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(Не)познатият език: Гергьовден при бесарабските българи

Author(s): Svetlana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

Folk-calendar terminology is an expression of the national specificity of cultures. This makes its studying promising within the framework of the tendencies for ‘European-style thinking’ which have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century. The article examines St. George’s Day customs and rituals in their ethnolinguistic aspect. G’erg’ewd’en (Vch, Cub, Chsh), G’ergyovd’en (A, G, Kam, Dl, Z), G’ergyochd’en (A) , G’ergyouud’en(Kr), Gyorguvd’en (Kul), Gyorguud’en (R), Gerg’ofden (Cyr), G’argyovd’an (DN), Gergiuden (Or) – the largest and richest – in a ritual sense – spring religious vestive-ritual complex of the Bessarabian Bulgarians, which is celebrated on the 6th of May (on the 23rd of April old style) and is dedicated to the Christian saint George, who is – in the folk tradition – the protector of shepherds and flocks. The paper attempts to systematize and explore the peculiarities of the cultural dialect associated with St. George’s Day ritual sequence.

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Agalma, Sokrat i Alkibijad

Author(s): Jacques Lacan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2019

Zadnji sam vam put kao svojevrsnu štafetu povjerio riječ za koju sam vam ujedno rekao da joj do idućega našeg puta ostavljam svu njezinu vrijednost enigme - riječ agalma. Nisam vjerovao da ću to tako dobro reći. Za mnoge je enigma bila tako potpuna da su se pitali: Što? Što je rekao? Možda vi znate? Onima koji su izražavali takav nemir netko je iz moje kuće, naposljetku, mogao dati odgovor - što sve ukazuje na to da barem u mojem slučaju gimnazijsko obrazovanje ima svoju svrhu - da spomenuta riječ znači ukras, nakit. Bilo kako bilo, to je tek samo odgovor na prvu ruku, to je tek ono što svi moraju pitati. Agallo znači ukrasiti, okititi, a agalma bi na prvi pogled zbilja bila ukras i kićenje. Pojam kićenja ipak nije tako jednostavan te se odmah vidi kako nas sve to daleko može odvesti. Pred čim se kitimo? Zašto se kititi? I čime? Ako je riječ o nekoj središnjoj točki, jasno je da nas mnogi putovi k njoj moraju voditi. Ali eto, ja sam ovdje namjerno zadržao tu riječ, agalma, i iz nje načinio stožer daljnjeg tijeka mojega izlaganja. Nemojte u tome vidjeti nikakvu sklonost raritetima, nego to da nas u jednom tekstu kojemu pripisujemo krajnju rigoroznost, u tom Simpoziju, nešto upućuje na tu bitnu točku. [...]

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ANALYSE STYLISTIQUE DE LA MÉTAPHORE IN ABSENTIA DANS LE NOIR N’EST POINT NOIR D’ALBERT DEBONY

Author(s): Gomongo Nargawélé SILUÉ / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2018

Metaphor is the result of an imaged language use by which at a semantic level one compares two terms that belong to different domains. In its structure, irrespetive of the metaphorized item belonging to literary discourse or not, we talk about metaphor in praesentia or in absentia, lively or dead, simple or continued… As such, the domain of realization of the metaphor is surely the literary. If it is also true that the stylistic analysis, in accordance with the stylistic approach proposed by Georges Molinié, aims to describe what determines the literary nature of the discourse, then we are entitled to infer that metaphor, especially in absentia, ceases to be a simple trope because generated by an analogical transfer of denomination, as well as what can render its literary character to the discourse of Albert Debony, through its strong occurrence.

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Antroponyma v Magorových labutích písních

Author(s): Robert Kolár / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2019

The paper deals with personal names and their functions in the poetry collection Magorovy labutí písně (1985) written by Ivan Martin Jirous (1944–2011). According to underground poetics, Jirous uses real names. The nature of naming depends on whether the person is male (one-word and multi-word naming) or female (strictly one-word naming by first name); whether the person is close to the author (usually naming by the first name or a combination of a hypocorism and the last name) or historical figure (naming by the last name or a combination of the official first name and the last name). In the case of names of historical figures, the dominant function is associative, in the case of names of persons close to author the functions are phatic (a distant contact with the named person), honorific (honouring of named persons) and magic (protection of named persons). One of the key features of Magorovy labutí písně is that names are often in rhyme position – rhyming names are a sign of virtuosity but at the same time of humorous poetry (epigram, satire).

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Błędy tłumaczeniowe i redakcyjne w wytycznych szkoleniowych dla sędziów koszykarskich w konfrontacji angielsko-polskiej

Author(s): Michał Sobczak,Emilia Pankanin / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXI/2019

This paper examines the Polish translation of the Official Guidelines for Basketball Referees approved by the International Basketball Association (FIBA). It addresses the notion of specialist languages and indicates that the official guidelines for basketball referees possess some characteristics of a specialized text. Referring to translation competence, the article suggests that a non-professional translation of the guidelines can lead to their misinterpretation and, as a result, can influence the course of a game. The article concludes with implications for further theoretical and empirical research on the translation in question.

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Christmas Trees, Pigs and Catwalks: A Brief Look at Oil and Gas Metaphors

Author(s): Stefania Alina Cherata / Language(s): English / Issue: XVIII/2017

Metaphor is generally defined as a form of transfer that suggests a relation of similarity between two entities. Specialist literature features a complex debate whose focus lies on the question as to whether metaphors reproduce similarities or generate them. A number of metaphor theorists have argued against the assumption that metaphors express already existing similarities between ‘objects’. They have shown that metaphors do not need to refer to real-world entities in order to be interpretable. There are situations when a metaphor can be meaningful even if the similarity underlying it does not have a correspondent in immediate reality. Based on this, Weinrich (1968) argues that the similarities expressed in metaphors are not simply present in the natural world, but are created by the metaphors themselves. However, he adds that such similarities cannot be regarded as completely subjective constructs, but that they represent perspectives which people bring in their interaction with their environment. The present paper demonstrates the validity of this hypothesis by carrying out a comparative analysis of selected metaphors from the field of oil and gas in English and Romanian. The variety of metaphors which express the same semantic content cross-linguistically and sometimes within the same language illustrates precisely this phenomenon.

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Comparative Analysis of the Textual Competence of Bulgarian Students in English as a Foreign Language, and in Bulgarian

Author(s): Albena Nikolova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

This article aims to present a comparative analysis of the textual competence of Bulgarian students in English as a foreign language, and in Bulgarian. The corpus includes narrative and argumentative essays in English and Bulgarian, on the basis of which the tested persons’ skills in both languages are assessed. The texts are analyzed against criteria such as text structure, macro structure and cohesion. Attention is paid to language facts such as vocabulary/lexis, grammar,phraseology and syntactic structures.

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Cultural-Linguistic Aspect of Teaching and Learning Spanish Colour Idioms and Symbols

Author(s): Elina Grodska,Anastasiia Machulianska,Ludmila Shapa / Language(s): English / Issue: 1 Sup1/2020

The article argues that idiomatic competence should receive considerable attention during the process of foreign language acquisition because of the modern processes of European integration, which are putting forward a priority task for technical education and some fields of humanitarian one – training the future specialists to function professionally under the conditions of multicultural environment. Thus, the main purpose of foreign language teaching is to form the understanding of all psychological peculiarities of another national culture representative. The main objective of this article is to show the effectiveness of the acquisition of foreign language skills in the unity of language and culture, that was proved on the basis of the results obtained during the experimental Spanish training of 1 and 2 year students of Odessa National Polytechnic University in 2018-2019 academic year. The object of the experiment is the linguistic units denoting the colour spectrum in Spanish. To optimise the training process the corresponding verbal-oriented stages were outlined. The process of teaching Spanish idioms related to colour contains three stages. The first stage considers units whose cultural and linguistic fields coincide. The second one concerns more complex units denoting the shades of colours, which are formed in different ways in the compared languages. The third stage represents the Spanish phraseological units, whose metaphorical meanings are both far from the direct one and logical assessment of the relevant notions. The units of such kind should be taught successively by gradually increasing their complexity.

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Czego bronimy, broniąc języka? O możliwych przyczynach niechęci do wyrazów zapożyczonych

Author(s): Mirosław Bańko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 05/2014

Loanwords are an object of dislike for many people. It is important to understand the causes of this aversion: it can help shape proper attitudes towards language and even increase social acceptance for changes in the extra-linguistic reality. This paper presents a hypothesis that the actual cause of aversion to loanwords is not the officially declared factors, e.g. patriotic, theoretical linguistic, teaching, or stylistic ones, as these motives can only result from rationalization of the attitudes represented by people who are unaware of the causes of their behaviors. The actual cause of aversion to loanwords, at least in the case of certain people, can be their unreadiness to open to changes in language and, in broader terms, in the social environement, which results from sociological and psychological factors. Arguments for the thesis, which are presented in this paper, are derived from research conducted by sociologists, psychologists and linguists.

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DUVAR YAZILARINA BİÇEMBİLİM VE GÖSTERGEBİLİM AÇISINDAN BİR BAKIŞ

Author(s): Rezan Karakaş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 49/2018

Within this study, street writings identified in Siirt province were analysed drawing upon stylistics and semiotics. It is observed that street writings, as a product of the social life, are considered as a character of “discourse”. With this respect, this study can also be considered as a discourse analysis. Texts obtained from the street writings vary due to their structures and express perspectives from different writers. In this study, the focus was on to discover what type of functions street writings have in interpersonal communication and what type of meanings they arouse in readers’ minds. When analysing the street writings, not only linguistic structures of text but also non-linguistic and meta-language structures were taken into consideration. There was an explanation on figures of speech (rhetoric) such as simile, metaphor and contrast which constitute the backbone of the street writings, various deviations, symbols and intertextual relations, and messages within these writings were interpreted. Thus, the door to the mysterious world of the street writings as an output of the relation and interaction of the person with both him/herself and other individuals was opened slightly.

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Dziedzictwo staropolskie czy spuścizna zaborów – o składni języka urzędowego

Author(s): Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 05/2014

This paper presents arguments substantiating the need to undertake systematic research on the syntax of the official Polish language of the partition and post-partition periods. The absence of such research, the practice of formulating evaluations based on random examples, and referring to predecessors’ opinions results in the establishment of negative judgements about the level of official Polish in the period of rebirth of Poland. The sources of such opinions can be found in the debate occurring in “Poradnik Językowy” (“The Linguistic Guide”), “Język Polski” (“The Polish Language”), and other interwar publications on Polish usage. The popular stereotypical judgements about the impact of German on the syntax of official documents require verification also in light of research on the official and legal variant of Polish of the pre-partition period so that it is possible to determine which properties constitute the Old Polish heritage and which are the legacy of the partition period.

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Elipsa si bazë e emërzimit kontekstual të mbiemrit në gjuhën shqipe

Author(s): Leonard Dauti / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2016

In this article we offer a different approach from the prescriptive one of the traditional grammar to the case of the first group of nominalised adjectives in Albanian. Our main goal is to explain how the process of contextual nominalisation is realised and under which syntactic restrictions it takes place. To get nominalised an adjective must be in attributive relation to the noun inside a DP, and the noun itself must be object of ellipsis. In this case the adjective itself moves to the Do position of DP to join there the definite or indefinite determiner. This leads to a hybrid construction, in which the adjective has joined the endings of the name, its paradigmatic inflection. This construction can be subject of the sentence, complement, object and prepositional complement. The adjective can be modified by comparative adverbs (më i madhi “the bigger”) which is an indication of its adjectival status, while the modification by adjectives and relative clauses is an indication of noun status (i vogli i qethur shkurt, e madhja që rrinte ulur). This construction is obtained in discourse, so we have to take in consideration textual factors that influence the process of nominalisation. In this hybrid construction the determiner establishes the anaphoric relation of the adjective to the noun. This is obligatory to maintain the continuity of the textual reference and to provide the semantic structure of the sentence. We see the nominalization of adjectives as an obligatory process dictated by the needs of the discourse, and not as an optional phenomenon used just for stylistic purposes. The model of adjective nominalisation described in this article is also convenient for describing the process of possessive pronouns nominalisation in Albanian, which happens under the same syntactic conditions.

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Español neutro — español latino: Hacia una norma hispanoamericana en los medios de comunicación

Author(s): Antonio María López González / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 5/2019

Within the framework of the varieties of the Spanish language in America, there has been built a linguistic variety, popularly known as Latin Spanish, commonly used in the international media, audiovisual productions and in the dubs made in Latin America. This article aims to analyse the concept of neutral or Latin Spanish (español neutro and español latino), its role as a standard Spanish-American variety, its fields of use, as well as its linguistic characteristics.

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Estetika překvapení v prózách Jiřího Kratochvila jako překladatelský problém

Author(s): Zbyněk Fišer / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2018

Literary texts by Jiří Kratochvil are intentionally aesthetised by the strategy of surprise: the use of both non-standard language components (dialectisms, poetisms or anachronisms) and stylistically marked strategies is immensely prominent, therefore, it can be perceived as a feature of the style of the author. The poetics of blending various stylistic features has an antiillusive function of constantly warning the reader that they are reading a literary text. On the sample of German translations of three books by J. Kratochvil, the ways of realisation of the aesthetic strategies of the artificial, textual reality backed by the realism of the narration itself are examined.

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František Čermák, Václav Cvrček (eds.): Slovník Bohumila Hrabala.

František Čermák, Václav Cvrček (eds.): Slovník Bohumila Hrabala. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2009, 605 s.

Author(s): Zdeňka Hladká / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2010

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Für hochdeutsch Gurke, die Bezeichnungen Kratsewets und Audränk in den siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Mundarten

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): German / Issue: 22/2008

Die Buntscheckigkeit der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Mundarten ist nicht nur in der Vielfalt und großen Verschiedenheit der einzelnen Mundarten, in den Lautformen des Vokalismus, die von Ort zu Ort oft in erheblichen Maße abweichen, sondern auch im Wortschatz festzustellen. Es gibt Dinge, Sachen, die täglich genannt werden und doch die verschiedensten Bezeichnungen haben. Als Beispiel haben wir die ‘Gurke’ gewählt, eine beliebte Salat- und Gemüsepflanze, lateinisch Cucumis sativus. In den siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Mundarten wird die deutsche Bezeichnung ‘Gurke’ nicht gebraucht. Dafür sind echt mundartlich zwei Lehnlexikate belegt: Krats#wets und Audräµk. Der Gebrauch der Lehnlexikate kann innerhalb der Mundartlandschaft verschieden sein. Häufig ist ein bestimmtes Lehnlexikat nur für Südsiebenbürgen bezeugt wie Krats#wets, ein anderes nur für Nordsiebenbürgen, wie Audräµk. Wenn einem muttersprachlichen Begriff, der in der Mundart nicht belegt ist, mehrere fremdsprachige Bezeichnungen entsprechen, entlehnt der Mundartsprecher logischerweise das Fremdwort, das in seiner Umgebung vorherrschend ist.

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Grammatical Synonymy with Adverbs and Adverbials in English and Romanian

Author(s): Anca Florina Lipan / Language(s): English / Issue: XVIII/2017

Although not as popular as lexical synonymy, grammatical synonymy is equally important and yet not very much analyzed. Terms such as “equivalent pairs of sentences” or“parallel constructions” are used in the specialized literature, fact which points to the still little approval of the term of grammatical synonymy. The present paper will give a brief account of the synonymy at the level of adverbs and adverbials. The existence of synonymy seems to be proven not only at the level of the relationship established between adverbs and other word classes and their capability of replacing each other in structures conveying similar meanings, but it is obvious that translation is another source of synonymy between different languages or between different translations of the same source text, which is worth exploring.

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HALİL EFENDİ’NİN LÜBBÜ’N-NESÂYIH ADLI ESERİNİN ŞEKİL VE MUHTEVA ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Abdülmecid İslamoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 26/2012

Halil Efendi's Lubb al-nasâ’ih is a poetic work written in the genre of nasîhat-nâme/pend-nâme, a genre that gives good counsel. We were not able to reach solid information about Halil Efendi's life, but based on Lubb al-nasâ’ih we can say that he was a highly qualified Sufi poet wellversed in oriental culture and literature. The work is written in the mathnawî form, though its name is not listed in the scholarly catalogues in the field. As far as we know, there are two hand-written manuscripts of Lubb al-nasâ’ih. The book does not include any chapter or subject headings, but without any systematic order it talks about acts of worship, human relations, general ethical principles, knowledge, social critique, and the like. In addition to the Qur‟an and hadiths, proverbs and maxims represent the main sources of Lubb al-nasâ’ih. In this essay, we focus on the stylistic features and content analysis of the work, as well as its main historical sources.

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Hyperbole as the building block of Hausa court-songs

Author(s): Salisu Garba / Language(s): English / Issue: 52/2018

Hyperbolic expression is one of the most common and effective foregrounding expressions employed as a literary device in the form of eulogy across the literary genres. But the most common ground for its usage, among the genres, and where its usage is more effective, is poetry. Hyperbole is manifested clearly in praise-songs, which in Hausa take the form of court-songs. This paper explores the forms and effects of literary devices employed by Hausa court singers. Attention is mainly given to Salihu Jankiɗi and his song Bubakar Ɗan Shehu Bakadire (Bubakar, Shehu’s son of Qadiriyya Sect) eulogizing Sultan Abubakar III, but also extoling Sardauna and the Sokoto Caliphate on the occasion of the durbar ceremony in 1965. The presentation includes various forms of the devices, such as irony, overstressing some facts and possibilities, cherishing both the religious and political ideals of Sultan Abubakar III, Sokoto and Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto, Premier of the defunct Northern Region, for whom the durbar was organized. The paper further highlights the ability of the artist to capture the political undertones of the durbar procession.

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I lektori griješe

Author(s): Velimir Laznibat / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/1980

Pisan je ovaj rad sa lektorskog gledišta i iz iskustva. U njemu se bavim pogreškama koje lektori propuštaju i kojih, na žalost, nije mali broj. Zato je ovaj napis praktične naravi. Mada je »bavljenje« jezikom apstraktna djelatnost, lektorski je rad konkretan posao. To je razlog više da ovaj napis bude konkretan, s primjerima.

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