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Ivan Stojković (ca. 1395-1443) was an extraordinary diplomat, multidisciplinary scientist .He was the first among catholic scholars who has written a tractate about the Church, an essay about ecumenical synods and a Biblical hermeneutics.
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The Greek Catholic (Uniate) Dioecese of Marča (called “Svidnica” by the Vienna Court and “Platearum” by the Roman Curia) was established in 1611, when Greek Catholic Bishop Simeon Vratanja was consecrated in Rome. He assumed obligation to unite Orthodox frontiersmen (Vlachs) of the Croatian and Slavonian Military Border and other Orthodox Christians in the Hungarian- Croatian Kingdom with the Catholic Church. In order to become a Greek Catholic or Uniate bishop, Simeon had to accept decrees issued by the Council of Trent, and especially to recognize the primacy of the Roman pope, the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son, the existence of Purgatory and the use of unleavened bread in liturgy. Although the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was declaratively pronounced as Bishop Simeon’s jurisdictional territory, in fact his jurisdiction spread predominantly over the Croatian and Slavonian Military Border, where the Orthodox Vlachs had been settled ever since the late sixteenth century. The monastery of St. Michael in Marča in the Varaždin Generalcy (the Slavonian Military Border) became the see of a new Greek Catholic eparchy. Having analyzed available sources about Simeon’s prelacy, the author concludes that motives and circumstances of Simeon’s acceptance of union with the Catholic Church cannot be clearly recognizable, and that the majority of the Orthodox population in the Military Border did not accept union with the Catholic Church in the spring of 1611, as some historians have previously claimed.
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Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia is a complex source in which one of the oldest catalogues of the Catholic bishoprics can be found. The source was dated in the period of Charlemagne (768-814) and grouped together with documents and codexes from his era, inspite the fact that some data are from the later centuries. It is evident that content and structure of this source is very complex, including the data form different periods: we can identify several authors and redactors of the source. Also, we can compare this source with the Liber censum Romanae Ecclesiae, a list of the bishoprics, abbeys, chapters and some lay institutions subjected to the Roman Church, which had the financial and other obligations towards it. This document was written in 1192 by papal chamberlain Sabellus Cencius. Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia is rich with data form early-medieval Christian history. The analysis of its content shows that this source contains documents from different periods. It is evident that already in the early-medieval period the author who was not really a connoisseur of religious and political history revised it. This conclusion was made already by an editor who published Medieval sources in the mid-19th century. The publication was equipped with rich critical apparatus, but remains unclear why the source Provinciale vetus sive Ecclesiae universae provinciarum notitia, containing documents from later periods, was published together with the documents and codexes from the period of Charles the Great. Some authors have been ignoring this source, or have used its information in a negative sense. This source, however, should be used by researches of the Late Antiquity and Early medieval History in comparison with other sources and using critical methodology .
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This book offers an overall research on the history of mediaeval Bulgarian women trying to encompass all aspects of life over the whole period of existence of Bulgaria during the Middle Ages. The first chapter of the book is devoted to the task of revealing as much thoroughly as possible the mediaeval model about the woman, about her place and role in society, the term ideological model constituting the combination of religious, ethic, social and political and esthetical notions, concepts and ideas about women characteristic for the mediaeval Bulgarian society. All data about women’s rights and obligations that can be found in mediaeval Bulgarian legal sources are thoroughly analyzed in the second chapter of the book. The peculiarities of the sources revealed and the goals set to be achieved in the first two chapters of the book define the main aim of the last part, which is to try to reveal the real presence of women in the economic, religious and political life in mediaeval Bulgaria.
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“Kill the Wanderer” is a documentary investigation into one of the most emblematic crimes of the Cold War – the murder of the Bulgarian dissident writer, Georgi Markov, in London in 1978. Throughout the whole world this case acquired infamy as the “Bulgarian umbrella” murder. The assassination became an emblematic example of “wet operations” involving the secret services of the former Eastern Bloc. It recently became the subject of commentary in the media throughout the world after the death of the former Russian intelligence officer from the Federal Security Service and political émigré, Alexander Litvinenko at the end of 2006 in London, due to many of the similarities between the two cases. Although 29 years have passed since the murder and Scotland Yard still has not discovered the perpetrator, the leading opinion in the West is that the murder of the Bulgarian dissident was carried out by the Bulgarian Security Services on the orders of the then head of state in Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, with the assistance of the KGB. “Kill the Wanderer” for the first time calls upon specific archive materials to confirm this thesis. Hristo Hristov (1967) is one of the best investigative journalists in Bulgaria and has researched the crimes of the communist regime. He has published documentary books on the murders in the communist camps in Bulgaria (1944–1962) and on the kidnapping of the Bulgarian émigré, Boris Arsov by the Bulgarian State Security Services from Denmark in 1974. Work on the “Kill the Wanderer” took him six years (1999–2005) and as a court reporter he has reported on the Markov murder case since 1991. His book is based on a number of documents hitherto unknown, many of which are from the secret archives of the former State Security Services.
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This book concerns the politics of religion as expressed through apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Dzhublyk in Transcarpathian Ukraine. The analysis provides insights into the present position of Transcarpathia in regional, Ukraine-wide, and European struggles for identity and political belonging. The way in which the apparitions site has been conceived and managed raises questions concerning the fate of religious communities during and after socialism, the significance of national projects for religious organizations, and the politics of religious management in a situation in which local religious commitments are relatively strong and religious organizations are relatively weak. The analysis contributes to the ethnography and history of this particular region and of the post-socialist world in general. The changing status of the apparition site over the years allows investigation of the questions concerning authority, legitimacy, and power in religious organizations, especially in relation to management of religious experiences.
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This book publishes for the first time in print every word the American and Soviet leaders – Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, and George H.W. Bush – said to each other in their superpower summits from 1985 to 1991. Obtained by the authors through the Freedom of Information Act in the U.S., from the Gorbachev Foundation and the State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow, and from the personal donation of Anatoly Chernyaev, these previously Top Secret verbatim transcripts combine with key declassified preparatory and after-action documents from both sides to create a unique interactive documentary record of these historic highest-level talks – the conversations that ended the Cold War.The summits fueled a process of learning on both sides, as the authors argue in contextual essays on each summit and detailed headnotes on each document. Geneva 1985 and Reykjavik 1986 reduced Moscow’s sense of threat and unleashed Reagan’s inner abolitionist. Malta 1989 and Washington 1990 helped dampen any superpower sparks that might have flown in a time of revolutionary change in Eastern Europe, set off by Gorbachev and by Eastern Europeans (Solidarity, dissidents, reform Communists). The high level and scope of the dialogue between these world leaders was unprecedented, and is likely never to be repeated.
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The essays in the book compare the Czech Republic and Slovakia since the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993. The papers deal with the causes of the divorce and discuss the political, economic and social developments in the new countries. This is the only English-language volume that presents the synoptic findings of leading Czech, Slovak, and North American scholars in the field.The authors include two former Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eight leading scholars (four Czechs and four Slovaks), and eight knowledgeable commentators from North America. The most significant new insight is that in spite of predictions by various pundits in the Western World that Czechia would flourish after the breakup and Slovakia would languish, the opposite has happened. While the Czech Republic did well in its early years, it is now languishing while Slovakia, which had a rough start, is now doing very well. Anyone interested in the history of the Czech and Slovak Republics over the last twenty years will find gratification in reading this book.
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Collection of articles on history, culture, architecture, urban development of Chișinău
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The collection of papers on history, culture, religious, architecture and urban development of Chisinau.
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The presence of a German population in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the north of the Republic of Serbia, is the result of historical circumstances. They were settled there at the time of the mass colonisation of Southern Hungary and the Middle Danube region in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This colonisation—aimed at boosting the economic and defensive military capacities of the territories annexed to the Habsburg Monarchy as a result of a series of Austro-Ottoman wars— changed noticeably the ethnic map of that part of Europe. During this highly complex migratory process, large numbers of crafts men, farmers, public servants and army veterans, attracted by enticing benefits, left the German lands/principalities to settle and make a home in the Pannonian Plain. Until the twentieth century most settlers lived in rural areas, functioning as small and rela tively closed agricultural communities. Their members lived abiding by religious principles and observing customs, which helped them to preserve their local German dialects and develop distinctive cultural features. Some of those settled in urban areas made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural de velopment of present-day Vojvodina. After the First World War and the disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Germans in Vojvodina, Croatia, Slove nia and Bosnia became citizens of the newly-created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS) and were soon recognised as a national minority. In the interwar Kingdom of SCS (renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929) the German minority made every effort to preserve its ethnic and cultural distinctiveness: many cultural and political organisations were active and productively participated in the public and political life of the country. The defeat of the Third Reich in the Second World War caused much trouble for the German community in Vojvodina. As was the case with the German minority in all of South-East Europe, the participation of many Yugoslavs of German origin in military, paramilitary and police forces which had fought on the side of the defeated Germany led to almost all members of the German minority being labelled as collaborationists and incurring widespread odium as such. For the purpose of punishment, Yugoslav authorities set up camps for mass internment of German Yugoslavs who had not fled before Yugoslav partisan and Soviet Red Army troops. Pursuant to newly-adopted regulations, the internment was combined with the loss of property and civil rights. Only a few thousand members of the German community were exempted from the sanctions and allowed to keep their citizenship and property, usually on account of their own or a family member’s participation in the People’s Liberation Movement (NOP). In the early 1950s the process of dissolving the camps and repatriation took place. As most members of the German minority chose to emigrate to Germany or Austria, in the mid-1960s there remained in Yugoslavia only a small number, and mostly concentrated in Vojvodina. Their position was gradually improving, but the hardships they had experienced and the strong antiGerman sentiment in the wake of the war led them to opt for the strategy of ethnic mimicry. In that period, the Germans of Vojvodina consciously concealed their own and publicly demonstrated ethnic identity symbols of the ethnic communities that enjoyed an advantageous social status. Their ethnic mimicry strategy was made much easier by the markedly multiethnic, multicultural and multilingual character of Vojvodina, and the transfer of ethnic identity symbols was also bolstered by a high rate of ethnic exogamy and their shared religious affiliation with members of neighbouring ethnic communities.
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This work is devoted to the translations of the New Testament by Szymon Budny – an eminent sixteenth-century Polish writer, and outstanding linguist and biblical scholar of the Reformation. At first a Calvinist, Budny then became an Arian activist. The book's its purpose is to describe the changing progression taking place in the three editions of Budny’s translations of the New Testament from 1570, 1572 and 1574. To this end, I perform a philological analysis of these texts in comparison to other biblical Polish translations of the 16th century (mainly to the Calvinist Brest Bible of 1563 and to the 1568 New Testament, which was modelled on it) as well as to Greek and Latin texts. The dynamic process of shaping the changes in succeeding translations of the New Testament, which Budny constantly improved and perfected, is most evident in his critical edition of the New Testament from 1574. Here, the author was able to present the results of his search for the authentic, i.e. correct and error-free, original text, a search which he based on multiple sources. He also expressed his position regarding the method of translation and theological interpretation (which corresponded to his confession).
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У српској/југословенској и светској историографији већ је уочен значај изучавања спољне политике и позиције социјалистичке Југославије. Научници су обраћали пажњу на важност југословенско-совјетских сукоба 1948. и 1958. године, велику улогу Југославијеу стварању покрета несврстаних земаља, стварање Балканског пакта 1953/54, проучавање односа Југославије и великих сила (блокова) и позиције Југославије у хладном рату, на место које је имао Јосип Броз као државник у послератном свету, улогу Југославије у великим кризама хладноратовског периода (тршћанска криза, Корејски рат, догађаји у Мађарској 1956, окупација Чехословачке 1968), свестрану научну, културну и техничку сарадњу Југославије са иностранством... [...]
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Kad je reč o seobama žumberačkih uskoka, na prvi pogled se čini da o tome postoji obilje istorijskih dokumenata i da je taj deo prošlosti Žumberčana jasan. Međutim, kad se problemu priđe istraživački precizno i sa željom da čitalac dobije jasnu sliku o toku i problemima prilikom doseljavanja, dolazi se do zaključka da, ipak, nema dovoljno podataka, barem ne o trećoj i četvrtoj seobi. Zatim, autori se pozivaju uglavnom na iste izvore, ali ih različito koriste, navodeći samo ono šta oni smatraju značajnim i što žele da naglase, odnosno šta od njih očekuje »poručilac«. Posledica su značajne razlike u tumačenju da li se i kada nešto dogodilo i kako se dogodilo? Znamo da »istoriju pišu pobednici« i da su žumberački uskoci i njihovo doseljavanje vekovima bili »pod lupom« raznih pobednika i njihove politike te da su »pobednici« različito gledali na žumberačke uskoke pa i na njihovo doseljavanje. Surova istorijska stvarnost uticala je da su Žumberčani morali da vode računa ne samo o tome ko su »aktuelni« pobednici nego i ko će da pobedi u narednom periodu i kakvi će da budu ti budući pobednici.
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During the last war, in the beginning of the 90s, there were around 400 000 Serbs who escaped Croatian territory and most of them ended in Serbia where they, in smaller or bigger groups, live in metropolitan areas, cities and villages even today. Those smaller groups of mostly compatriots are united by the sad destiny of refugees, solidarity and memory of homeland. Almost a half of this half a million population lives in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in villages mostly built on their own on empty fields, on the outskirts where initially there were no conditions to develop a civilized lifestyle. Those settlements live as a memory of self-sacrifice of population torn from their root, left with nothing and forced to undertake a precarious road to a new environment. It should be emphasized that most of the refugee settlements in Vojvodina and elsewhere aren't slums or ‘empires of poor’, but solid houses that children leave every day to go to school, their parents to go to work and earn their daily bread and the eldest do their best to help as much as they can. In the moment they were built, those houses witnessed blood, sweat and tears of their household members because suffer and trouble are in common to almost every one of the half a million of Serbs who came to Serbia from Croatia. Psychologically, we can never measure the amount of negative energy accumulated among the Serb refugees from Croatia during the mid-90's which resulted in many diseases, death and existential traumas, however, there was also a strong will to survive; the Serb refugees from Croatia managed to sustain and initiate a new life in Serbia.
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The asset purchase programme of the euro area, active between 2015 and 2018, constitutes an interesting special case of Quantitative Easing (QE) because the ECB’s Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) involved the purchase of peripheral euro area government bonds, which were clearly not riskless. Moreover, these purchases were undertaken by national central banks at their own risk. Intuition suggests, and a simple model confirms, that, ceteris paribus, large purchases by a national central bank of the bonds of their own sovereign should increase the risk for the remaining private bond holders. This might seem incompatible with the observationthat risk spreads on peripheral bonds fell when QE in the euro area was announced. However, the initial fall in risk premiums may have been due to expectations of the bond purchases proving effective in lowering risk-free rates. When these expectations were disappointed, risk premiums returned to their initial level. Formal statistical tests confirm that indeed risk premiums on peripheral bonds did not follow a random walk (contrary to what is assumed inevent studies). Nor did the announcements of bond buying change the stochastics of these premiums. There is thus no reason to consider the impact effect to have been permanent.
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W ideologicznych założeniach polskie pogranicza powinny przekształcać się w transgranicza. Jednak obrazy rzeczywistości, przedstawiane także w tym tomie, zakłócają sielankowe wizje formułowane na gruncie europeizmu. Szereg wydarzeń, poczynając od 1997 r., kiedy to Polska w ramach procesów przystosowawczych przed włączeniem do Unii Europejskiej zaczęła osłabiać relacje ze wschodnimi sąsiadami, stawia pod znakiem zapytania, to znów wspiera euromyślenie o pograniczach. Należy też pamiętać, że na procesy społeczno-gospodarcze na pograniczach istotny wpływ miało pełne włączenie Polski do strefy Schengen w 2007 r., a później uruchamianie i zawieszanie umów o małym ruchu granicznym z ograniczaniem versus poszerzaniem grupy beneficjentów. Z WprowadzeniaZbigniew KurczProblematyka tomu koncentruje się m.in. wokół następujących zagadnień: • Co wniosły badania i refleksje z ostatnich lat do wiedzy o transgraniczach, efekcie pogranicza, człowieku pogranicza?• Jak postrzegać pogranicza: kiedy jako modelowe transgranicza, a kiedy jako obszary rywalizacji o państwowo-narodowych barwach?• Jaki jest zakres i jakie konsekwencje kontaktu kultur na pograniczach?• Jak wzmocnić szeroko rozumiane bezpieczeństwo na pograniczach – fizyczne, społeczne i ekonomiczne?• Jakie nowe procesy i zjawiska dały o sobie znać w ostatnim okresie na polskich pograniczach?W tomie publikują: Dawid Błaszczak, Leszek Buller, Marcin Dębicki, Leszek Gołdyka, Zbigniew Kurcz, Bogusław Kuźniar, Irena Machaj, Elżbieta Opiłowska, Wiesław Tadeusz Popławski, Wiesław Romanowicz, Andrzej Sakson, Dorota Szaban, Irena Szlachcicowa, Beata Trzop.
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This book is devoted to multiculturality and cultural transgression. The study begins with the definitions and descriptions of the phenomena and terminology crucial to the source materials, and presents biculturality from the micro-historical perspective of the case studies of three well-known Polish figures: Wojciech Bobowski (Ali Ufkî Bey, 17th c.), Salomea Regina Pilsztynowa (18th c.) and Konstanty Borzęcki (Mustafa Celâleddin Paşa, 19th/20th c.). Their biographies exemplify the complicated identities at the border of two cultures: Polish and Turkish, Christian and Muslim. The figures in focus are representatives of the “go-between” category which includes captives, émigré converts and Turkophile travellers who prospered in the Ottoman Empire. These “cultural brokers” made their presence felt in the history of Turkish–Polish relations and have passed into the history of culture. They are examined from the perspective of contemporary cultural studies, set against the latest anthropological theories (cultural syncretism, identity in multicultural societies), with special emphasis placed on cultural transgression as a set of shifting interactions. The analysis of the transgressive processes experienced by the individuals being studied takes into account their religious conversion, its circumstances, nature and consequences.
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