КИНОПРОПАГАНДА В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АППАРАТА США НА НАЧАЛЬНОМ ЭТАПЕ ХОЛОДНОЙ ВОЙНЫ
Развитие американского послевоенного пропагандистского аппарата является одним из наиболее актуальных вопросов изучения холодной войны.
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Развитие американского послевоенного пропагандистского аппарата является одним из наиболее актуальных вопросов изучения холодной войны.
More...Рассматривается проблема защиты экономической тайны в 1947 году в услови- ях холодной войны.
More...В статье авторы обращаются к рассмотрению традиционных представлений ка- релов об облигатных синантропных насекомых.
More...Александр Михайлович Линевский был одним из первых профессиональных этно- графов в Республике Карелия. Цель статьи – анализ архивных материалов двух этнографических экс- педиций А. М. Линевского
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Book-Review: Tony Collins. How Football Began: A Global History of How the World’s Football Codes Were Born. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2019. 207 pp. ISBN 978-1-138- 03875-2. (Anton Kotenko)
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Book-Review: Natalia Roudakova. Losing Pravda: Ethics and the Press in Post-Truth Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 265 pp. ISBN 978-1-31662-977-2. (Maria Sakaeva)
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The paper attempts to present one of the most important events in the post-war history of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, i.e. the second “edition” of the Central Training Action (II CAS). The first, major part of the article deals with the training procedures in this youth organisation implemented on the territories newly incorporated to Poland, whereas the second part illustrates the activities performed by the communist Ministry of Public Security against the scouting organisation, which sooner or later had to run afoul with the Soviet-inspired state. The study undertakes the issue of the lack of scouting instructors directly after the World War II and it situates this problem in the history of Poland and Upper Silesia of this period. The course of the training action in Turawa illustrates the ideological idiosyncrasy and the organisation’s situation in the conditions of the communist state, the post-war reconstruction of Poland and the foundation of the totalitarian state, with the emphasis on the communist Ministry of Public Security.
More...Adalékok az 1954. évi csehszlovákiai parlamenti választások történetéhez
The study focuses on the parliamentary elections of the communist Czechoslovakia in 1954. After World War II this was the first election in which not only the Hungarian minority was allowed to take part, but candidates of Hungarian nationality were also elected in the Parliaments of Prague and Bratislava. From then on, until the change of regime in 1989, the Hungarian minority was constantly provided seats in both Parliaments. However, the Hungarian MPs were not elected by the Hungarian community, but like other worker-peasant representatives, were chosen and brought to Parliament by the communist party. Their charge was to demonstrate the “proper” nationality policy of the communist party. Opportunities to stand for Hungarian minority interests were almost none.
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In the course of my work, I make an attempt to reconstruct the lost list of castle captains in Komárom. The number one sources on the list are the archival legacies and published works of Sándor Takáts and the studies of the historian Géza Pálffy. The study and the list of castle captains is the result of two years of research. At the end of the work I highlight one of the castle captains who I present in more detail.
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The paper examines the concept of family patrimony on the example of three medieval monarchies between the mid-11th and late 12th centuries. Though far away from one another, Spain, England and Serbia witnessed almost identical political circumstances when the ruler passed the throne to a younger son, bypassing the first-born son, thereby also directly infringing the right of primogeniture. As a rule, such decision resulted in years-long conflicts among the brothers. However, the common denominator in all three cases is that family patrimony was entrusted to the eldest son regardless of the fact that he was not an heir to the throne, which implies that it was his inalienable right.
More...Katalońska koncepcja Tabarni
The satirical, imaginary concept of creating Tabarnia has gained popularity in recent years – not so much because of its usefulness, rather it exposes the tense socio-political situation in Catalonia. Therefore, the main objective of this article is not the feasibility of the project but the reasons for creation and its implications. Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the relevance of the concept in the context of the radicalisation process of Catalan independentism.
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The paper focuses on the issues of the independence movement in Catalonia in the second decade of the 21st century. The aim of this study is to explore the evolution of Catalonia’s separatist aspirations in this period in terms of politics and especially society, and thus the position of Catalans towards this phenomenon. A significant element of the author’s considerations is the demonstration and analysis of the specificity and factors determining contemporary Catalan separatism, as well as concerning the context of perceiving Catalans as a nation. The independence process in the second decade of the 21st century, including treatment of events such as the judgment of the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2010, the independence referendum in 2017, or the trial and judgment of Catalan politicians in 2019, taken into account by the author, hold considerable importance for this work. The key part of the paper is to present the issues of the independence movement in the discussed period in terms of society; its emerging role in the Catalan society, and the impact of the activities and actions of Catalans themselves on the politics and development of the region’s separatist aspirations.
More...Mechanizmy podporządkowania na Kaukazie Południowym
The historical experience of the region on the frontier of civilizations that is the South Caucasus is marked by alternating periods of short-term independence and long-term subordination. The geographical location at the meeting point of the Great Steppe, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia invariably means that political and strategic interests intersect in the region. Thus, since ancient times, the subjugation of the South Caucasus has been a goal within the imperial policies of the powers located south of the Arax River and north of the Great Caucasus range (the most commonly accepted borders of the region). Short-lived periods of formal independence usually did not entail full internal sovereignty and subjectivity in external actions. Different forms of dependency - political, economic, military or cultural and social - defined the internal situation in the region. Historically, the South Caucasus has been stuck between Rome and Persia, Arab caliphates and Byzantium, Turkish states and Persia, being also the object of destructive Mongol and Tamerlan invasions. Since early modernity, the region has been a space of clashing influences and attempts to gain dominance of three imperial ideologies and, at the same time, civilizational visions - Persian (Iranian), Turkish (Ottoman) and Russian (including a somewhat different form of Soviet).
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W 1336 r. został założony przez króla Kazimierza Wielkiego sąd wyższy prawaniemieckiego na zamku w Sandomierzu. W 1475 r. król Kazimierz Jagiellończyk wystawiłdokument ustanowienia pieczęci dla tego sądu. Dokument ten prowokuje do refleksji nadwieloma zagadnieniami. Po pierwsze, jest jedynym polskim źródłem pisanym z czasów średniowieczawyjaśniającym powód wprowadzenia i określenie zakresu kompetencji pieczęcirangi sigillum authenticum. Wyjątkowa jest również treść obrazowa pieczęci zawierającej(obok postaci Chrystusa) herb ziemi sandomierskiej, co stanowi ewenement, jeżeli idzieo używanie tego rodzaju herbów na pieczęciach urzędowych. Opis pieczęci, inaczej niżzaobserwowano w ówczesnej praktyce kancelaryjnej, zawiera deskrypcję herbu ziemskiego,włącznie z podaniem barw heraldycznych. Jest to jednocześnie jedyne świadectwo nieznanegodotąd wariantu herbu ziemi sandomierskiej. Stylistyka blazonowania stanowi przesłankępozwalającą dopatrywać się udziału Jana Długosza, wybitnego polskiego historiografa,w redakcji dokumentu z 1475 r. Wspierają to również fakty z życia Długosza, zwłaszcza relacjez kolegium mansjonarzy sandomierskich oraz ślad jego udziału w redakcji dokumentukrólewskiego z 1476 r. powiązanego z majątkowymi sprawami tego kolegium. In 1336, a higher court of German law was established by king Casimir the Greatat the castle in Sandomierz. In 1475, Casimir IV Jagiellon issued a document establishinga seal for this court. This document provokes reflection on a range of issues. Firstly, it is theonly Polish written source from the Middle Ages explaining the reason for introducing anddefining the scope of the seal’s jurisdiction as sigillum authenticum. Another exceptionalfeature was the pictorial content of the seal containing (next to the figure of Christ) the coatof arms of the Sandomierz land, which is an outlier in terms of this type of coat of armsappearing on official seals. The description of the seal, contrary to the office practice of thetime, includes a description of the territorial coat of arms, including heraldic colours. Thisdescription is also the only evidence of a previously unknown variant of the Sandomierzregion’s coat of arms. The characteristic blazon hints at the participation of Jan Długosz,an outstanding Polish historiographer, in the editing of the document from 1475. This isalso supported by facts from Długosz’s life, especially his ties to the Sandomierz mansion’scollege and the trace of his participation in the editing of a related royal document from1476 regarding the college’s material affairs.
More...Wstęp do germanizacji czy wyraz pragmatyzmu okupanta?
W artykule przedstawiono zmagania niemieckiej administracji Generalnego Gubernatorstwa z polskimi nazwami miejscowości. Polityka w zakresie ich zmian – dostosowania do umiejętności językowych niemieckich urzędników lub germanizowania, niebyła konsekwentna. Kompleksową próbę zmiany nazw – przede wszystkim miast – w GG podjęto dopiero w 1941 r., a w 1943 r. rozszerzono na dystrykt galicyjski. Ich zakres był jednak niewielki, co należy tłumaczyć oporami samej administracji GG oraz innych instytucji– m.in. Wehrmachtu. Chociaż ustalanie urzędowych nazw miejscowości generalny gubernator zastrzegł do swojej wyłącznej kompetencji, inicjatywę w tym zakresie przejmowali nieraz naczelnicy powiatów, samowolnie germanizując nazwy miast lub usuwając z nich polskie znaki diakrytyczne. The article presents the struggles of the German administration of the GeneralGovernment with Polish place names. The policy of changing them – adapting themto the language skills of German officials or germanising them – was not consistent.A comprehensive attempt to change the names – primarily those of cities – in the GeneralGovernment was made only in 1941, extended in 1943 to the Galician district. However,the scope was small, which should be explained by the resistance of the administration ofthe General Government and other institutions – including the Wehrmacht. Although theestablishment of official place names was reserved by the general governor to his exclusivejurisdiction, the initiative in this regard was often taken by the heads of districts, whoarbitrarily germanised the city names or removed Polish diacritics from them.
More...Polonizacja kulturowego oblicza miasta w pierwszych latach po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej
Po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej polonizacja Wrocławia stała się sprawą pierwszorzędnej wagi – zarówno z przyczyn politycznych, jak i psychospołecznych. Prezentowany tekst ma na celu wskazanie określonych tendencji w działaniach nastawionych na nadanie historycznej stolicy regionu dobitnie polskiego wyrazu. Koncentruje się na takich zjawiskach, jak degradacja przestrzeni miejskiej i zniszczenia tkanki architektonicznej, odgruzowywanie i odbudowa miasta, wydobywanie z obcego otoczenia kulturowego „piastowskich” świadectw polskości, usuwanie symboliki prusko-niemieckiej (zwłaszcza hitlerowskiej) oraz eksponowanie tradycji Kresów Wschodnich. Ramy dociekań wyznaczają dwa radykalne zwroty, które w ciągu kilku powojennych lat zdecydowały o kulturowym charakterze Wrocławia: pierwszy to włączenie miasta do Polski i przerwanie jego ciągłości rozwojowej w związku z całkowitą wymianą niemieckich mieszkańców na polskich, drugi to wprowadzenie w kraju komunistycznej, stalinowskiej ortodoksji, co przekreśliło szanse na wykreowanie niepowtarzalnej tożsamości metropolii – na podstawie przejętej materialnej spuścizny poniemieckiej i kultury polskiej – z mocno akcentowaną tradycją Kresów Wschodnich – wniesionej przez regionalną mozaikę polskich osadników. After the end of World War II, the polonisation of Wrocław became a matter ofprime importance – both for political and psychosocial reasons. This text aims to indicatespecific trends in action aimed at giving the historical capital of the region a distinctly Polishimage. It focuses on phenomena such as the degradation of urban space and the destructionof architectural tissue, removing rubble and reconstructing the city, extracting “Piast”testimonies of Polishness from a foreign cultural environment, removing Prussian-German(especially Nazi) symbolism and displaying the traditions of the Eastern Borderlands. Theframework of the research is marked by two radical turns which, over several post-war years,determined the cultural character of Wrocław: the first was the incorporation of the city intoPoland and the interruption of its developmental continuity via the complete replacementof German residents with Polish inhabitants, while the second involved the introductionof communist, Stalinist orthodoxy throughout the country, which thwarted any chances ofcreating a unique identity for this metropolis – on the basis of the acquired material heritageof post-German and Polish culture – with the strongly accentuated tradition of the EasternBorderlands imported by a regional mosaic of Polish settlers.
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A book review by Gregg Jones, Ostatni bastion w Khe Sanh. Godzina chwały amerykańskich marines w Wietnamie, transl.Stanisław Powała-Niedźwiecki, Czerwonak 2020, pp. 491
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