the war to the beauty, joy, and poetics of the movement.In 1995, Strehler directed a play called Mother Courage of Sarajevo based on the text written by Bertolt Brecht. For Strehler, Mother Courage of Sarajevo is not just a play, it is a symbol, a political act that portrays war as a human failure. Strehler based his vision of theater on Brecht’s epic theater. One year before, in 1993, with his puppet troupe, The Bread and Puppet, Peter Schumann came to Sarajevo to provide his support.In the first place, we want to show how Delbono’s conception of theater and experience during his trip to Sarajevo intertwine with the primary goal of Sarajevo theater in those years, as „spiritual resistance“, „spiritual needs“, „call to heal wounded souls“, a „super theater“, as Izudin Bajrović calls him, in which theater and life were the same. Through Strehler’s theater, his relationship with Sarajevo, and the breaking of the „fourth wall“, we will talk about theater as research of those eternal human values, but also returning to humane theater. In the third place, through Schumann’s work, we will show how the external theatrical reality intertwines with the internal one as a feature of strong political engagement.

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Novi tokovi u potragama za prisilno nestalim osobama u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Meldijana Arnaut Haseljić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2021

The aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out with well-thought-out planning, preparation and execution of crimes. This was followed by concealment of the crimes committed, followed by a precisely elaborated denial process. It is the concealment of crimes that results in a large number of forcibly missing persons. The aim of concealment and denial is to prevent prosecution for committed crimes (without a body there are no crimes), and then to avoid adequate sanctions provided by international and national legislation against perpetrators. Special emphasis should be placed on the specificity of this form of crime, especially characteristic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where forcibly missing persons were mostly found in mass graves in a hidden locality. This is important to emphasize given the fact that a large number of people are still being searched for while the sites of the tombs containing the remains are a well-kept secret. Numerous families have not yet, in the third decade after the end of the aggression, exercised their basic humanitarian right to know the truth about the fate of their loved ones and to bury the remains in an appropriate manner. The total number of registered forcibly missing persons during the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is about 32,000. About 7,546 more people are wanted. With this in mind, it can be stated that the issue of enforced disappearances has not yet been resolved, and that it significantly burdens relations in the region. Participants in armed conflicts - states created by the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - are still looking for ways to improve the process of searching for the missing. Due to the social significance of this issue, which still problematizes and burdens relations in the country and the region, it is important to look at the new trends established in the new circumstances and frameworks, which search for the still large number of forcibly missing persons

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Sudbina kćerki Have Bektiž: Kadire, Zehre i Fatime

Author(s): Faruk Đozić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2021

U broju 8 i 9 „Momumente“ sjećali smo se majki Srebrenice: Hatidže Mehmedović, Begije Malagić i Ajše Đozić, kojima su ubijene tri generacije muških članova porodice u zločinu genocida u Srebrenici u ratu protiv bosanskohercegovačkog društva i države 1992.-1995. godine. Takvih majki je mnogo. Pitanje je hoće li ikada, sve, biti popisane i ostati u bošnjačkom kolektivnom sjećanju kao heroine kojima su zločinci ubili djecu a tim činom i njih same prije njihove biološke smrti. U ovom broju „Monumente“ sjećaćemo se „tužne sudbine“, četiri sestre, četiri kćerke Ibrahima Bektića (1901.-1972.) i Havke (1902.-1959.), rođene Mujić, iz Mehmedovića kod Tokoljaka, općina Srebrenica, te njihove braće Ohrana (1935.-1995.) i Dauta (1950.-2021). Zašto baš njih? U dosadašnja dva primjera „Sjećanja“ pokazani su, pojedinačni, individualni slučajevi zločina genocida, u okviru jedne porodice, ne ukazujući na njegovu „širinu“ po bočnim linijama rodbine, kao što su sestre i braća. Ovim slučajem, koji je nažalost jedan od mnogobrojnih, pokazaćemo razmjere porodičnih tragedija sestara i braće u zločinu genocida nad Bošnjacima u Srebrenici.

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Attitudes toward Bosniak Muslims and Kosovar Albanians and historical revisionism in the Serbian media: Reaffirming the Greater Serbia project

Author(s): Ivan Ejub Kostić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

For this paper, we monitored three daily newspapers in Serbia, Politika, Novosti and Informer, for issues of direct relevance to the lives of Balkan Muslims. We identified three dominant topics: 1. Undermining the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina and (re)affirming the expansionist politics of Serbian nationalism; 2. “Kosovo is the heart of Serbia” and (Kosovar) Albanians are consequently an existential threat; and 3. Ideological treatment of the politics of remembrance and historical revisionism of crimes committed by Serb forces during the 1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo in order to reaffirm the Greater Serbia project.

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Borbe za Livno u travnju 1992. godine - prilog istraživanju

Author(s): Davor Marijan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2021

The subject of this paper is the attack of the Yugoslav National Army Knin corpus and Serbian Territorial defence on the municipality of Livno in April 1992. Those were in fact two attacks, the first on 13 April 1992 in direction Glamoč - Livno and the second on 23 April in direction Bosansko Grahovo - Livno. Both attacks were successfully repelled by the crucial help of smaller reinforcements from Croatia. This event was also of strategic importance, because it was one of three successful defences from April 1992 that enabled territorial and political survival of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite its significance, archive sources for these fights are very modest and fragmented, because of what there are many unknowns regarding the fights. Thus, this paper is written with the intention to shed light on the event crucial for the course of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and end of war in Croatia in 1994 and 1995.

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Sebina Sivac-Bryant, Re-Making Kozarac: Agency, Reconciliation and Contested Return in Post-War Bosnia

Author(s): Hikmet Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2017

Review of: Sebina Sivac-Bryant, Re-Making Kozarac: Agency, Reconciliation and Contested Return in Post-War Bosnia, Palgrave Studies in Compromise after Conflict, 2016.

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Čedomir Antić i Nenad Kecmanović: Istorija Republike Srpske

Author(s): Admir Mulaosmanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

Review of: Čedomir Antić i Nenad Kecmanović: Istorija Republike Srpske, Beograd: NIP Nedeljnik, treće izdanje, 2016.

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Inter-religious Dialogue among Young People in a Post-Conflict Society: Experiences with a Small Grassroots Project in Central Bosnia

Author(s): Mersiha Jusić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This article offers insight into how an ever-widening gap between two communities of young people of different ethnic and religious background, living side by side without contact, can be addressed by local initiatives coming from within informal groups of community members. The figures given illustrate the prevalence of ignorance of “the other” among young people aged 15 to 19 who attend a specific form of school unique to Bosnia and Herzegovina that segregates students across ethnic lines. The grassroots project described in the article encompasses surveys, awareness campaigns, publishing, and workshop activities implemented in a geographically distinct and religiously diverse area of the upper Vrbas Valley in Central Bosnia.

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Von Gedächtnisorten und Erinnerungslandschaften in Robert Prossers Roman Phantome

Author(s): Marijana Jeleč,Ivica Leovac / Language(s): German Issue: 10/2021

Schon in den ersten Jahren nach den Jugoslawienkriegen erschienen auch im deutschsprachigen Literaturraum zahlreiche Romane, die den Zerfall des Landes und seine Folgen als Schwerpunkte setzten. Literarische Reisen ins Nachkriegsbosnien unternehmen sowohl Schriftsteller deutschsprachiger Herkunft als auch jene aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Die seit Jahrzehnten stetig wachsende Zahl an Romanen über den Zerfall Jugoslawiens zeugt eindeutig davon, dass das Thema weiterhin aktuell ist. Von der Aktualität des Themas zeugt auch der Roman Phantome (2017) des österreichischen Schriftstellers Robert Prosser, dem sich dieser Beitrag unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Gedächtnisorten und Erinnerungsprozessen widmet und den Fragen nachgeht, wie Erinnerungen an das kriegszerstörte Bosnien-Herzegowina konstruiert werden, welche von der Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaftlerin Aleida Assmann hervorgehobenen Impulse zum Erinnern bei den Figuren im Roman Phantome ausgemacht werden können und welche Funktion die Erinnerungen der einzelnen Figuren haben. Als zentrale Funktion der Erinnerung im Roman erweist sich nach der Analyse die Rekonstruktion von Vergangenem und das entscheidende Medium dieser Rekonstruktion die Sprache bzw. die Niederschrift des Erlebten. Die Rekonstruktion wiederum dient in Prossers Text der Bewusstmachung der Vorgänge und der Identitätsvergewisserung.

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BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U POLITIČKOJ ORBITI KARAĐORĐEVA I TIKVEŠA

Author(s): Adnan Velagić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 6/2021

During the 1980s, socialist Yugoslavia was hit by various social problems, which disintegrated the fragile tissue of Tito's state-political legacy. In the early 1990s, when the unstoppable phase of dissolution of this country began, national-chauvinist pretensions resolved to realize their old great-power ambitions in a period of general disruption surfaced. Although in this whirlwind of social turmoil the method of military force was used as the dominant and indispensable factor, behind the scenes political arrangements were very often much more effective in realizing certain goals. Sometimes conducted in public, and sometimes secretly, such negotiations were most often a typical expression of grand national aspirations. In this context, one can certainly observe one of the most famous separate negotiations in the 1990s on the soil of the disintegrating Yugoslavia, conducted between Slobodan Milosevic and Franjo Tuđman. Although these talks have not been published to date, many close associates of the Serbian and Croatian presidents, as well as participants in various political sessions, clearly indicate the presence of a high degree of their mutual agreement on the division of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this paper, the author tried to shed light on the separate Serbo-Croatian efforts to divide the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the statements of Tuđman and Milosevic, and the speeches of their close associates and participants in numerous political talks.

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Architectural Ruins ad Cultural Construction After NATO’s Bombing of Yugoslavia

Author(s): Ana Curk / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2021

The broad intention of this paper was to examine architectural ruins as cultural indicators of one society, and how the importance of certain buildings in collective consciousness can be transformed by the act of destruction, but also by the act of reconstruction. The narrower focus of the research is on the consequences of the NATO bombing of Belgrade in 1999. The cases of three buildings of different political and cultural characters will be analyzed – Ušće Business Center, Radio Television of Serbia headquarters, and the building of Yugoslav Ministry of Defense, with the intention to understand the relationship between their current condition and cultural significance.

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