Christmas Trees, Pigs and Catwalks: A Brief Look at Oil and Gas Metaphors

Author(s): Stefania Alina Cherata / Language(s): English / Issue: XVIII/2017

Metaphor is generally defined as a form of transfer that suggests a relation of similarity between two entities. Specialist literature features a complex debate whose focus lies on the question as to whether metaphors reproduce similarities or generate them. A number of metaphor theorists have argued against the assumption that metaphors express already existing similarities between ‘objects’. They have shown that metaphors do not need to refer to real-world entities in order to be interpretable. There are situations when a metaphor can be meaningful even if the similarity underlying it does not have a correspondent in immediate reality. Based on this, Weinrich (1968) argues that the similarities expressed in metaphors are not simply present in the natural world, but are created by the metaphors themselves. However, he adds that such similarities cannot be regarded as completely subjective constructs, but that they represent perspectives which people bring in their interaction with their environment. The present paper demonstrates the validity of this hypothesis by carrying out a comparative analysis of selected metaphors from the field of oil and gas in English and Romanian. The variety of metaphors which express the same semantic content cross-linguistically and sometimes within the same language illustrates precisely this phenomenon.

Grammatical Synonymy with Adverbs and Adverbials in English and Romanian

Author(s): Anca Florina Lipan / Language(s): English / Issue: XVIII/2017

Although not as popular as lexical synonymy, grammatical synonymy is equally important and yet not very much analyzed. Terms such as “equivalent pairs of sentences” or“parallel constructions” are used in the specialized literature, fact which points to the still little approval of the term of grammatical synonymy. The present paper will give a brief account of the synonymy at the level of adverbs and adverbials. The existence of synonymy seems to be proven not only at the level of the relationship established between adverbs and other word classes and their capability of replacing each other in structures conveying similar meanings, but it is obvious that translation is another source of synonymy between different languages or between different translations of the same source text, which is worth exploring.

I lektori griješe

Author(s): Velimir Laznibat / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/1980

Pisan je ovaj rad sa lektorskog gledišta i iz iskustva. U njemu se bavim pogreškama koje lektori propuštaju i kojih, na žalost, nije mali broj. Zato je ovaj napis praktične naravi. Mada je »bavljenje« jezikom apstraktna djelatnost, lektorski je rad konkretan posao. To je razlog više da ovaj napis bude konkretan, s primjerima.

Imperfekat u djelu Isaka Samokovlije

Author(s): Stevan Stefanovic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1983

Dans ce travail on a etudie le fonctionnement de l'imparfait – sur le plan syntaxique et stylistique – dans l'oeuvre d'Isak Samokovlija, conteur contemporain de Bosnie-Herzegovine. Sur 1300 pages de texte on a trouve 112 exemples d'imparfait, dont 40 du verbe etre et 72 touts les autres verbes. Le corpus analyse a fait voir que cette forme est en vole de disparition, ce qui est conforme a l'etat actuel du serbocroate. On a aussi constate que l'imparfait est une des formes des plus expressives dans l'oeuvre d'Isak Samokovlija.

Jednakost akuzativa s nominativom ili genitivom u jednini imenica prve vrste

Author(s): Mevlida Garic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 3-4/1975

Akuzativ jednine imenica i vrste prvobitno je bio jednak nominativu. Postepeno je došlo do diferenciranja u upotrebi, pa kada ove imenice označavaju nešto neživo, imaju akuzativ jednak nominativu, a kada označavaju nešto živo, imaju akuzativ jednak genitivu. Međutim, u praksi nije uvijek tako, mnogi slučajevi se ne mogu podvesti pod ovo pravilo.

Jezičke pouke

Author(s): S. M. / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1977

Ко кога тестира? — Једној спортској вијести Политика je дала сљедећи наслов: Младост и Партизан тестирају Вашаш и Хонвед у Будимпешти. Међутим, у тексту те вијести стоји: »Тако ће два реномирана клуба нашег северног суседа на известан начин тестирати наше клубове пред учешће у купу«. Из овога je јасно да he ватерполисти Младости и Партизана бити тестирани од стране Вашаша и Хонведа. А да ли je то јасно из наслова? Не би се рекло.

O zahtjevu stabilnosti u književnom jeziku

Author(s): Vilém Mathesius / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 1-2/1973

Mana današnjih sporova oko pravilnog češkog jezika u tome je što se u njima problem jezičke pravilnosti razmatra sam za sebe. Ne posvećuje se pažnja, bar ne sistematska, očiglednoj pripadnosti ovoga problema širem i stoga nadređenom problemu jezičke usavršenosti (prefinjenosti). A objektivno rasuđivati о težnji za jezičkom pravilnošću možemo samo onda ako tu težnju osvijetlimo sa stanovišta brige za jezičku istančanost ili sa stanovišta jezičke kulture.

OSNOVNA OBILJEŽJA RAZGOVORNOG FUNKCIONALNOG STILA

Author(s): Irena Stevovic / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 17/2017

This paper deals with the fundamental characteristics of the conversational functional style, inspecting the way in which this functional style, at different levels of language, differs from other functional styles. Since this functional style is insufficiently studied and described, this paper deas with the issues relating to the character of the conversational functional style and gives an overview of its primary features in phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical and phrasal level.

Pristup kompleksnijoj stilističkoj analizi srpskohrvatskoga stihovanog izraza

Author(s): Jovan Vukovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/1972

Ako želimo da potražimo i što je moguće adekvatnije da prikažemo izražajne efekte jedne lirske pesme, moramo imati izgrađene kriterije lingvističke analize; potrebno nam je poslužiti se osnovnim principima savremene strukturalne lingvistike, dalje od suhog deskriptivnog tipa a bliže do funkcionalne lingvistike u pravom smislu. Može, kao što se to često čini, predmet analize biti samo jedan „sloj” izražajnih efekata: značenjski efekti, bez formalnih ili sa malim zahvatom u formalne elemente, ili obrnuto formalni elementi sa manjim ili većim osloncem na semantičku stranu izraza; može posebno biti zahvaćen i izdvojen zvučni sloj, koji se opet može raščlanjivati na: a) ulogu čisto fonetskih (odnosno fonoloških) elemenata, b) ulogu akcenatskofonetsikih jedinica, c) dejstvovanje rečenične intonacije, — i, d) najzad, predočava nam se u posebnom aspektu rečenična struktura (u posebnom vidu kompleksnije može biti zahvaćena sintaksička i intonaciona struktura u međuodnosima njihovih izražajnih efekata).

Sabito kazivanje i jasnoća stila

Author(s): Blažo Milicevic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 4/1978

U našem dinamičnom vremenu posebno dolazi do izražaja nastojanje da se utroši što manje prostora (ako se piše) i vremena (ako se usmeno kazuje) za informaciju, etiketu, novinski naslov, reklamu i sl. Nekada su u svemu ovome presudni ekonomski razlozi, nekada tehnički, likovni, ali model neke konstrukcije ostaje i dalje se širi. Razumljiva je težnja informatorova da sa što manje jezičkih sredstava jasno iskaže misao. Ali je još Tomo Maretić, zalažući se za jasnoću i jedrinu stila, ukazao na to da i sabitost može biti isto tako mana stila kao i razvučenost

Sintaksička sinonimka i njen značaj za opću teoriju jezika

Author(s): Jovan Vukovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1-2/1973

Ako pođemo od rečenice kao osnovne komunikativne jedinice, koja je međuljudsko sporazumevanje i učinila jezikom i na taj način omogućila razvitak čovečije svesti, uočićemo da će se ona ispoljiti, možemo li reći, u tri svoja osovna oblika: inteligibilnom (intelektualna strana svesti), b) volitivnom (aktivna, ili recimo preciznije, najaktivnija njena komponenta) i c) emotivnom (u čistijem obliku senzibilna strana njena). Ako tako pojave posmatramo, shvatimo i to: da se sve tri komponente svesti, adekvatno tome i rečenice (odnosno čitavog jezika kao sistema), međusobno prožimaju: nikad misao u sasvim čistom intelektualnom obliku (postojaće uvek, bar u minimumu, i doza emocije), nikad volitivno bez misli i emocije, i, najzad, svaka emocija imaće i svoje intelektualne impulse.

SISTEMI EMËROR I TË FOLMES SË ISTOGUT ME RRETHINË

Author(s): Sejdi Gashi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 48/2018

In linguistic realm of Istog with surroundings it is quite noticed the usage of " pre articled " nouns, especially those which show the origin of a human, exactly of an inhabitant , ex. i vréllsĭ (inhabitant of Vrella), i prĭgódsi (ihabitant of Prigoda), i lŭbóvsi (inhabitant of Lubova) i rakóshsĭ (inhabitant of Rakosh). It is still saved a number of gender-neutral nouns, especially those accompained with determiners, wheras exact gender-neutral nouns are: ujt and kry:t, so similar as in the spoken language of Deçan. Gender-neutral noun (kryt/kryet) moves to feminine during these noun cases : genitive, dative and vocative example: i,e kre:s, kre:s, pej kre:s, while in nominative and accusative case does not change gender. Neutral-Gender Nouns are also those nouns which derivate from adjectives ex: t’ kuçt, t’bárdh, t’ zi:t as well as the nouns which derivate Past Participle of the verb, for example: t’ rrítunit, t’ msúmit, t’ árdhnit, t’ pámit, t’shkúmit etc. All nouns belong to one of the genders , but in this speech , appears a type of nouns called ambigender (dual-gender) which change the gender when they pass from singular to plural and vice-versa, for ex. : mal- mâºle, breg-bríxhe, shtek-shtíxhe . As well as this, through this grammar shift, nouns whose plural is formed from suffixes - na, change too. example: bo:jbójna, u:j-újna, dry:-drýna, brî-brina etc. In some North-East gegë dialects, masculine nouns in the type of : káli, magári, déti, drúni, gúri etc. are formed only in definite form , whereas the same names in Istog are used in both forms , dependin in the context Ai e kĭsh ble: nĭ ka:l (indefinite form) Káli i tij e kĭsh kimën e ze:z! (indefinite form), etc. Those and other examples make us think that is not accurate Idriz Ajeti `s statement who declares that "These nouns in all Kosovo are pronounced all the same ". At masculine nouns which form their plural without an ending, are noticed some types of theirs , like : a) nouns that have equalized singular with plural form, by not changing even the accent for example: malsórmalsór, mertek-mertek, puntór-puntór, arsimtar-arsimtar, dru-dru, fërkëmfërkëm, dáj-dáj, hamar-hamar etj; b) some nouns which during the shift from singular to plural don´t take an ending but make the vowel of the word longer . Here are only masculine nouns which are formed with the suffix ak, ek and in indefinite form end in k , so when the consonant k doesn´t palatalize in palatal q , exactly with affricate ç, example: dyrek-dýrek, pishak-píshak etc. Pre verbal gender-neutral nouns, of the type: t bërtítnit, t íknit, t nxhéshnit, t écnit, t hâºŋrit, t pímit etj., as well as those which derivate from adjectives : t zít, t kèçt ect., don´t have a plural form, because when they are used in plural shift to feminine gender , although paralel uses of them are found: dý t bërtítne, dý t íkne, dý t nxhéshme, dý t écne, dý t hâºŋre, dý t píme etc. In Istog´s linguistic idiom is widely expressed the usage of vocative case , in the cases when someone calls someone else, or is directed for a request or a need he has. This case has the form of a definite nominative case, only that here is accompanied with relevant exclamations for both genders, for masculine: o, ore, more, whereas , for feminine these exclamtions take place: oj,moj, mori, example //O djalo-o/ŋutu more/ se na nxuni nâºta// Oj çíko / moj po a po nȋ:n mori/ bĭna dŏ u:j t ftŏft oj// etc.

Turcizmi u „Dervišu i smrti“ Meše Selimovića (semantičke i stilske vrijednosti)

Author(s): Senahid Halilovic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 4/1980

The author's aim was to find out the extent to which lexemes of oriental origin are present in the novel »Derviš i smrt« (»Death and the Dervish«) by Mesha Selimovitch i.e. characteristic of its style. Turkish loanwords make up about 2% of the novel’s lexical stock. It is these words that create the oriental atmosphere, permeating the action of the novel with the scent of the age in which it takes place. By means of Turkish loanwords, Mesha Selimovitch, that great master of style, takes the reader back into the past. These words trigger off religious, ethical, and philosophical associations.

Вариации на темы света и тьмы в поэзии Елены Шварц

Author(s): Giulia Gigante / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

Elena Shvarts uses a wide range of lexical and semantic nuances in a constant opposition between the kingdom of darkness – t’ma, mrak, temnota, ten’ – and the world of light in all its forms: the brightness of stars and of reflecting surfaces, the glare of fire and the flicker of candles. Her writing is svetopis and temnopis at the same time, and these two extremes coexist in her poetic universe, contributing to represent its complexity in all its shades. The primacy of the dark tones is closely linked to the author’s existential strain and to her twilight states of mind. In Elena Shvarts’s poetry, we assist to a continuous metamorphosis of light into darkness and vice versa, which echoes the approach to light and shadow found in Baroque literature. Light and shadow chasing each other in her verse not only reveal the wealth of man’s inner world but also represent key elements to the exploration of the metaphysical sphere. In Hotel Mondehell, Shvarts’s depiction of the afterlife ends with an oxymoronic image, in which the jasnyj svet (“bright light”) and the temnyj strach (“gloomy fear”) coexist. The poem is an elaborate embroidery, where the threads of light and darkness interlace. The theme is already contained in the title, which mixes these two vital principles by means of a linguistic play, which allows the poet to exploit the semantic wealth of three different languages (French, English and German). In human existence, as fleeting as a stay at a hotel, the two elements fight with alternating results, but when death comes, gloom and cold prevail.

Језик и књижевно дјело. Огледи за лингвостилистичку анализу књижевних текстова.

Author(s): Senahid Halilovic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1986

Review of: Krunoslav Pranjić, "Jezik i književno djelo. Ogledi za lingvostilističku analizu književnih tekstova." (Treće, prošireno izdanje), Beograd, 1985.; by: Senahid Halilović

Језичка колебања

Author(s): Blažo Milicevic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 3-4/1975

У едицији Језички приручницй Издавачко предузеће „Бранко Ђоновић” у Београду издало je 1963. године ову квьигу професора Миодрага Лалевића. Види се да књига треба да буде приручник, да помогне у разрјешавању колебања у нашем језику и правопису и да je намијењена свим људима који се служе y говору и писању српскохрватским језиком, без обзира на њихов ниво образовања уопште и степен језичке културе. Књига није, дакле, писана за оне који ce баве проучавањем језика или поучавањем у језику, језичким стручњацима, него je истакнуто одмах у почетку да je то „књига за свакога”.

Към въпроса за видовете сказуеми в съвременния български език

В статията се прави допълнение към предложената от проф. Ст. Брезински система на българските сказуеми. Ревизира се становището за липсата на прости номинални, прономинални, нумерални и адвербиални сказуеми, като се прилага логико-семантичният подход

Author(s): Elena Kanevska-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2019

With this article we propose an addition to Prof. Brezinki’s system ofBulgarian predicates. The statement about the absence of simple nominal, numeraland adverbial predicates is revised. Five new types are introduced – four-component(containing a modal, phase, auxiliary verb and main ingredient – noun / adjective,pronoun, numeral name, adverb or interjection), as well as another type verbalpredicate – four-component, obtained by adding another modal verb to the complexcomposite predicate.

Русизми у нашем публицистичком стилу

Author(s): Branko Tošovic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1981

Руски и српскохрватски језик налазе се на територијама које немају непосредног додира, немају гранична подручја. Логично je онда да они немају директив контакте и да због тога не можемо говорити о појавама двојезичког ареала, као што je случај са мађарским и српскохрватским, који непосредно у пограничном дијелу утичу jeдан на другог. Али ако нема тих дотицаја у просторноме смислу, не значи да их нема на неком другом плану.

Сложена реченица с пролептичким конституентом у српскохрватском језику

Author(s): Miloš Kovacevic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 3/1985

The central concern of this article is prolepsis within the complex sentence. The author offers the syntactic, semantic and stylistic analysis of this type of the complex sentence in which the direct object of the main clause anticipates the subject of the subordinate clause, (eg. Vidim PTICU da/gdje /ikako leti — I can see the BIRD that/where/as it is flying: Vidim da/gdje/kako PTICA leti — I can see that/where/as the BIRD is flying. »I can see the BIRD which is flying«). The author claims that the following peculiarities can be associated with this type of the complex sentence: 1. only the verbs of perception and some verbs of state can occur in the position of the predicate in the main clause, 2. the subject of the main clause is always »the experience«, 3. the subordinate clause itself is a nominal-adjectival clause, 4. the whole sentence with the proleptic object in the main clause should be considered as syntactically and semantically marked compared with the unmarked sentence in which the subordinate clause contains the grammatical subject eg. Vidim da/gdje/како PTICA leti.