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Nadużycie prawa do zawierania terminowych umów o pracę w kontekście ich społeczno-gospodarczego przeznaczenia

Author(s): Sebastian Koczur / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Although the legislator in Art. 25¹ of the Labor Code indicates the limits within which it is permissible to conclude an employment contract for a definite period of time, however, the above does not mean that in each such case the conclusion of this type of contract will be correct. It should be taken into account that fixed-term contracts are a breach in the labor law in the guarantee of stable employment, performed on the basis of an indefinite employment contract. Therefore, for the use of a fixed-term employment contract to be correct, the parties must have a justification for choosing this type of contract. Otherwise, such an agreement will be concluded in violation of its socio-economic purpose, and as a consequence, constituting a manifestation of abuse of the law, it will not benefit from protection. Given the above assumptions, the author in this study considers under what circumstances the conclusion of a fixed-term employment contract may be contrary to its socio-economic purpose and what will be the consequences of such recognition.

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Stosowanie umowy o pracę na okres próbny w świetle przepisów unijnych i krajowych

Author(s): Paulina Matyjas-Łysakowska,Anna Maroń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

On July 11, 2019, Directive 2019/1152 of June 20, 2019 on transparent and predictable working conditions in the EU was published. It replaced Directive 91/533/EEC on the employer’s obligation to inform employees of the conditions applicable to the contract or employment relationship of 14 October 1991. Directive 2019/1152 establishes minimum standards for informing employees about the essential aspects of the employment relationship and working conditions and guarantees all employees an adequate level of transparency and predictability of future employment conditions. The prepared study presents the assumptions of the directive with regard to a contract for a trial period and the method of implementing these assumptions adopted in the act amending the Labor Code act of March 9, 2023 amending the Labor Code and certain other acts (Journal of Laws, item 641). The latest changes to the Labor Code, which entered into force on April 26, 2023, pursuant to the Act of March 9, 2023 amending the Labor Code Act and certain other acts, are aimed at, among others: implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on transparent and predictable working conditions in the European Union.

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Semi-dependent self-employment under conditions characteristic of the employment relationship

Author(s): Łucja Kobroń-Gąsiorowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The expansion of non-standard forms of work-self-employment or work through online platforms-has created competition between the traditional contract labor model and the non-standard form, which also creates an employee-employer relationship. This article aims to suggest a different, complementary rather than antagonistic relationship between employment and labor law. However, I state that it is only a prelude to the polemic that is about to begin. In this article, I examine the legal construction of the relationship between traditional contract employment and semi-independent self-employment, which is based on the conceptualization of these two forms of labor as separate and at the same time having in common the labor entitlements derived from the principle of decent work.

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Stosowanie samozatrudnienia z naruszeniem przepisów BHP i ustawy o minimalnym wynagrodzeniu za pracę – wnioski z projektu NCN nr 2018/29/B/HS5/02534

Author(s): Tomasz Duraj / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to show the causes and circumstances of the use of self-employment in violation of health and safety regulations and the Minimum Wage Act, and to try to find solutions to effectively and efficiently combat this pathology. The legal solutions in force in this respect are not sufficient and the scale of abuse appears to be significant. De lege lata, the Polish legislator does not guarantee gainfully self-employed people an adequate level of protection in such fundamental areas for every working person as life and health and remuneration – the pillars of a safe, honest and fair working environment. The presented considerations constitute a fragment of the research conducted under the supervision of Prof. Tomasz Duraj, PhD, of the University of Łódź, within the framework of a scientific grant financed from the funds of the National Science Centre (contract no. UMO- 2018/29/B/HS5/02534 for research project no. 2018/29/B/HS5/02534).

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Zasady zatrudniania pracowników cudzoziemskich – przykłady naruszeń prawa pracy

Author(s): Michał Skałka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article examines the principles of employing foreign workers in the Polish and European labor markets, identifying violations of labor law. The regulations regarding the legalization of employment, flexible forms of engaging foreign workers, and the enforcement of labor rights are discussed. Special attention is given to examples of unfair practices by employers and temporary employment agencies, along with the consequences of violations. The article emphasizes the role of supervisory institutions and non-governmental organizations in safeguarding the rights of foreign workers.

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Stosowanie outsourcingu z naruszeniem przepisów o zatrudnieniu tymczasowym

Author(s): Ernestyna Pachała-Szymczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Outsourcing is increasingly used in business practice. It is noted that due to fewer regulations and restrictions, this mechanism is beginning to displace temporary employment. At the same time, a significant problem arises with regard to the use of outsourcing, which is actually performed under conditions characteristic of temporary agency work. The author analyses selected elements of outsourcing (in particular the structure of employee subordination), the occurrence of which may indicate a breach of the temporary work regulations. She also attempts to identify the reasons why temporary work is being replaced by improperly applied outsourcing. She demonstrates that, although there remains space in the Polish legal system for both constructions to function, this involves the risk of violating temporary work regulations.

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Outsourcing a leasing pracowniczy – zagadnienia praktyczne i formy naruszeń

Author(s): Monika Jurkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This study aims to show the reader the differences between employee outsourcing and employee leasing, focusing on the practical aspects of the differences between these institutions, while also showing what the potential consequences associated with the improper use of these solutions may be. Thus, the purpose of this text is to show readers that the way to effective and efficient use of outsourcing or employee leasing is to have a good understanding of the differences between them. In this way, entrepreneurs can apply these solutions effectively gaining not only cost optimization, but also speed and flexibility in obtaining resources to execute the acquired contracts.

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Labor outsourcing in Brazil: an atypical contract that legitimizes the legal and social setback

Author(s): Marta Zbucka-Gargas,Cláudio Iannotti da Rocha / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Labor law reform in Brazil has fundamentally changed the archetype of labor law, both in terms of substantive law and procedural law, from an individual and collective perspective. The new regulations have introduced the normative regulation of outsourcing in Brazil, which was previously absent. The issue identified in the following article is: labor outsourcing resulting from the Labor Reform can be considered a Brazilian legal advance or failure. Practice shows that Law No. 13,429 lowered the level of labor rights and allowing outsourcing in the main business of the borrowing company, without equalizing rights between the employees.

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Praca platformowa – kontrowersje wokół praktyki jej stosowania

Author(s): Grażyna Spytek-Bandurska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to present the uniqueness of platform work as an element of the sharing economy. Platform work is one of the unusual forms of employment that is developing dynamically on the labour market as a result of progressing computerization and the emergence of modern technologies. Its essence is to connect (match) customers with service providers via mobile applications and online platforms. It is usually associated with on-demand passenger transport and food delivery. In fact, it covers a wide variety of specialized assignments. The complexity of platform work is evidenced by the difficulties in defining its conceptual scope and giving the performers the appropriate legal status. The role of algorithms is unclear. As a result, it does not seem possible to regulate this form in an unambiguous, precise and universal manner, which is confirmed by the long-lasting EU negotiations.

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Ochrona przed mobbingiem w niepracowniczych stosunkach zatrudnienia

Author(s): Beata Dzięgo / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Raising popularity of atypical forms of employment begs the question of applying standard regulations to them, such as the protection of worker’s rights, job security. One of the aspects is the use of regulations of mobbing and whether it can be used when it comes to other forms of employment. Character of this institution allows it to be used only in typical form of employment, which does not deprive others of the protection of their rights. It is possible to assert claims based violation on values protected by law, such as dignity or health. The legal definition of mobbing can be used as help to understand the situation of the individual and recognise the violation of one’s rights.

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Nietypowe stosunki zatrudnienia a status sygnalisty w świetle aksjologii whistleblowingu

Author(s): Łukasz Łaguna / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Narrowing the phenomenon of atypical employment relations to civil law employment, the author poses the following research hypotheses, which will be analyzed in this text: “Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2019 on the protection of whistleblowers does not distinguish between the rights of employees and those providing paid work on a basis other than an employment contract” and “The axiology, as well as the laws that are the source of whistleblowing and the Directive itself guarantee the right to report violations to allpersons, regardless of the basis of employment.” Equally importantly, despite the introduction of analogous mechanisms at the substantive legal level, neither the Directive nor the Code of Civil Procedure guarantees non-employees preferential rights of redress compared to employees’ procedural rights. The study’s analysis shows that all of the above research hypotheses are true.

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Granice rozszerzenia gwarancyjnych instytucji prawa pracy na zatrudnienie w stosunkach cywilnoprawnych

Author(s): Monika Banaś / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Given the everchanging nature of today’s reality as well as the inevitable evolution of the understanding of a typical relationship of employment, we continue to search for new solutions, that would enable a paradigm shift. The primary means of rendering it more flexible is the gradual decrease in adopting the model of work in strict subordination. In the following article we raise the question whether there exist a possibility of enlargement of the scope of application of certain labor law institutions to individuals performing work on a basis different than employment contract.

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Nietypowe formy zatrudnienia w praktyce kontrolnej Państwowej Inspekcji Pracy

Author(s): Bartosz Kopeć / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Specific challenges of the labour market in the recent years favor the evolution of new forms of performance and organization of work, also known as atypical employment. Undoubtedly, the new solutions, together with the progressing robotization and algorithmization, currently constitute oneof the most important challenges for the labour market as their emergence provides for a number of opportunities and threats, for both workers and employers. It should be emphasized that non-typical employment contributes to making the labour market and new forms of professional activity more attractive, but on the other hand, it hinders respecting and protection of workers’ rights. Therefore, besides analyzing the pros and cons of new forms of working, it is necessary to raise the awareness of the fact that the lack of appropriate legislation not only limits the protection of the stakeholders but also prevents the activities of inspection authorities, including the National Labour Inspectorate. The importance of the issue is highlighted by the fact that the topic constitutes a challenge not only for Poland but also other EU Member States and other countries around the world. In this context, particular emphasis should be placed on the proposed Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving working conditions in platform work, which could serve as the basis for discussions on national-level solutions.

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Wystąpienie jako forma ochrony prawa do minimalnej stawki godzinowej

Author(s): Łukasz Paroń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The introduction of a minimum hourly rate for individuals working under civil law contracts represented a significant milestone in improving the legal protection standards for this group of employees. As part of the change, the State Labour Inspectorate has been granted the authority to monitor this issue and take legal action by issuing an enforcement notice. Rather interesting, this solution warrants analysis in comparison with another measure employed by state labour inspectors in the form of a payment order. Comparing these legal measures is justified due to their similar purpose of guaranteeing payment of wages to remunerated employees.

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Odpowiedzialność cywilna organizatora sieci franczyzowej za naruszenia praw pracowniczych wobec pracowników zatrudnionych przez uczestnika sieci na podstawie atypowych form zatrudnienia

Author(s): Monika Mielnik-Kurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the presented text, the author analyzes the possibility of attributing to the organizer of a franchise network liability for violations of labor rights against employees employed by a network participant based on atypical forms of employment. In principle, the franchise network is independent network participants as separate legal entities, thus they should be treated as independent employers. Nevertheless, this balance can be disturbed by the network organizer, which, within the framework of its contractual powers, can exercise control over the implementation of the franchise package, which consequently manifests itself as sovereign interference in the independent decisions of employer- participants of the network. This is important in the perspective of the increasingly popular atypical forms of employment, under which the application of flexible employment policies to the strategic resources of the company can lead not only to the “flight” of professionals of the organization to other employers, but also to other risks associated with the undertaking of competitive activities against the employer by people who, while occupying an important position in the network participant, are employed on a discretionary basis and do not identify with the implementation of its objectives. The purpose of this article is to analyze the admissibility of attributing to the organizer of the network the characteristics of an employer, as well as the possibility of attributing to it liability for damage caused to employees.

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Przetwarzanie danych osobowych w związku z samozatrudnieniem

Author(s): Jakub Rzymowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The chapter concerns the processing of personal data in connection with self-employment and in connection with cooperation between a self-employed person and another entrepreneur. In this chapter, we consider what roles a self-employed person can assume from the point of view of the GDPR. Much space is devoted to the self-employed person as a processor.

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Zbiegi tytułów do ubezpieczeń społecznych

Author(s): Artur Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

There is no doubt when determining what type of social insurance a given person is subject to, if we are dealing with employment that is the only source of income, i.e. employment under an employment contract, running one’s own business, performing work on the basis of a mandate contract, etc. The problem arises when a given person receives income from several different sources at the same time, e.g. he or she is also an employee employed under an employment contract and runs his or her own business, or is a retiree, works and additionally runs a business. Convergence of insurance rights occurs when one person simultaneously meets the condition for being covered by the obligation to insure under at least two titles. Insured persons whose basis for calculating retirement and disability insurance contributions due to employment, membership in a cooperative, service, receiving training benefits, social benefits per month is lower than the minimum remuneration for work – are also subject to compulsory social insurance for other reasons – art. 9 section 1a of the act on social insurance. The basis for calculating contributions is not subject to conversion if the employment contract is performed on a part-time basis, with the remuneration set at an amount lower than the minimum wage. A person employed by several different employers under different employment contracts is obligatorily subject to all social insurance and health insurance for the performance of each of these contracts. The issues mentioned in this study become particularly important in the context of possible violations of the law related to the use of atypical forms of employment. Incidentally, this is the main topic of my monograph. Problems also arise when there is an incorrect determination of intentional or unintentional coincidence of titles in the context of social insurance, or when the obligation relationship is constructed in such a way as to artificially generate convergence of titles to insurance. This is an extremely important issue that has potential legal consequences and consequences for participants of the social security system. This reflection raises questions about the need for precise legal regulation and monitoring of such situations in order to prevent abuses and violations of the law in the area of employment and social security. Research and analysis in this area are crucial to developing a more effective and adequate legal framework that can adapt to changing labor market realities and ensure fairness and transparency in social security systems, social protection.

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Kontrola pracy na rzecz własnego pracodawcy w rozumieniu art. 8 ust. 2a ustawy o systemie ubezpieczeń społecznych

Author(s): Agnieszka Kiełbowicz-Dziwulska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article presents the principles for performing the control of social contribution payers with regard to work for one’s own employer. The issue concerning work for one’s own employer is regulated in Article 8 item 2a of the Social Insurance System Act. The purpose of this regulation was to protect the rights of insured persons employed on the basis of an employment relationship and a civil law contract, for whom social security contributions may potentially not be paid on the entire income received. The article includes the origins of the legal regulation, the concept of work for one’s own employer and its interpretation. It would seem that the well-established line of court case law clearly indicating the obligation to pay social contributions for an employee performing the work for his own employer under a civil law contract should sufficiently clarify the application principles of this regulation. Therefore, this means that the reason for irregularities in this area may be the search for savings within the range of staff employment costs, which are, amongst other things, social security contributions in addition to salary costs and taxes. However, flexibility in forms of employment can not be used to circumvent the applicable regulations of the law. In this study, the arguments of social security contribution payers against the application of Article 8 item 2a of the Act on the Social Insurance System are presented, as well as the characteristics and subject matter scope of the control in field of work for labour one’s own employer, including the rights of social insurance inspectors to verify the correctness of the fulfillment of social insurance obligations by the payers of social contributions. In the article, the implications and results of a finding of performing work for one’s own employer in terms of the principles for determining the basis for social contributions are discussed. This article also addresses the judicial decisions that have been made in such law cases, as well as the conclusions and proposed solutions emerging in the associated literature.

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Niektóre prawne następstwa przekształcenia stosunku pracy w fikcyjną – niepracowniczą – więź prawną. Abstrakcja czy skuteczna praktyka?

Author(s): Andrzej Marian Świątkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author compares criminal law norms (Article 218 of the Criminal Code) with the provisions of labor law (Articles 2 and 22 of the Labor Code) introduced and used by the legislator to prevent the use of fictitious forms of employment. Primacy should be given to the provisions of the latter branch of law. The legal and criminal norms protect only the signs of an employee misconduct, and not theemployees fictitiously positioned by employing persons and entities as persons employed on the basis of and under civil law contracts. We are dealing not with effective practice but with abstraction. He believes that the principles formulated in the aforementioned provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure are not automatically and effectively implemented.

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Multiplikowanie odpowiedzialności karnej związanej z nieterminowym wypłacaniem wynagrodzenia za pracę z perspektywy podstawy prawnej zatrudnienia

Author(s): Sebastian Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the criminal liability related to the non-payment of remuneration for work on time, as well as the non-payment of public tributes closely related to remuneration. The author analyses the scope of this protection depending on the basis of employment of the person whom the employing party has failed to pay the wages due.

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