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The key objective of the article is to present, compare and criticize three selected geopolitical and geostrategic concepts concerning the Arctic area. One of the main question emerging from the analysis of relatively old concepts of George Renner, Alexander de Seversky and Andre Beaufre is whether ( to what extent) and how they are dealing with the present situation in the Arctic as well as if there could be find some wider framework for geopolitical analysis of the Far North. Moreover, an attempt to show the significance of issues related to the northern polar areas, particularly in geopolitical perspective, as made. Indeed, it is important to recognize and distinguish phenomena, which may play crucial role on shaping the renewed geopolitical Arctic region.Without a doubt, some of the issues raised by these authors remain valid nowadays, nevertheless, it should be considered today if there may appear favorable conditions for the more far-reaching consequences in the future, taken by mentioned theoreticians into account
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The article aims to show the potential that lies in taking an interdisciplinary approach in the study of space and its long-term planning in relation to cities. The possibility of using achievements in many fields of science allows identifying critical areas in the functioning of cities to a much wider extent, both spatially and socially. The city which is functioning in the modern world should be seen as a product of both spatial and social development. As far as the spatial aspect is concerned, it is a crystallized infrastructure, architecture developed in a historical process which is influenced by history, culture as well as politics. Then, regarding the social aspect, it is an emotional stigmatization of space by its users. Therefore, considering the city in its functional aspect, identifying its potential and planning its development, one should take into account the above-mentioned planes which currently describe the city in the most comprehensive manner.
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The main objective of this article is to present recent changes in the interregional transport market in midsized towns following the introduction of new connections provided by the first Polish low- cost bus carrier – PolskiBus.com. The authors present the history of the firm and its role in changing Polish transportation market. The article includes comments on how the introduction of this new carrier has affected the local market. The new image of transport created by prices and good quality is the current issue in transportation analysis and, accordingly, was made the subject of this article. The authors present their assessment of the role of the passenger carrier within the regional transport policy and as regards complex services rendered in public transport.
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In this study, a Keynesian model studying simultaneously, the impact of immigrant workers’ foreign currency transfers on macro variables such as consumption, investment, imports and income of Turkey is presented. While the calculated impact and dynamic multipliers of immigrant workers’ foreign currency transfers on consumption, imports and income is positive and gradually diminishing, their impact on investment is removed in the second year. With regard to its multiplying impact on income, it is observed that immigrant workers’ foreign currency transfers increases income notably. While the output growth resulting from immigrant workers’ foreign currency transfers reached highest level at the beginning of the seventies and the eighties, output growth during other periods, was negligibly low.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
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The study was conducted in a group of 424 people living in cities of different sizes and villages. The study was aimed at the diagnosis of consumer behavior from the Pomeranian Province on the market of natural coffee. They have been assessed, among other things: selection factors particular brand of coffee, coffee brand chosen most often by respondents, brand loyalty, brewing method, a place to buy coffee. Verified as gender, place of residence and age affect the choices made by consumers. The data obtained is a good starting point for segmentation of consumers by entities engaged in the distribution, import of both the natural coffee as well as devices that grind and brew coffee using beans and ground.
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The article presents the results of direct testing for the assessment of eating behavior and participate in the implementation of the nutritional functions of the family by teenagers choosen between 16 to 18 years old and living in agricultural areas of the Pomorskie voivodeship. Most of the products being bought by teenagers were yogurts, dairy desserts and fruit juices. In terms of planning and organizing in family house the gender of the group of youth was a determining factor in engaging the group of teenagers researched.
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The papers aims to assess the impact of price changes in international trade in the second decade of the 21st century on Latin American economies. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of export dynamics and GDP growth rates in two sub-regions comprising Latin America (i.e. Central America and South America) and selected individual countries, which are diverse in terms of their export structures. The paper derives from the authors’ previous studies into determinants of export in developing countries, particularly the effects of price changes. Latin American economies (like those in Africa) are much more dependent on exporting primary commodities than developed countries, and as a result they are more affected by any changes in the prices of these commodities. In the first decade of the 21st century a rise in the prices of these commodities was immediately reflected in the higher export dynamics and GDP growth rate. Since 2011 the situation has reversed. The scale of the fall in the region’s exports is reflected in its biggest decline in the last eighty years, i.e. since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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The aim of the paper is an attempt to define the relation between the levels of labor productivity and socio-economic development in Polish regions. In the above context, analysis and evaluation of the level of socio-economic development (based on taxonomic methods), as well as identification of empirical relation between performance (in terms of labor productivity) and the level of development of Polish regions (using Granger causality test) was performed. The results of conducted analysis indicate that the level of socio-economic development among Polish regions is very diversified, with the persistent domination of Mazowieckie voivodship and some kind of backwardness of regions from eastern Poland. The Granger causality test proved that for part of regions there was a one way casual relation from productivity to development, for other regions (mostly the least developed) there was a one way casual relation from development to productivity and for the Wielkopolskie voivodship the Granger Causality test indicated a bi-directional relationship.
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This article is intended to analyze the Sub-Saharan Africa’s public debt, with strong focus on changes in it’s structure. The method is the data analysis of the regional statistics, credit worthiness valuation and chosen publications. The thesis is the statement, that in 2006–2014, changes in level and structure of foreign debts of this region has come in the direction of their marketization. They are related to both benefits and the risk for issuers and investors. Dynamic growth of emerging markets in the past quarter of century is associated with the growth of state expenditures on infrastructure and public services, wherein needs of African countries are here particularly large. The demand for mineral resources and agricultural products coming from this region caused rapid growth of GNP and exportation, after which positive changes in public sector management, including the national debt, should have come. After cancelling the debts of African countries, they are taking new loans and some of them are issuing the debentures, what previously was impossible.
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In this work we discuss the forest area and coverage stability in the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland. We analyzed data from the beginning of the 19th century to 2011. The analysis was based on the comparative cartographic methodology in GIS using four archival and one contemporary maps showing forest coverage in 1800, 1900, 1930, 1983, and 2011. The area of the highest forest coverage stability, where the presence of forest was documented on every analyzed map is 21,0% of the Holy Cross Mountains. The area corresponding to 28,9% of the Holy Cross Mountains was periodically covered by forest. Forests in the Holy Cross Mountains are natural landscape dominants, covering mostly mountain ranges and hilltops.
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The article undertakes problems, the meaning and the part of the evaluation in the management with projects. The exploratory attention became concentrated on the presentation of the concept of the evaluation and the proof is the influence on the project management. Furthermore one tried also to indicate how far the evaluation is an effective tool of the evaluation of reached purposes and foundations as result of the realization of projects.
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This article attempts to answer the question if there is a relation between structure and dynamics of employment in the service sector and economic development of region. Linear trend models were used in order to define the changes that occurred in employment in services, whereas the level of development was estimated by using taxonomic method of grouping objects. Empirical numerical material came from Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office and covered the years 2005–2013.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the dynamic demographic changes that are observed in Poland from 2004 to 2014. General tendencies in Polish population age structure were shown. Besides, some dependencies between demographic variables and selected economic indicators were presented as well as the influence of the demographic changes on economic and social phenomena were indicated. The article consists of two parts. In the first one methods used in analyses were shown, the second one includes the most important results of research, among others, the changes of HDI index in Poland and in the world and LHDI index in Polish regions were presented.
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The issue of the financial burdens on farms raises more and more emotions in recent years, which is associated with proposals for changes in the rules of the tax and insurance system in agriculture. Thus, as the main goal of the research was adopted analysis of the structure and the amount of the financial burdens of farms in terms of their impact on farmers’ income. The study was prepared on data base of individual farms considered to be economically weak, ie. the size of 2–25 thousand euro. The analysis covered 2010–2012 period, and the data was obtained from the agricultural accounting system – Polski FADN. Selected for the analysis farms was grouped by location in four separated for Poland agricultural regions of FADN. The research shows that in analyzed farms share of the financial burdens in income from farm was higher than in economically stronger farms. For example, the level of taxes and parataxes in economically strong farms was very low and amounted to less than 2%, while in weaker farms these usually amounted 6–8%. It follows that the financial burdens are disproportionate to the amount of income generated by farms with different economic strength.
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Die deutsche Außenpolitik ist mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert sich von den bequemen Friedensillusionen nach dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts zu lösen. Die neuen Konfliktlagen in der Welt besonders im Nahen Osten und die Rückkehr der machtorientierten Außenpolitik Russlands haben wenig populäre Anpassungen erforderlich gemacht. Die EU ist allein als soft power von Bedeutung und kann deshalb Russland nur mit verzweifelter Diplomatie begegnen, weil sie wenig anderes im Arsenal hat. Abhilfe kann dabei nur mehr Atlantizismus und eine Aufwertung der Rolle der NATO bieten.
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Can we speak about ethnic geopolitics? The concept of geopolitics is always linked with the idea of conquest, exercise and maintenance of power on one or more geographical areas. Geopolitics contains in itself an expansion appearance. Once conquered power, there remains the problem of its management. Ethnic geopolitics is possible. It consists to express the dominance trend of a tribe or ethnic group in a society, in a country or in a multiethnic state. Ethnic geopolitics cultivates intolerance and tribal discrimination. That is the tribalism. The ethnic problem must be solved. This problem seems to be the guarantee of peace, security and therefore sustainable development in the multiethnic Africa. In this part we took about the conference in Paris at 27 to 28 march 2010. We added also a rich information about the main military dignitaries according to their regional, ethnic, family or clan affiliation.
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