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Korpusowe narzędzia weryfikacji frazeostylistycznej tłumaczeń

Author(s): Piotr Pęzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

Phraseological prefabrication can be defined as the tendency for native speakers to select recurrent word combinations, constructions and formulaic sequences to convey familiar meanings and achieve conventional discourse functions. Since such formulaicity is an essential aspect of fluency and intelligibility of naturally-occurring language, a good command of target language phraseology is also a prerequisite of successful translation. This paper provides an overview of selected corpus-based tools and resources which can be used to validate the idiomaticity of translations. In addition to discussing the role of large monitor and reference and parallel corpora and online collocation databases, the paper introduces a new tool called Treelets which enables extraction of combinatorial dictionaries from dependency-parsed corpora. This feature proves useful in enhancing translators’ phraseological competence.

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Tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach – o pewnym frazeologizmie wywodzącym się z języka polityki i o jego modyfikacjach

Author(s): Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek,Agnieszka Rosińska-Mamej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38(43)/2020

Due to the influence of the language of politics, the noun phrase, tłuste koty, has become established in modern Polish language. As the research material proves, the idiom fat cats has a negative connotation in the Polish language. Most often, it refers to rich people associated with business, as well as politicians and people in power, such as legislative, executive and judicial. The analysed texts provide many modifications of the expression under analysis, e.g., wypasione pisowskie tłuste koty, tłuste koty w sutannach , tłuste koty nadziane ośmiorniczkami, tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach, lejące krokodyle łzy podczas ucieczki z pogromu kociego na Wall Street, najtłustszy i wredny kot, okrąglutki, milutki, taki kotek tłuściutki. The most important function of modification is to express a critical opinion about people in the category of fatty cats. Through modifications, it is emphasized that the earnings of fatty cats are indecently high, often unreasonable and undeserved. Sharp social opposition causes financiers and politicians to avoid being responsible for their mistakes, for dishonesty. Fat cats are also accused of greed.

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À contrecœur, de bon cœur, de tout cœur : de la compositionnalité des locutions figées

Author(s): Thomas Bertin / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

Review of: « Le mot dans la langue et dans le discours : la construction du sens » ("The word in the language and in discourse: the construction of meaning ”)This study deals with meaning construction in idiomatic phrases (locutions figées/figements). We focus on three French idioms involving the word cœur (à contrecœur, de bon cœur, de tout cœur). To begin, we give a brief account of idiomaticity’s typical criteria, insisting on the common idea that idioms are semantically opaque (noncompositional): their meanings are not a combination of literal meanings (Gross 1996). We argue that another point of view is productive. Indeed, using the notion of “holistic compositionality” (Gosselin 2013), we investigate the way meaning may arise from the combination of words’ abstract semantic contributions (compositionality principle) and take shape contextually (contextuality principle). The primary goal of the study is to analyze the meaning of à contrecœur, de bon cœur, de tout cœur using this approach – which happens to be more accurate than the literal meaning combination approach. To achieve this goal for each of these three idioms: (1) we examine a sample of 200 utterances (and the contexts in which they occur) coming from a large data-source (frWaC) and (2) we take advantage of previous semantic descriptions of cœur (Bertin 2018, 2019), contre (Amiot & De Mulder 2003; Paillard 2003), bon (Katz 1964) and tout (Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot 1995). These two methodological tools shed light on the operation of the semantic mechanism and emphasize the relevance of the “holistic compositionality” approach when applied to idioms’ meaning construction.

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Mouvement vers le bas : (se) baisser

Author(s): Joanna Cholewa / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

This article aims to disambiguate the French verb baisser, which describes the downward movement of an entity, and to present its conceptual structure. Our approach is strongly based on the belief that the meaning of the word is conceptual, and that it reflects the world being looked at, not the real world (Honeste 1999, 2005). Our interest will focus on the locative and abstract meanings of the chosen verb, the uses of which we will study. Each use is a set formed by a predicate, defined by its arguments whose field is delimited by the predicate itself (Gross 2015). Arguments are defined using object classes. Each use is illustrated by a single sentence and a translation into Polish, the translation being a synonym of a word in another language. The type of event described by the verb will be studied, taking into account: the situation described by the verb (kinematic, dynamic, according to Desclés 2003, 2005); belonging to one of the four groups of verbs of movement, distinguished by Aurnague (2012) according to two parameters: change of location and change of elementary locative relwation; polarity (initial, median and final, according to Borillo 1998). Baisser has twelve uses (locative and abstract). Their invariant meaning is downwards movement, which is conceptualized in different ways: displacement of an entity downwards in physical space, but also as a decrease along a scale: of quantifiable value, of sound, of luminosity, intensity or quality, and finally of physical strength and of quality.

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La construction discursive des sens multiples de francophonie/francophone au prisme de la sémantique argumentative

Author(s): Ana-Maria Cozma / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

This paper addresses the issue of polysemy, and more precisely of multiple meanings in the case of the words francophonie/francophone from the perspective of argumentative semantics. The aim of the paper is to examine the mechanisms that account for the multiple meanings of francophonie/francophone, i.e. the semantic and discursive mechanisms involved in the (re)construction of lexical meaning as the words occur in discourse. The data analysed in this paper consists of a set of discourse fragments about francophone identity, discourses that vary according to the speaker, the geographical location and the media support. The study is carried out within the framework of the SAP theory (Semantics of Argumentative Possibilities), following a procedure based on a pre-built reference meaning – i.e. a description of the argumentative potential of the lexeme – that will be used when analysing the discursive occurrences. First, the paper briefly presents the SAP theory and the pre-built reference meaning of the lexemes francophonie/francophone (described in terms of core-elements, stereotypes and argumentative possibilities). It then illustrates several discursive mechanisms of meaning construction. The analysis highlights a series of meaning construction mechanisms: transgressive activation of the argumentative potential, reconfiguration by scission of the core-elements or by deletion of one of the elements, modality addition, transgressive reconstruction of the core meaning, and finally core circularity. Thus, the paper indicates, from the perspective of argumentative semantics, that the multiple meanings of the words francophonie/francophone, i.e. the various semantic configurations attached to these words, can be seen as reconfigurations of a single lexical meaning.

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L’adjectif : une partie du discours éminemment syncatégorématique

Author(s): Jan Goes / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

In this article we propose an alternative to the theories which subdivide the adjective into three major types (qualifier, relational, adjective of the third type), themselves subdivided into several subclasses. We believe instead that there is only one adjectival lexeme with different uses (unitary hypothesis). To do this, we start from the two ways of looking for the adjectival prototype: on the one hand, the abstract prototype built by accumulating criteria, on the other, the semantic prototype. We examine the behavior of occurrences of the abstract prototype (admirable, monumental) and the semantic prototype (grand) with respect to gradation, the attributive function (more specifically the place of the adjective) and the predicative function. The examples show not only that the two prototype models can be reconciled, but above all that the behavior and the meaning of any adjective depend in large part on the noun it qualifies, a result which confirms our unitary hypothesis. The syntactic-semantic dependence of the adjective on the supporting substantive is such that it can be concluded that the adjective is a syncategorematic part of speech, rather than a polysemous one.

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Le fonctionnement et l’oralisation des sigles de la presse contemporaine française

Author(s): Ulfet Zakir oglu Ibrahim / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

This article explores initialisms and acronyms taken from newspapers in the French press. In this article, using data from our study of abbreviated words, we attempt to answer the following questions: How can we shorten a word in French? What are the correct forms (means) of pronunciation of initialisms and acronyms? Can an initialism be considered as a separate (common) word? Before investigating the origin and function of various abbreviations in the French press, the preferred modality of each era, or even the basic rationales behind using such abbreviations, we define a term for abbreviated forms. It seems important to us to present our own definition and to illustrate in detail the problems of the subject. French uses four forms of abbreviated words to help create new words and build vocabulary. These four main forms of abbreviated words are: initials, acronyms, abbreviations, and truncations. At the same time, our goal in this article is to clarify the problem of pronunciation of initialisms and acronyms. To achieve our goal, we used a survey methodology conducted among people from different social groups and ages, in order to determine forms of oral speech and decipher abbreviations of the French daily press. Based on our research, we created a data table on the pronunciation of initialisms in French. The corpus elements and the survey conducted provide us with reliable data on the functioning, interpretation and decoding of abbreviated words in modern French. The survey results allow us to observe the fact that there are two main ways of using abbreviations in French: reading and spelling. Our analysis shows that the obligation to use reading to write an acronym depends, in part, on a number of formal conditions. One of these conditions is the syllable and phonetic structure of acronyms. In conclusion, based on the survey results, we describe the table and types of abbreviations in the corpus of our study.

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Esquisse d’un modèle linguistique pour l’étude des nominations émergentes

Author(s): Agata Jackiewicz / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

The article presents the outline of a linguistic model that is part of a methodology for identifying and analyzing emerging or referentially unstable namings, such as cultural appropriation, street harassment, climate refugee or ecocide. The model and the method are intended to guide the interpretation – manual or semi-automatic – of the referential expressions, according to the semantic-cognitive type of the designated entity (human entity, social process, event, etc.), but also taking into account interdiscursive negotiations that affect the choice of terms and their uses. The proposed approach is original and is based on several guiding ideas: (1) take into account the complexity of the naming and the entanglement of his different facets which are categorization, meaning, performativity and valuation (desirability, preferences, social norms), (2) target the development phase of the naming (observe how speakers deal with the unstable): for this purpose, we will use the notion of identification between weak or identified entities and strong or reference entities, (3) report in an integrated way the referential elaboration of knowledge, the lexical and semantic elaboration of expressions, and the expression of intersubjective attitudes. The scientific framework combines three main disciplinary areas: automatic language processing (construction and representation of knowledge, reference), semantics (elaboration of meanings) and discourse analysis (interdiscursive elaboration of concepts and terms).

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Les motifs phraséologiques pour distinguer les genres littéraires. Sur l’exemple des motifs de la communication verbale et non verbale

Author(s): Iva Novakova / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

The present paper is based on the assumption that the language of the novel is characterized by a statistically relevant overrepresentation of certain linguistic units (e.g. lexemes, key words, collocations and colligations, Siepmann 2015). First steps towards checking the validity of this hypothesis had been undertaken in pioneering works in the 1990s/2000s (e.g. Stubbs & Barth 2003). These studies were however limited by the small size of their (exclusively English) corpora. The present study explores the role of some patterns (phraseological motifs) in distinguishing French literary subgenres. It also proposes a case study of some motifs related to the verbal (dire avec sourire ‘to say with a smile’) and non-verbal communication (adresser un sourire ‘to send a smile’). Unlike traditional corpus-stylistic analyses, which frequently focus on the style of a single author, our corpus-driven approach identifies lexico-syntactic constructions in literary genres which are automatically extracted from the corpora. The main purpose is to show the relevance of the notion of phraseological motif (Legallois 2012; Longrée & Mellet 2013; Novakova & Siepmann 2020) for the distinction of literary subgenres. Linking form and meaning, these ‘multidimensional units’ fulfil pragmatic as well as discursive functions. The data has been extracted from large French corpora of the PhraseoRom research project https://phraseorom.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr. They are accessible on http://phraseotext. univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/phraseobase/index.html and contain 1000 novels (published from the 1950s to the present), partitioned into six sub-corpora: general literature (GEN), crime fiction (CRIM), romances (ROM), historical novels (HIST), science fiction (SF) and fantasy (FY). The results of our study reveal some unexpected differences between the literary subgenres: e.g. the motif dire d’une voix ‘to say in a voice’ in HIST compared to GEN. In FY, expressions of verbal communication are related to shouting and screaming. Expressions related to the non-verbal communication (prendre dans ses bras ‘to take in one’s arms’) are specific to ROM, where body language is overrepresented. In SF, there is a very limited number of these types of expressions. More generally, the motifs provide the link between the micro level (phraseological recurrences) and the macro level (the fictional script).

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Le statut sémantico-discursif de comme je l’ai dit

Author(s): Margarita Rouski / Language(s): French Issue: 74/2021

The current paper examines the function of a specific construction comme je l’ai dit and its role in a particular type of oral discourse. The phrase occurs with high frequency in an established discursive genre, namely, debates in the European Parliament (EP). It is presented as a parenthetic construction, including elements with an anaphoric function, and endowed with a specific discursive aim. In order to better understand the raison d’être of this syntactically autonomous form in the specialized corpus, a mixed semantic-discursive approach is adopted. The aim of the study is to highlight the main properties of the construction bearing a particular functionality and to specify its status in discourse from the perspective of the active interlocutor. Given its rather simple morphological paradigm, its rather stereotypical enlargements, and its easy mobility, comme je l’ai dit reveals certain specificities of the referential process. The reference of the anadeictic type causes a sort of “duplication” of the object of discourse and also its reconfiguration. The return to the already said, with the aim of re-modeling it, is in fact accompanied by a re-saying, a repetition of the locutor’s own speech. The interrupting, the going back, the reworking and advancing, involved in the use of the analysed construction, seem to have several implications. The presence of comme je l’ai dit is justified by the speaker’s intention to construct relevant discourse that takes into account intralocutive and interlocutive dialogism. The interruption followed by a relaunch is a signal that redirects the attention of the interlocutor, while the repetition, which is a reminder of the already said, preserves the continuity of the discourse. The two processes set up by comme je l’ai dit, anaphoric reference and repetition, have the function of ensuring the coherence and the continuity of ongoing discourse through the tradeoff between saying, repeating and discursive memory. The importance of adjustments between speaker and interlocutor is the basis of the chosen discursive strategy. The functional perspective brings out the interpersonal aspect of the referential procedure.

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The Concept Human: New Achievements and Prospects.

Author(s): Zhanna Krasnobaieva-Chorna / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

Review of: Zhanna Krasnobaieva-Chorna - Iryna Harbera, “The Language-Areal Field of the Concept Human: Phrase-Code Level and Linguo-Computer Modelling” (TOV “Nilan-LTD”, Vinnytsia 2018, pages 170).

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COMPLEX PATTERNS IN L1-TO-L2 PHONETIC TRANSFER: THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH PLOSIVE AND AFFRICATE FAKE GEMINATES AND NONHOMORGANIC CLUSTERS BY POLISH LEARNERS

Author(s): Andrzej Porzuczek,Arkadiusz Rojczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper analyses the way that Polish learners of English articulate plosive and affricate consonants preceding another obstruent occlusive in both L1 and L2. Considering that English allows unreleased plosives before any stop, that is in a wider range of contexts than Polish, a Polish learner may find it confusing that it is regarded unacceptable to block the affricate release before another (in English always homorganic) affricate. In Polish the first of two homorganic affricates is often reduced to the occlusion phase, while unreleased plosives appear very rarely in non-homorganic contexts. This apparent paradox in the treatment of affricate and plosive consonant clusters may lead to complicated transfer patterns, which we examine by observing the release suppression tendencies in Polish and English phrases and sentences read by phonetically trained and untrained Polish learners of English. The results indicate strong negative transfer tendencies and suggest a connection between gemination patterns and unreleased occlusive distribution in a language.

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ŠEŠTOKŲ ŽODYNO PLĖTIMO FRAZEOLOGIZMAIS PROBLEMOS

Author(s): Lina Milaševičienė,Nijolė Bražienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (44)/2015

Native language is a communication tool through which a nation reveals its culture and human thinking. Idiomatic expressions, significant part of the Lithuanian language, are important in communication and thinking. There are objective and subjective reasons why nowadays idiomatic expressions are rarely used in everyday speech although it is stated in the basic education curriculum that students must be able to recognize and understand idiomatic expressions, know their figurative meaning and use them. Although sufficient theoretical material and practical tasks are provided in the textbook and workbook of the Lithuanian language for form 5 and form 6, the survey showed that 6 formers had difficulty recognizing idiomatic expressions in a text and understanding them, mixed their general and figurative meaning, guessed figurative meaning, could not remember fixed meaning, tried to remember a situation where it had been heard or used. When asked to produce a coherent text with idiomatic expressions the surveyed often used idiomatic expressions beside the point, rewrote provided idiomatic expressions, tried to remember a situation where it had been used, read or heard, could not replace an emotionally neutral word with an idiomatic expression and produce a creative text.

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W POSZUKIWANIU KOLOKACJI I ICH ODPOWIEDNIKÓW PRZEKŁADOWYCH Z WYKORZYSTANIEM NARZĘDZI ELEKTRONICZNYCH I DANYCH KORPUSOWYCH

Author(s): Tomasz Szutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 177/2022

This paper presents a problem of stabilized word combinations (collocations) extraction and determining their translational equivalents in Polish and Russian languages. Multi-word language units have been the subject of linguistic research in various aspects of language for many years. However, still relatively few linguists and translators use in their work electronic corpora data, that in the 21st century should be considered as an important source of linguistic information, including real and potential translational equivalents. Author discusses the possibilities of using software as one of the methods of collocation extraction from text material and analyses selected units in a parallel corpus.

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Research On Gender Problem In Azerbaijani Language

Author(s): Gunel Kamil Mammadova / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2022

Gender phraseology of the Azerbaijani language has not been studied enough. In general, the national-cultural specifics and linguocultural value of gender phraseology have not been sufficiently studied in Azerbaijan. Research in this area is almost non-existent. Gender phraseology covers linguistic units that are closely related to the history, customs and traditions, way of thinking, national character of the people. Identifying gender markers in phraseology, revealing their quantitative indicators, revealing the historical and cultural features of the constituent units, as well as clarifying the role of gender relations in the formation of the general semantics of the phraseological unit remains one of the issues to be addressed by our linguistics. This article provides information on what ideas are formed and what research is conducted on gender in Azerbaijani linguistics.

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UNITĂȚI FRAZEOLOGICE DIN DOMENIUL CULINAR

Author(s): Adriana Ieremciuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2022

In this article we aim to analyze one of the most important elements of life, the food. Without it, the existence would not be possible. We set out to follow the basic phraseological units that involve culinary terminology, an analysis that aims to stand out their importance and the meanings they acquire.

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Frazemska sinonimija u Pobunama Derviša Sušića

Author(s): Edina Kečo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 32/2021

The presence of phraseological synonymy is analyzed in the corpus of the literary work Pobune by Derviš Sušić. The aim is to explain the use of phraseological synonymy and close meanings of phrasems in the mentioned work, as well as the use of phrasems variants. Methods of analysis and description were used. The obtained results indicate that the synonymous phrasems wasn’t found in the work, but that the frequent use close meanings of phrasems, as well as variant forms of phrasems. Based on the found, analyzed and described phrasems, it was determined that phrasems from the analyzed corpus and phrasems from consulted sources don’t have the same meaning, but close, nuanced, while the meaning of variant forms of phrasems remains unchanged. The phrasems found in the analyzed corpus are mostly generally known, although certain examples of phrasems haven’t been recorded in the consult- ed sources.

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PRIKAZ: Yearbook of phraseology

Author(s): Azra Hodžić-Čavkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2020

Review of: Europhras, Yearbook of phraseology, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin – Boston, 2020, 222 pgs. Reviewed by: Azra Hodžić-Čavkić.

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Składnia frazeologizmów o funkcjach przymiotnika (zarys problematyki)

Author(s): Anna Pajdzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article is concerned with phraseological units in the adjectival function (e.g. cały i zdrowy ‘alive and well’, pierwszy lepszy ‘just any’, jaki taki ‘passable, good enough’, starej daty ‘old-school, outdated’, całą gębą ‘through and through’). Attention is also paid to the units that are used both adjectivally and adverbially (e.g. na medal ‘first-class ’, pod adresem ‘at the address’, do białego rana ‘till dawn’, na czarną godzinę ‘for a rainy day’, pi razy oko ‘more or less’). They are analyzed with regard to their internal structure, i.e. relationships between their components, as well as their syntactic behaviour in relation to the rest of the utterance. Internally, both groups of expressions are very diverse. With respect to their function, they can be:– attributive, i.e. standing in relation the noun only: od siedmiu boleści ‘mediocre, pathetic’, spod ciemnej gwiazdy ‘of the deepest dye’, świeżo upieczony ‘new and inexperienced’, z krwi i kości ‘full bloodied’, czystej wody ‘of the first order’;– attributive or complementary (i.e. standing in relation to the noun or the copula), e.g. pod psem ‘rotten; under the weather’, cały w skowronkach ‘happy as a lark’, w czepku urodzony ‘born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth’, nadgryziony zębem czasu ‘time-worn’, zamknięty na cztery spusty ‘locked and bolted’. The latter category can also be used in apposition, as attributive complements, or in relation to the verb.

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Dziurawiąc cytat: problem zmiennych w wyrażeniach mowy niezależnej

Author(s): Jan Wiślicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The present paper discusses the problem of special phrases which, while occurring within quotational expressions, are not parts of quoted expressions. That kind of phrases provide variables marking lacking parts of the source utterance. The proposed analysis unearths an interesting problem: quotational expressions behave like phrases that are semantically both atomic and complex. A convincing solution, as I show, can be proposed if one assumes that mechanisms of word-formation are treated as operations defined for full-fledged syntactic structures. In this sense the paper provides an argument supporting a unified approach to morphology and syntax in the form of a single morphosyntactic mechanism, developed in the literature within the account proposed by Marantz (1996, 1997).

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