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Tipologia variaţiei frazeologice

Author(s): Liliana Trinca / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Phraseology, as an important language compartment, has a dynamic character. The dynamics of phraseology is manifested by the increasing number of phraseological units and by their modification, as well as by a very productive phenomenon of phraseological variation, "phraseological derailment", which is a type of reorganization (by de-structuring / re-structuring the signifier and the signified of the phraseological unit) that occurs spontaneously or with a stylistic intent. "Phraseological derailment", the emergence of phraseological duplicates, whether ephemeral or occasional, is a testimony to the fact that phraseological units are dynamic models. The perpetual competition between canonical forms alias traditional ones as well as between various duplicates and innovative variants catalyses multiple changes in expression and content. The article focuses on the dynamics of phraseological units with archaic elements in modern Romanian from the perspective of the phenomenon of "phraseological derailment" and related phenomena, highlighting, as much as possible, a series of changes of form and meaning of some phraseological models consecrated by use as canonical and traceable forms in Romanian dictionaries.

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Семантична съпоставка между фразеологични структури с опорна дума риба в български и гръцки

Author(s): Radostina Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper compares the forms and semantics of phraseological units in Bulgarian and Greek, using the head word Fish. The resulting observations of the study allow for the drawing of some linguistic and ethno-psycholinguistic conclusions regarding these two Balkan nations. In analysing the construction of semantic equivalents in the two languages, both complete and partial similarities can be observed. Semantic classification reveals that phraseologisms are personally orientated, and that amongst these, those which characterise qualities, actions, and states evoking negative emotions are seen to dominate.

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How people use words to make meanings: Semantic types meet valencies

Author(s): Patrick Hanks / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper proposes that meanings in text are both created and understood by matching actual text occurrences (or creations) against patterns of usage stored in the brain. A ‘pattern’ in this sense has two elements: valency, which is comparatively stable, and one or more sets of preferred collocations, which are highly variable. To understand collocations, we draw on prototype theory developed by the cognitive scientist Eleanor Rosch (1973a, 1973b), its philosophical counterpart developed by the philosopher Hilary Putnam (1970, 1975a, 1975b), and the linguistic insights of John Sinclair (1966, 1987, 1991, 2004). Collocates are grouped into lexical sets according to their semantic type, using the Generative Lexicon theory of James Pustejovsky (1995). Corpus pattern analysis shows that each word habitually participates in only a comparatively small number of patterns, and that most patterns are unambiguous in their interpretation. This yields a new theory of language use – a ‘double helix theory’ called the theory of norms and exploitations ( Hanks in press). This argues that language use is governed by not one but two interactive sets of rules: a set of rules for using words normally and a set of rules for exploiting the norms creatively.

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Категоријата простор во фразеологијата (македонско-руско-чешки паралели)

Author(s): Biljana Mirčevska-Boševa,Jasminka Delova-Siljanova / Language(s): Macedonian Publication Year: 0

Space as one of the most important categories is ever present issue in different scientific disciplines, as well as in linguistics. In this article we present a small fragment of the category space or more preciously the phrases denoting close distance. This segment is reviewed in Macedonian, Czech and Russian language in order to perceive similarities and differences in the expression of this meaning in the phraseological material in the languages representatives of South Slavic West Slavic and East Slavic language group.

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Фразеологизмы как компонент лексической компетенции иностранных граждан в изучении русского языка

Author(s): Natalia Pavlovna Andryushina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Russian testing system of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) is successfully operating for two decades. However, the levels of Russian language proficiency are still not described with sufficient completeness and validity. In the article the problem of reflection in the regulations of lexical competence, which is a system consisting of several components, is considered. One of the most important components are the idioms and set expressions. To form a tiered phraseological minimum is the most important task of the RFL specialists. This work proposes solutions to some theoretical and practical problems in the determining the scope and content of the phraseological lows.

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Hrvatski jezikoslovci i bosanskohercegovački standardnojezički izraz

Author(s): Krešimir Mićanović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

During the period of socialist Yugoslavia, the linguistic standard used in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the six republics constituting the multinational federation at the time, found itself on the periphery of linguists’ interest. Up until the mid-1960s, Bosnia and Herzegovina itself occupied only a loosely marginal position in the language policy field where the central positions had been granted to Croatian and Serbian linguists, i.e. their respective cultural institutions – Matica hrvatska (Zagreb) and Matica srpska (Novi sad), as per the agreements reached at the 1954 meeting in Novi Sad. This paper presents an analysis of the language policy context in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Bosnia and Herzegovina, when the government of the federal republic lent its support to the shaping of an autonomous language policy according to which the language standard of Bosnian-Herzegovinian Muslims, Serbs and Croats was identified as bosanskohercegovački standardnojezički izraz, „a distinct and specific aspect of the Serbo-Croatian i.e. Croato-Serbian standard language used in Bosnia and Herzegovina“. Special attention in the paper is paid to (polemical) texts by Croatian linguists concerning the language and variants used by Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins and Muslims in which the language standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina is explicitly taken into account. The analysis of texts published during the period shows, on the one hand, that Croatian linguists bemoan the eclipse of typical Croatian lexis in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s public use of language but are, on the other hand, disposed to identify the Bosnian-Herzegovinian language standard as a distinct variant.

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Паремиологични съответствия в превода на романи от испански на български език

Author(s): Véselka Nénkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Paremias are phraseological units (PUs) that constitute speech acts in their own right. With the help of examples taken from contemporary Spanish novels translated into Bulgarian, we demonstrate that, just like other phraseological units, paremias have variations and different connotations that sometimes require the translator to consider different possibilities in order for the paremia to fit in the context.

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Здравна политика на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Zhana Stancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Thе paper investigates the terms in Regulation (EU) 2017/746 in three language versions: Bulgarian, Polish, and English, as a representative case of the Public health terminology in European Union law. The source and the outer form of the terms are being compared. All Slavic terms in the Regulation are calques, whereby phraseological calques and loan blends are most frequent. The main difference between the grammatical structures of the terms in the compared languages is due to conversion as a typical morphological operation in English. The dominant structural type in all three languages is multi-component terms, with the prevalence of two-component terms.

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Преводът на исторически реалии от гръцки език

Author(s): Dimitrios Roumpos / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

The article covers issues in translating historical culture specifics from the Greek language. Translatability of such a specific lexical unit is admissible in principle, as long as the national and historical cultural colour is preserved in accordance with the artistic experience of the target environment and with the particular social and cultural context, provided that there is no excessive transcribing or providing of numerous explanations of the culture specifics in the fiction translation. The article places emphasis on the fact that solution should be sought on a case-bycase basis, in accordance with the choices, made by the translator, their skills, attitude and the linguistic tradition.

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Съпоставителен анализ на фразеологизми с неизменяемо местоимение и глагол в новогръцкия и българския език

Author(s): Rumen Rikevski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

This report makes a brief comparison of phraseologisms with unalterable pronoun and verb in Greek and Bulgarian. Pronouns don’t have declinable paradigm, don’t operate on grammatical and lexical level, they are simply a formal marker. Among them the two component’s Greek phraseologisms are the most difficult to locate and interpret because the phrases are very short, must function as free collocations, and in many cases are with opaque motivation.

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Фразеологичните единици, включващи в своя състав соматизма "глава" в българския и в японския език

Author(s): Katya Marinova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Depending on the degree of interlinguistic equivalence, the phraseological units with Bulgarian somatism head and Japanese somatism 頭 (atama, kashira; zu, tou) can be divided into: complete (absolute) phraseological equivalents, incomplete (partitive) phraseological equivalents, relative phraseological equivalents, phraseological analogs and formal phraseological equivalents. In view of the fact that the Bulgarian and Japanese languages belong to different language families, complete (absolute) phraseological equivalents can be found very rarely, but we can detect a lot of partitive and relative phraseological equivalents, as well as many formal phraseological equivalents. Since Bulgarian phraseological units with head exceed Japanese phraseological units in number, we detect more phraseological analogues in Bulgarian phraseological units.

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LOOK OUT! THERE’S A TRAP! – IDIOMS IN HUNGARIAN TRANSLATION

Author(s): Albina Puskás-Bajkó / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From the translator’s point of view, collocations and idioms belong to rather demanding text units, which often require a high level of linguistic, communicative, cultural and translational competence. In most cases, when an idiom is translated, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless. The analysis is primarily expected to offer an insight into the ways in which lexical collocations and idioms are commonly perceived and treated among students at the English class whose mother tongue is Hungarian. In addition, it will feed into a more general picture of translation practices in Hungary and Transylvania.

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Phraseology: A link between language and culture

Author(s): Jelisaveta Šafranj / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Language studies consider cultural models as well as linguistic cultural models which are of particular interest for phraseology since collectively shared cultural norms, attitudes or values can manifest themselves in presuppositions underlying proverbs, idioms and other prefabricated stereotypes. Culture is defi ned as the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The close link between culture and phraseology is best revealed by proverbs and fully idiomatic set phrases because they heavily rely on images, traditions and habits that are characteristic of a given culture. The paper deals with English phraseology which is the embodiment of English people consciousness and culture and at the same time serves as the means of communication and the knowledge of reality.

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СЛОВАЦКО-РУССКИЕ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМЫ КАК ПРЕДМЕТ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ ПО РУССКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ КАК ИНОСЛАВЯНСКОМУ

Author(s): Alena Kalechyts / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Phraseological units occupy a special role in the language as well as in the speech of each person. Due to the fact it is possible to distinguish the cultural component in the semantics of almost any set expression, which manifests the mentality of the nation, it is necessary to study idioms systematically and to include them in daily communication, which will contribute to a more effective development of communicative and linguistic-cultural competence of foreign students. The article discusses the selection problem of a certain group of phraseological units for the purpose of studying them among the Slovak students, as well as the issues of working out a presentation and semantisation of phraseological units in various university classes.

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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ СДВИГИ В ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИИ РУССКИХ ПАДЕЖНЫХ И ПРЕДЛOЖНО-ПАДЕЖНЫХ ФОРМ

Author(s): Aleš Brandner / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Phrases and their syntactic meanings in Old Russian were very different from contemporary language. In the course of the historical development there were shifts of meaning of some cases. These changes were caused the attempt of the language to express certain relations in a more accurate way. Expressing of certain meanings by simple, non-prepositional cases was gradually reduced; simple cases were replaced by prepositional cases. Historical study of genitive form´s use enables us to hypothesise their original semantics.

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La lenteur chez Henri Bosco. La pratique de la répétition

Author(s): Farah ZAÏEM / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The work of Henri BOSCO (1888-1976) is – today – the example of a Provencal meditative, sensory and spiritual literature as it offers an enchanted parenthesis in the 20th century literary landscape, far from the din of the great technological advances or the military-sociopolitical turmoil that occupied his contemporaries. The writer from the Luberon achieved this thanks to a scriptural practice, gradually put in place, which inscribes the processes of slowness in all the strata of the text. An aesthetic of hollowing out and digging is achieved through figures of construction and meaning. This work offers an overview of the evolution of Bosco's writing, of his choice of the figure of repetition as a means of accelerating and then declaring the rhythm of these stories.

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Metafory všedního dne

Author(s): Kristýna Zuzaňáková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Příspěvek se zabývá metaforami, frazeologismy a idiomy ve vztahu ke každodenní komunikaci rodilého mluvčího českého jazyka. Výsledky rešeršní činnosti v odborné literatuře jsou doplněny o množství konkrétních příkladů z praxe, které dokazují (převážně nevědomé) použití obrazných pojmenování v každodenní ústní i písemné komunikaci rodilého mluvčího.

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Hedging like a professional: A corpus-driven approach to interactional metadiscourse in English learner academic writing

Author(s): Markéta Malá / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper explores the phraseology of English academic texts written by Czech university students in comparison with English L1 novice and expert academic writing, focussing on hedging patterns. It combines contrastive analysis and learner corpus research, taking as its starting point recurrent multiword patterns overused or underused by both groups of novice writers (e.g. it can be said that and it seems ADJECTIVE that/to, respectively), or by English L2 writers (e.g. as it seems) in comparison with L1 expert writers. The findings suggest that when expressing epistemic stance in their English academic papers, Czech university students have to face two types of challenge – the more prominent ‘academic’ challenge, i.e. the lack of academic experience, and, despite their proficiency, also the ‘linguistic’ EFL challenge.

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PRILOG SINTAKSIČKOM OPISU KOMPLEMENATA GLAGOLSKIH IDIOMA

Author(s): Ismail Palić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The treatise in this article was devoted to some aspects of verb idiom complements. Verb idioms are defined as established verb phrases whose meaning is not a simple sum of their components’ meanings and the relations between them, but they are rather structures with the so-called globalized meaning. The focus was on dependents in such structures that function as complements. The main division of these dependents is made according to whether these are (1) stable (very limitedly variable) components that, together with the head, form the lexical minimum of the verb idiom, or whether they are (2) lexically variable components of idioms. The former have the syntactic function of the predicative, while the latter have the syntactic function of object. The analysis of stable dependents of verb idioms as predicatives is justified by the fact that they participate together and equally with their heads, in constructing a semantic predicate, thus clearly distinguishing verb idioms from non-idiomatic verb phrases. For similar reasons, objects in verb idioms are not dependents of verbs, but of whole idioms, which again distinguish such constructions from non-idiomatic verb phrases. The differentiation of objects of verb idioms into direct and indirect objects is not consistently feasible because the appropriate criteria cannot be applied as in verb phrases and clauses.

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WORDS MATTER: BREAKING DOWN TERMINOLOGY FOR OLDER GENERATIONS

Author(s): Ljerka Sedlan Kőnig / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terminology used to describe and refer to citizens aged 60 or 65 and older has been a subject of evolving discourse in literature. A comprehensive literature review reveals a shift away from traditional terms such as “senior citizens” or “elderly” which are often perceived as outdated and laden with negative connotations. The literature underscores the significance of language sensitivity in fostering inclusive and age-friendly societies, recognizing the diverse experiences and capabilities of older citizens. Researchers highlight the importance of adopting language that promotes positive and respectful attitudes toward older individuals. Commonly endorsed alternatives include “older adults” and “seniors”, emphasizing a focus on the individual’s stage of life rather than defining them solely by age. In conclusion, the literature converges on the consensus that respectful, person-centered language is pivotal in shaping public perceptions of aging and fostering a more inclusive and age-positive societal discourse.

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