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Arabic Grammatical Loans in Contemporary Swahili Prose Texts

Author(s): Maddalena Toscano,Sergio Baldi / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2015

The presence of Arabic loans in Swahili has not become subject of reliable corpus-based analyses so far. The in-fluence of Arabic language on Swahili can be investigated in literary sources, but reference to whether writers are Muslims or not is essential for their differentiation. This article intends to investigate the presence of Arabic in contemporary prose texts written by Tanzanian authors from Zanzibar and from mainland. The electronic corpus has two sets, Tanzanian cor-pus and Zanzibarian corpus respectively which are almost equal in size. The reference list of Arabic loans has been ex-tracted from two published sources. Using Concordance, a concordance software for text analysis, the frequency of words representing grammatical classes is tested. Differences in the two corpora have been indicated, as well as some shared occurrences of items of Arabic origin (mostly adverbs and conjunctions).

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Der Stellenwert von Aufgabenorientierung und Formfokussierung in der phraseologiebezogenen Wortschatzarbeit

Author(s): Marios Chrissou / Language(s): German Issue: 73/2020

A controversial issue for teachers of German as a foreign language is the balance between content and form. This also applies to vocabulary work in the field of phraseology. The modeling of language competence in the communicative approach is based on the understanding of language as a means of communication. Accordingly, the primary claim of communicative language didactics is to go beyond the description of structures of the foreign language and to place appropriate, situated linguistic action at the center of teaching. Against this theoretical background, content-oriented approaches such as Task-Based Learning have emerged in foreign language didactics, which emphasize the communicative aspect of language and place the didactic emphasis on situated, authentic tasks. Nevertheless, this emphasis did not lead to the suppression of form-based approaches which consider precision in language mastery by focusing on formal aspects through exercises to be necessary and desirable.

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SULLA PERCEZIONE DEL DIVERSO NELLA FRASEOLOGIA ITALIANA E CROATA

Author(s): Antonia Luketin Alfirević,katarina Matković / Language(s): Italian Issue: 14/2021

The identification of one’s own community as well as the definition of oneself stems from the contraposition with otherness through various prejudices or stereotypes. The aim of this paper is to analyse linguistic reflections of the perception of oneself as well as of others within the Italian and Croatian phraseology. Having in mind certain general considerations about the fundamental bonds between the language and the culture, the Author analyses idiomatic expressions containing ethnonyms. The Italian examples indicating foreigners are confronted with the Croatian examples in order to establish the image of others as well as the peculiarities of different cultures and mentalities within the field of phraseology. Lastly, similarities and differences between the two languages are described at the semantic, sociolinguistic and cultural level.

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STRUCTURA FRAZEOLOGISMELOR AVÂND DREPT COMPONENTĂ CONCEPTUL DE BAN DIN CIOCOII VECHI ȘI NOI DE NICOLAE FILIMON

Author(s): Andreea Brigitte Baștea (Godan) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between language and culture in the context of the Romanian literature from the 19th century. We study the phraseologies that concern lexical fields approaching money in Ciocoii vechi și noi [Old and new upstarts] novel by Nicolae Filimon, a well-known Romanian novel from the 19th century. Tthe researched phraseologies mentioned here may be considered as approaches of culture and language furthermore transposed into social mentality. Within the phraseological structure, we divided the phraseologies that have as component the concept of money into 15 groups. The biggest source domain for phraseologies that have MONEY in the foreground, is the category “To steal, to rob, to deceive”. Eight structures of phraseologies are frequently referring to: achieving a social status, making a profit or dealing with profitable business, bribing someone, corruption and corrupt servants and functionaries, money for daily expenses, savings, stealing little by little from the merchandise, theft under complicity, and these can be the most important source areas to define the meaning of money in the analysed novel . While the other 7 more phraseological structures are used in other specific social contexts with a lower frequency of use: deceiving, even torturing in order to get money from somebody, winning money from others during the card game, smart defrauding in order to get rich or stealing little from the small amount of money and a lot from a huge amount of money; a well-endowed royal army; monetary account; paying off a debt; not to be fooled by someone or “par pari refertur”( lat.) Therefore, we can notice that phraseological units need more attention for the correct acquisition in terms of form and meaning, because they are an important means of enriching and beautifying expression. By analysing this novel, Ciocoii vechi şi noi, we managed to prove that the literature of the 19th century is an important one for the Romanian literature, both from a lexical point of view, and a semantic and etymological point of view. The archaic language used in Romanian, the words with influences from other languages regarding the lexeme ban, prove once again that the Romanian novels of this period enrich the Romanian language, and that this fact must be highlighted at any cost, in order to be able to underline the fact that the literature of the 19th century had a special contribution in the history of Romanian literature, in which Ciocoii vechi şi noi is a reference novel for the subject of the our doctoral thesis - denominations of money present in the Romanian novels of the 19th century .

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Елена Евгеньевна Королёва (21 июня 1951 — 20 апреля 2021)

Author(s): Olga Rovnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Jelena Korolyova, Daugavpils University Professor, Dialectologist, Since 2008 she has been a member of the Commission for the Study of Old Believers of the International Committee of Slavists, wrote articles on lexicoraphy, ethnolinguistics, phraseology, and folklore. She published a unique work ‒ the first two volumes of the dictionary of Latgale Old Believers’ dialects (2017: A‒В, 2020: Г‒Ж), which reflect the spiritual culture of the Old Believers. Her works are an important contribution to the study of the language, culture, history of the Baltic Old Believers.

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Le facteur socio-historique à l’origine des changements de sens: cas de l’ancien français

Author(s): Rose Sene / Language(s): French Issue: 15/2021

This article is about studying an essential factor in the change of direction. The analysis of the semantic evolution of words in usage makes it possible to compare the meanings of words between different periods in the history of the language. The comparison is made here prospectively, thus going back to the etymological meanings and to the first meanings found in Old French. This shows that the words adapt to the social, historical and cultural situation as well as the expressive needs of its users. Beyond the comparison which puts the etymon and the word in parallel in the context of the 12th century with a feudal society governed by chivalrous values, we notice these semantic changes imbued with the history and the lived experience of the speakers. Words have acquired new meanings from the change of context and to meet the demands of a new context. The history of French therefore teaches us that language is a system subject to change. The evolution of language brings about the evolution of the meaning of words. These changes in meaning take place for different reasons which involve the speaker and which are correlated with context and socio-historical events. Various factors are likely to motivate the passage from one direction to another. The procedures are also varied and always offer surprising results which arouse the curiosity of the researcher. Both should be considered as a whole and analyzed according to usage to judge their relevance. We have learned from this study that the French language, as well as any other language, lives and progresses to meet the need for expression of speakers.

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FOLLOWING THE PATH OF SELFSURRENDER TO ACHIEVE INTEGRITY

Author(s): Laura Maftei / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Since their birth the human beings are fiercely fighting to survive and to achieve prosperity. During their entire life, the purpose is to obtain a higher comfort, which they perceive as a way towards perfect happiness. Focusing on this goal, men often overcome the voice of their moral consciousness and make all the efforts to reach their targets, even by sacrificing their human relations or their own character. Based on these human nature tendencies, Christianity comes to completely reverse the values: instead of stubbornness it suggests self-surrender and replaces the anxious control of life with a constant and deep faith in God.

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Frazemi kojima se izražavaju emocije

Author(s): Sanja Merzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2021

The subject of our research are idioms which express emotions of happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust and shame. Research has shown that this type of idioms can be divided into three categories: idioms which have an emotion as its component, idioms which have a somatic component used to express emotions and idioms which express emotions through its context. It’s interesting that there is a higher number of idioms which denote negative emotions: sadness, fear and anger compared to idioms denoting positive emotions. The result of this research is that idioms are not only direct pictures of our emotions but also idioms with a somatic component represent bodily reactions which originate while experiencing certain emotion

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Говор Ваљевске Подгорине

Author(s): Dragana Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

Valjevska Podgorina is a region in western Serbia. Podgorina is a geographical, ethnographic, historic and administrative area around the upstream portions of the rivers Kolubara, Jadar, Tamnava and their tributaries. The speech of Valjevska Podgorina has not been studied in detail, nor has it been the subject of a monograph, except in the form of partial references in the context of vocalism. In view of this, the aim and main purpose of this thesis is to fill in another blank section of the Serbian dialect map, taking into consideration the following two most prominent and most significant features in terms of linguistic geography: definition of the southern border of yat dialects and definition of the points of contact with ijekavian-ekavian speeches. In accordance with the standard principles of traditional Serbian dialectology, the thesis is written by using the methods of linguistic geography and descriptive and comparative methods for the analysis of the materials, which are classified according to these principles. The thesis analyses characteristic prosodic, phonetic and morphological features of the idiom belonging to the speeches with unsubstituted yat (subdialect of Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect) in northwest Serbia, as well as of the idiom belonging to ijekavian-ekavian speeches of the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect in western Serbia. From the prosodic viewpoint, the thesis describes the inventory and distribution of prosodemes, (confirming the steady Neo-Shtokavian system) and the fate of posttonic length, concluding that Daničić’s posttonic length has been well preserved in this region. From the phonetic and phonological standpoint, the thesis presents the inventory and distribution of phonemes; ascertaining that different outcomes of old yat differentiate the studied area. From the morphological viewpoint, the thesis analyses the morphological features of the speech – declension, conjugation and unchangeable words.

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Змијски речник југоисточне Србије

Author(s): Nedeljko Bogdanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

Змея (зегрепз), со своими натуральными и выяленными признаками (численност пород, форма тела, способ передвижения, цвет кожи и узоры на ней, таинственость появления, ядовитость укуса...) занимает значимое место в жизни человека южносерского ареала. Она являетса обитателем крестьянских местно стей и спутником сельских жителей, больше всего скотоводов и земледельцев. В народной культуре змея является хтоническим животным, с которым связывается культ предков. Для неё связаны и многие верования, суеверия, предания. Её демоническая натура определена её ролью в жизни человека (может быть хорошей, но и злой). Выявленное и воображаемое положение змеи в жизни человека создало ей исключительное положение в народном искусстве: в мифологии, в народной поэзии (лирическое стихотворение, предания), в изобразительном выражении кустарного изделия (вязание, вышивка), в декоративных деталях народного строительства (на отдельных предметах, каймах, рамах). Всё то богатое отношение между змеёй и человеком создало и соотвествующую лексику и фразеологию, отличающихся и глубокой древностю. Змеиный словарь юговосточной Сербии является, тематически, региональным и диалектным словарём, приносящим лексику о змее из сербских народних говоров, известных в диалектологии как говоры призренско-тимочской области. Кроме словарной части, в Приложениях, дана и част этнологического материала: пословицы, поговорку, загадки, верования и суеверия, а также и две народные песни. С более широкого простора, иллюстрации ради, дан и более маленкий выбор мокротопонимов и зоонимов, образованных от основ змея и змий. Это пополняет картину о широте понятия змеи в народной жизни юговосточной Сербии о сербском языке вообще.

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS WITH A ZOONYM COMPONENT IN ENGLISH AND BOSNIAN/CROATIAN/SERBIAN

Author(s): Adnan Bujak,Đelaludina Šukalić / Language(s): English Issue: XIX/2021

The aim of this paper is to offer insight on how English idioms containing the zoonym component are translated into Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The analysis includes 82 examples of English idioms taken from the lexicographic source, bilingual dictionary, which were then categorized according to their zoonym constituents and employed translation strategies. The results show that the most frequent translation strategy is the one of null equivalence. In other words, due to the lack of identical or similar structure in the target language, a complete paraphrase of an idiom with a zoonym component is the most frequently employed translation strategy. The paper also indicates the need for further research related to the comprehension and translation of idioms in English for the speakers of BCS.

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OXANA CHIRA, AURELIA CODREANU, ARTUR CHIRA, DICȚIONAR ROMÂN-GERMAN DE FRAZEOLOGISME SOMATICE, AV AKADEMIKERVERLAG, 2019

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

Dicționarul român-german de frazeologisme somatice (The Romanian-German Dictionary of Somatic Phraseology), signed by Oxana Chira, Aurelia Codreanu, Artur Chira, and published by AV Akademikerverlag is an original work due to the manner of the internal presentation of the body of texts, namely the alphabet ordering of the somatic phrases and expressions. The work has a double purpose: selecting phrases used both in Romania and the Republic of Moldavia, developed based on the somatic element (arm, head, finger, face, mouth etc.) and their equivalent / translation into German.

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Proverbele din La Celestina. De la original la traducere

Author(s): Alin Titi Călin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (34)/2021

The present study is included in the paremiology and translation studies research, following the use of proverbs in a Spanish fiction text and the way of translating them into Romanian. The text under analysis is the first important work in Spanish literature, of universal value, “La Celestina”, by Fernando de Rojas, translated into Romanian “Celestina. Tragicomedia lui Calisto și a Melibeei”, by Nina Ecaterina Popescu and Lascăr Sebastian. In the analysis we follow the situational and functional context of the proverbs and the means of equivalence in the target text. We also highlight the changes, using Quintilian’s construction figures and compare the paremiological expressions with the paremias used in Miguel de Cervantes' novel, “Don Quixote” and translated into Romanian.

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RÉNOVATION DU CONCEPT DE «PHRASE» CHEZ FLAUBERT ET BAUDELAIRE

Author(s): Pierre Fleury / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

The term “phrase”, which is at the heart of Baudelaire's and Flaubert's aesthetics, had neither the same meaning nor the same connotation as today. In the paper, we notice that in these two writers, the sentence-phrase is at the same time in the function of the classical ideal, but also a departure from it, which is directly related to the issue of social and literary activity. It is within this linguistic paradox that style itself is outlined. To demonstrate this, we will observe “samples” of phrasesentences, analyzing the way in which this linguistic phenomenon is set out in the writing.

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Türkiye’deki Serbest Hukuk Çevirmenlerinin Karşılaştıkları Terminolojik Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerisi

Author(s): Beyza Başer,Ceylan Yildirim Yaşar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2021

The legal environment we are exposed to makes the importance of the legal field more visible. There is no place for error in legal translations, otherwise there may be unfair judgments. A standard legal terminology is a requirement for legal translation to be done in the most accurate way without any misunderstandings. In this study, the terminological problems faced by freelance legal translators in Turkey are examined with descriptive analysis. It is also revealed the possible effects of a standardized legal terminology on legal translators and the translation process. Legal terminological problems faced by freelance translators in Turkey are identified by examining a professional site proz.com and various translator solidarity groups on social media. It has been observed that the posts of legal translators cover generally questions regarding the equivalent of a legal term in the relevant language. There are also questions on how to meet some legal expressions. It has been found that the main problem is due to the lack of a standard use of equivalents of relevant terms or expressions. In this context, in order to solve the terminological problems encountered, it is proposed that a multilingual standardized terminology database is prepared within the state and made available to freelance translators.

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Atasözlerinin Tasniflendirilmesi Üzerine Tematik Bir Yaklaşım: Antalya Örneği

Author(s): Atila Kartal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2021

Proverbs are essential documents of in Turkish folk culture, including written and oral Turkish literature. They reflect people’s accumulated wisdom through concise sentences loaded with deep meaning. They also encompass a massive philosophy of life in short expressions, independent of the burden of words. Proverbs guide, educate, warn, and instruct. They are concise formulaic expressions that delve into every topic of the human experience, from education to teaching, agriculture to folk calendar, nature to the universe, literature to art, hunger to satiety, bravery to cowardice, and generosity to stinginess. Proverbs are a part of Turkish national culture; and lay at the core of our oral and written culture. The first examples of written proverbs we know of date back to the Orkhon Inscriptions and Divânu Lugâti't-Türk. What’s more, they are still timeless – and evolving both in meaning and influence. Sometimes the words within many of these formulaic expressions have change. Some have gotten richer by taking on regional color. Others have been long. Nevertheless, they have the power to say a lot with few words, are among the wealthiest sources of knowledge and language we have. This article – with reference to written sources – will offer you information about proverbs haling from Antalya, Turkey, with a categorical focus on those that highlight personal feelings, thoughts, and lives. Next, we have made an attempt to assess the findings will be assessed through the lens of variant, theme, function, subject, and synonym, and offer insight into their place within the broader scope of Turkish proverbs in general.

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Hikâye Anlatıcısının Silinişi ve Okurun Belirişi: Hüzünlü Haz Olarak Okuma Sorunu

Author(s): Atiye Gülfer Gündoğdu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2021

In this article “The Storyteller: Reflections on the Works of Nikolai Leskov,” Walter Benjamin discusses the crisis of the reader faced with the written text due to the disappearance of the oral storyteller. Basically, the reader and the text are alone together as the storyteller's body and voice vanish into written world. In our opinion, this position reveals the double-dimensional world of meaning that emerges in the contrast of pleasure and sadness of the reading experience. With the disappearance of that voice and body, the reader – who is left alone with the text- becomes active and free in producing their own meaning for the literary text so frequently associated with pleasure dimension of reading. This article analyzes two essays by Hasan Ali Toptaş – “What Happened to the Storyteller?” and “Being a Reader of the Reader” in Letters and Notes (Org: Harfler ve Notalar) – in the context of the problem of gloomy pleasure of reading. While it highlights the role of the reader, also it also makes room for a reading thought that does not ignore the concept of experience in overcoming this problem – referring to the author's outstanding novel, A Thousand Gloomy Pleasures (Org: Bin Hüzünlü Haz). It also discusses how the exchange of experience can be enlivened in the practice of reading in the relationship that Peter Brooks established between psychoanalysis and storytelling, or hermeneutical thought, which emphasizes the dialogue environment between the reader and the text.

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З ІСТОРІЇ МОВНИХ КЛІШЕ ДІЛОВОДСТВА ТА ДОКУМЕНТОЗНАВСТВА

Author(s): Halyna Lukash,Olga Anisimova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article is to shed light on the history of stable phrases of reference in the context of documentary linguistics. The methodology is based on a combination of structural-typological and cognitivediscursive approaches, which made it possible to identify and generalize the main features and differences of language clichés, stamps and documentary formulas; delve into the semantic, structural, linguistic and stylistic spheres of documentation in terms of the feasibility of introducing clichés and stamps into the text. The scientific novelty of the work is to outline the main features of language clichés, typology of clichéd units on various grounds, highlighting the factors that affect the functioning of language stereotypes. identifying trends in the development of stable combinations of documents at the stage of formation. Conclusions. The most productive language constructions in the documentary text are analyzed and described. It is noted that the formation of the language composition of the documentary text of a certain era was due to foreign language factors. Cliché semantics encompasses the whole complex of extralinguistic meanings acquired as a result of the collective experience of mankind and connects the semantic characteristics of the verbal sign with the system of traditions of the people, is objectified by communication and stereotypical linguistic situation. Among the results is what is established: clichés and document formulas are an organic element of the text of documents. It is proved that modern functional studies of documentary linguistics require a certain reorientation of the analysis of language units to the integration of conceptual, linguistic and communicative aspects of the function.

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ФРАЗЕОЛОШКИ СТАТУС КОНСТРУКЦИЈЕ СА ЗНАЧЕЊЕМ ОДЗВОНИЛО ЈЕ НЕКОМЕ/НЕЧЕМУ У СЛОВЕНСКИМ ЈЕЗИЦИМА

Author(s): Zdravko M. Babić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

This paper investigates the use of the construction with the meaning Оdzvonilo je nekome/nečemu and its phraseological characteristics in Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Czech and Slovak. Regardless of the specific differences between these languages, in terms of the lexicographic nature of this construction, our analysis has shown that the construction with the meaning Оdzvonilo je nekome/nečemu in all these languages is used in the same or almost the same contexts. This expression is most often used in publications, particularly in newspaper headings, which represent the most expressive part of the text. As this expression does not have the status of phraseologism in the said languages, our main goal was to draw attention to the characteristics that, in our opinion, provide it with such a status. These are, primarily, a complex process of creation (ellipsis, metonymy, and metaphor), pronounced expressiveness, the possibility of using a full and truncated form of the perfect with the meaning related to what is yet expected or hinted, and impersonal form.

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РЕГИОНАЛНИ И ЛОКАЛНИ ТОПОНИМИ У СРПСКОЈ, ХРВАТСКОЈ, БУГАРСКОЈ И ЧЕШКОЈ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЈИ

Author(s): Pavel Krejčí / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

The comparative method allows us to make remarkable conclusions. In the examples, it is obvious that there is often an universal model of phraseology used in several national societies and which shows differences exclusively in the toponymic component (Serb./Croat. mirna XTOP, Serb./Croat./Bulg. proći kao XANTHROP na YTOP…). On the other hand, we can reveal a model that is associated only with a certain national community, with its language, and for which there is no analogy in another, although neighboring language (Bulg. XANTHROP ot YTOP in the sense of “I do not know who”). The toponymic component (or what it represents) can be in a direct motivational connection with the meaning of the phraseme (Kosovo, Chlumec), where without some cultural-historical education or knowledge, certain phrasemes cannot be correctly interpreted (decoded). There are, however, cases where the toponymic component may have no connection with the meaning of the phraseme in which it is a part – an example of this is the Czech collocation vrabci z Čech or the Bulgarian kum Dušan ot Niš.

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