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Bulgaria’s Reaction to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Jakub Pieńkowski / Language(s): English

The Bulgarian authorities - despite the strong pro-Russia sentiments of part of the society and some political groups - condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. They also have accepted war refugees. However, given its energy dependence on Russia, Bulgaria is avoiding demands for a radical tightening of sanctions, especially on Russian gas and oil. At the same time, because of its traditional policy of balancing between Russia and Turkey, it is reluctant to strengthen NATO’s presence on its territory.

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Russia’s Aggression Against Ukraine and the Threat to Cultural Heritage

Author(s): Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

The shelling and bombing of Ukrainian cities threaten the cultural heritage of Ukraine, including the most important sites inscribed on the UNESCO list. International law provides for the protection of cultural property, and the provisions of the relevant conventions are applicable during this war. Given the scale of the Russian attacks, the international community should join Ukraine’s efforts to preserve endangered assets.

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Canada’s Reaction to the War in Ukraine

Author(s): Paweł Markiewicz / Language(s): English

During his trip to Europe on 6-11 March, which included a visit to Warsaw, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau tightened cooperation with NATO allies (Germany, Latvia, and the UK) on support for Ukraine. Following Russia’s attack, Trudeau announced subsequent shipments of military equipment for Ukraine, including lethal weapons. The goal of his trip also was to coordinate economic sanctions and humanitarian aid for refugees. Closer cooperation with Poland on issues of delivering humanitarian help and evacuating Ukrainian refugees from Poland and Central European countries to Canada will be crucial.

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Belarusian-Russian Cooperation During the War with Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): English

Even before the invasion of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were cooperating closely militarily and politically. Although the Belarusian army has not taken part in the fighting, Russia is using Belarus as a base to conduct hostilities in Ukraine. Maintaining such cooperation with Russia will mean further political and economic losses for Belarus.

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No-Fly Zone over Ukraine?

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz / Language(s): English

Ukrainian authorities have been appealing to the international community and NATO to introduce a no-fly zone (NFZ) over Ukraine. NATO is not willing to do that because of the risk of direct conflict with Russia and the threat of a nuclear escalation. However, the allies can support Ukraine in a way that seriously limits the effectiveness of Russian air attacks.

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The Potential Use of Chemical Weapons by Russia

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): English

Since the start of Russia’s war on Ukraine, the alleged chemical weapons threat from Ukrainian paramilitary forces has been a significant element of Russian disinformation. These suggestions intensified with the lack of a military breakthrough and might be laying the groundwork for some use chemical weapons by Russia. The risk that Russia could do this has been indicated by U.S. administration officials, the president of Poland, and the head of NATO, among others. The next declarations of Western countries on this issue should be based on an agreed set of political and military consequences of any potential chemical attack by Russia.

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A Watershed Moment: Denmark on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak / Language(s): English

Faced with Russia’s attack on Ukraine, Denmark declared its intention to fulfil its NATO commitment to allocate 2% of GDP to defence spending. Due to the deteriorating security situation in Europe, the country also wants to add an EU component to its defence policy based on NATO membership and partnership with the U.S. It intends to become involved in the Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy, in which it has not participated so far.

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The Military Situation in Ukraine after Three Weeks of War

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): English

On 16 March, the third week of the war in Ukraine ended. Russian troops still have not broken through the main lines of the Ukrainian defences and captured Kyiv. For the Ukrainians to continue their staunch defence, supplies from Western countries in the form of weapons and humanitarian and economic aid are crucial.

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The Situation in Mariupol

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner,Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

Mariupol has been under siege since 4 March. The city is a key port for Ukraine on the Azov Sea. For Russia, occupation of the city has both military and symbolic significance. The duration and constriction of the blockade has led to a humanitarian disaster in Mariupol. A prolonged siege of the city may lead to tens of thousands of civilian deaths, bearing the hallmarks of a crime against humanity.

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A Change in NATO’s Approach to Deterrence

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz / Language(s): English

The special meeting of defence ministers on 16 March and the special summit of NATO leaders on 24 March indicate that the Alliance is accelerating work on strengthening its defence and deterrence. According to the NATO Secretary General, the Alliance must redefine its approach to deterrence in response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine.

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Serbia on Russia’s Attack on Ukraine

Author(s): Tomasz Żornaczuk / Language(s): English

Serbia is the only country in Europe, excluding Belarus, that, apart from its support of the UN resolution, has not condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This position results from the political and economic ties to Russia as well as the sympathy of the Serbian society towards it, which is important a month before a general election. Most media in Serbia are dependent on the ruling parties and serve to maintain their power, and in general they repeat Russian propaganda.

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The Course of the Hostilities in Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): English

On the ninth day of military operations in Ukraine, Russian troops continued to focus on four directions of attack, the most important of which, politically and militarily, is Kyiv. Russian forces face considerable resistance from the Ukrainian army and the society. In the coming days, it is excepted that humanitarian corridors for the evacuation of civilians from the encircled cities will be established.

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Finland’s Response to Russia’s Attack on Ukraine

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak / Language(s): English

The Russian military action against Ukraine initiated profound changes in Finnish foreign and security policy and in the society’s attitude towards Finland’s membership of NATO, which the majority of Finns now support.

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Arab States and the War in Ukraine

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

Most Arab states are trying to remain neutral towards the Russian aggression against Ukraine. While the U.S. remains a key partner for many of them, relations with Russia are an increasingly important element of the progressive diversification of their foreign policy. Growing Western pressure on them to distance themselves from Russia may result in a more intensive turn of these countries towards China, but such pressure remains necessary given their potential to, for example, replace energy imports from Russia.

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Latin American Countries on Russia’s Attack on Ukraine

Author(s): Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

Latin American governments differed in their assessment of the Russian authorities’ actions and decision to invade Ukraine. The regimes in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela were the only ones to clearly support Russia, but at the UN, most countries of the region expressed their opposition to the Russian aggression. Apart from Colombia, the other countries have not yet declared whether they will join the sanctions against Russia. There are concerns in the region about the negative effects of the restrictions introduced by the EU members, the U.S., and other countries. The priority for most Latin American governments is the evacuation of their citizens from Ukraine.

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NATO Reacts to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk / Language(s): English

At an extraordinary virtual summit on 25 February, NATO heads of state and government reaffirmed their support for Ukraine, which was attacked again by Russia this week. They also decided to further strengthen the Alliance military presence on NATO’s Eastern Flank. The summit was also attended by the leaders of Finland and Sweden, and representatives of EU institutions. Shortly before the summit, the presidents of the Bucharest Nine countries (Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia) held a meeting in Warsaw.

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Turkey’s Response to Russia’s Aggression Against Ukraine

Author(s): Karol Wasilewski / Language(s): English

Turkey has condemned Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, calling it a gross violation of international law and a serious threat to world security. It also called for an end to the hostilities and expressed support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Turkey also suggested it might close the Black Sea straits to ships of the Russian Navy, which would be a clear political sign of support for Ukraine in the war with Russia.

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China’s Support for Russia in Its Aggression Against Ukraine

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

China has supported Russia during its aggression against Ukraine but is not satisfied with the results of the operation. It describes the invasion as a legitimate response to Russia’s security concerns related to NATO enlargement. China’s support for Russia, although sometimes ambiguous, results from the priority on strategic cooperation between the two countries aimed at undermining the interests of the United States and its partners, both in Europe and in the Indo-Pacific.

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The U.S. Response to Russia’s Attack on Ukraine

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk,Mateusz Piotrowski / Language(s): English

In response, first to Russia’s recognition of the independence of the so-called “People's Republics” in Donbas and then to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the United States has introduced a range of sanctions and restrictions. The goal of the U.S. authorities is to punish Russia for this offensive and at the same time to provide aid to Ukraine, including military and humanitarian aid. The U.S. also increased its military presence in Europe, including on NATO’s Eastern Flank. The U.S. is coordinating its actions with the EU and the G7 countries.

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The EU and the Mass Influx of Refugees from Ukraine

Author(s): Marta Makowska,Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has prompted many of the latter country’s citizens to seek a safe haven in EU territory. The massive influx of refugees is a challenge for the reception systems of the countries bordering Ukraine and a test of pan-European solidarity. It requires ad hoc mobilisation, but also a return to the discussion on broad reform of the EU’s migration and asylum policy.

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