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Jak posílit koherenci českých politik pro mezinárodní rozvoj? Realistický přístup v oblastech migrace, obchodu a zemědělství

Author(s): Ondřej Horký / Language(s): Czech

I zdánlivě malé úpravy českých politik v oblasti migrace, obchodu a zemědělství mají velký vliv na rozvojové země, často větší než výrazné navýšení rozvojové spolupráce. Větší zohlednění zájmů chudých zemí v českých politikách je však mimořádně složité kvůli velkému počtu aktérů a jejich odlišným zájmům a institucionálním kulturám. Pokud má však mít česká rozvojová politika smysl, je nutné začít s posilováním koherence politik pro rozvoj co nejdříve. • V oblasti migrace je třeba pečlivě sledovat dopady pilotního projektu řízené migrace a reformovat program vládních stipendií pro studenty a studentky z rozvojových zemí tak, aby nepřispívaly jako dosud k „odlivu mozků“, ale je-li to uskutečnitelné, k jejich „oběhu“, tedy dočasné migraci. Také je nutné usnadnit zasílání remitencí přistěhovalců do rozvojových a transformujících se zemí a výhledově zapojit do rozvoje jejich diaspory. • V oblasti mezinárodního obchodu a zemědělství musí příslušné rezorty především plnit programové prohlášení vlády, které jim ukládá brát v potaz dopady obou politik na rozvojové země. Česká republika by měla prosazovat svoji spíše liberální pozici především také v bourání bariér na straně rozvinutých zemí. Společně je třeba přizvat Exportní garanční a pojišťovací společnosti k dialogu o mezinárodním rozvoji i proto, že v oblastech obchodu a zemědělství neexistuje shoda ohledně jeho významu.

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/10)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

У Крагујевцу 22. Јануара; ПИТАЊА; Како се подиже пољоделство; Са велике школе; ДОПИСИ; Београд, 18. Јануар; У Књажевцу, 11. 1874. год.; Копривница, 15. Јануара; Јавна благодарност; Јавна коресподенција; Књижевни Огласи; ОГЛАСИ;

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/19)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

Крагујевац 10. Фебруара; Са велике школе; Из записника Небојше; Народној скупштини: Штудије о стању пољске привреде у Србији; Предлог за нов грађански поступак у округу (кантону) циришком; Спољна политика немачка; ДОПИСИ; Крагујевачка новост; Мојим ђацима у крагујевачкој гимназији; Књижевна вест; ОГЛАСИ; ФАБРИКА ШЕШИРА КОД ЗЛАТНОГ ЧИЛИНДЕРА на бившој Стамбол-капији;

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/27)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

Слободна штампа и народна скупштина; Штудије о стању пољске привреде у Србији; ДОПИСИ; Јевропска дипломација и афера босанска; Београд 27. Фебруара; Баградан 15. Фебруара; РАЗЛИЧНОСТИ; ОГЛАСИ; На знање;

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/28a)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

Крагујевац, 7. Марта; Штудије о стању пољске привреде у Србији; Најновији научни предлог; ДОПИСИ; Јевропска дипломација и афера босанска; РАЗЛИЧНОСТИ; Уредништву ''Јавности''; ПРИПОСЛАНО; ОГЛАСИ; На знање;

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/29)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

Штудије о стању пољске привреде у Србији; Земљедерско-шумарска школа у Пожаревцу; ДОПИСИ; Београд 28. Фебурара; Јагодина 6. Марта; Пожаревац 24. Фебурара; РАЗЛИЧНОСТИ; ОГЛАСИ; На знање;

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ЈАВНОСТ - лист за наукe и политику (1874/30)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian

''Завере око ''Јавности'' ''; Спаситељ друштвеног поретка; Штудије о стању пољске привреде у Србији; Земљеделско-шумарска школа у Пожаревцу; ДОПИСИ; Опет спаситељ друштвеног поретка; Јавна благодарност; Ценовник; Књижевни Оглас; ОГЛАСИ;

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Land Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey

Author(s): Štefan Bojnec / Language(s): English

The paper provides an overview and a comparison of land markets covering the three candidate countries for European Union membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare agricultural land structures and factors driving land markets. The analyses are based on the available cros-ssection and time-series evidence on agricultural land structures and land productivity (yields). The land productivity measured by production per hectare of agricultural land varies between the three countries. Agricultural land structures are the result of historical evolutionin land markets and land-leasing developments with additional different institutional environments and agrarian and land reforms.

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The Penetration of Financial Instability in Agricultural Credit and Leveraging

Author(s): Anna-Maija Heikkilä,Sami Myyrä,Kyösti Pietola / Language(s): English

This paper describes the aggregate rural capital markets of the EU and the main differences between the markets of its member countries. The results of our study suggest that the agricultural credit markets are still quite segmented and the segments are country- rather than currency- or regionspecific. Financial instability in Europe is also penetrating the agricultural sector and the variation of interest rates for agricultural credit is increasing across countries. Perhaps the most dramatic signal of growing financial instability is that the financial leverage (gearing rate) of European farms rose in 2008 by almost 4 percentage points, from 14 to 18%. The 4 percentage-point annual rise was twice the 2 percentage-point rise observed during the economic recession in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The distribution of the financial leverage of agriculture across countries does not, however, reflect the distribution of country-specific risk premiums in the manner that they are observed in government bond yields. Therefore, in those countries that have the weakest financial situation in the public sector and in which the bond markets are encumbered with high country-specific risk premiums, the agricultural sector is not directly exposed to a very large risk of increasing interest rates, since it is not so highly leveraged. For example in Greek and Spanish agriculture, the financial leverage (gearing) rate is only 0.6% and 2.2% respectively, while the highest gearing rates are found elsewhere (in Denmark), reaching 50%.

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Do agricultural subsidies crowd out or stimulate rural credit institutions? The Case of CAP Payments

Author(s): Pavel Ciaian,Ján Pokrivčák,Katarina Szegenyova / Language(s): English

In this paper we estimate the impact of subsidies from the EU’s common agricultural policy on farm bank loans. According to the theoretical results, if subsidies are paid at the beginning of the growing season they may reduce bank loans, where as if they are paid at the end of the season they increase bank loans, but these results are conditional on whether farms are credit constrained and on the relative cost of internal and external financing. In the empirical analysis, we use farm-level panel data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network to test the theoretical predictions for the period 1995–2007. We employ fixed-effects and generalised method of moment models to estimate the impact of subsidies on farm loans. The results suggest that subsidies influence farm loans and the effects tend tobe non-linear and indirect. The results also indicate that both coupled and decoupled subsidies stimulate long-term loans, but the long-term loans of large farms increase more than those of small farms, owing to decoupled subsidies. Furthermore, the results imply that short-term loans are affected only by decoupled subsidies, and they are altered by decoupled subsidies more for small farms than for large farms; however, when controlling for endogeneity, only the decoupled payments affect loans and the relationship is non-linear.

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Agricultural and Rural Labour Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey

Author(s): Štefan Bojnec / Language(s): English

This paper provides an overview and comparison of labour markets in agricultural and rural areas inthe three candidate countries for the EU membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare the labour market structures and the factors drivingthem. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series data on agricultural labour structures and living conditions in rural areas. Considerable differences are found among the candidate countries in the importance of the agricultural labour force, between rural and urban labour, and in poverty and living conditions in rural areas. Agricultural and rural labour market structures are the result of demographic and education processes, in addition to labour flows between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, from rural areas to urban ones and migration flows abroad. Declines in the agricultural labour force and rural population are fore seen for each of the candidate countries, but with significant variations between them.

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Agricultural and Rural Capital Markets in the EU Candidate Countries: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey

Author(s): Štefan Bojnec / Language(s): English

This paper analyses agricultural and rural capital factor markets in the three European Union candidate countries: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia and Turkey. Aggregate capital market indicators and their dynamics, and factors driving agricultural and rural capital markets are analysed and compared in these countries. In general, agricultural and rural capital markets show similarities with general capital market developments, but agricultural and rural capital markets are facing specific credit constraints related to agricultural assets and rural fixed asset specificities, which constrain their mortgages and collateral use. Credit market imperfections have limited access to the investment credits necessary for there structuring of small-scale individual farms. Government transfers are used to differing extents in the candidate countries, but generally tend to increase over time. Remittances and donor funds have also played an important role in agricultural and rural economy investments.

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Developments in the Agricultural and Rural Capital Market of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Author(s): Štefan Bojnec,Biljana Angelova / Language(s): English

The undeveloped rural capital market in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is constrained byan urban–rural development gap, with limited capacities for rural development and imperfections in the rural capital market. Among the most striking hindrances are the illegal status of a large share of agricultural buildings and other real estate in rural areas, particularly on the individual family farms that prevail in the country, and the insufficient knowledge and abilities of individual farmers in applying for credit. National, EU and other donor funds are being used to improve knowledge, skills and other human resources, and to address the illegal status of buildings and facilities. During the most recent years, government support for agricultural, rural and regional development has been introduced to promote good agricultural practices, production and economic activity in rural areas. The elimination of imperfections and improvements to the functioning of the capital market – making access to credit and funds easier, especially for small-scale family farms and for rural development –are seen as measures contributing to agriculture and more balanced rural and regional development.

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The Valuation of Agricultural Land and the Influence of Government Payments

Author(s): Klaus Salhofer,Paul Feichtinger / Language(s): English

This study gives an overview of the theoretical foundations, empirical procedures and derived results of the literature identifying determinants of land prices. Special attention is given to the effects of different government support policies on land prices. Since almost all empirical studies on the determination of land prices refer either to the net present value method or the hedonic pricing approach as a theoretical basis, a short review of these models is provided. While the two approaches have different theoretical bases, their empirical implementation converges. Empirical studies use abroad range of variables to explain land values and we systematise those into six categories. In order to investigate the influence of different measures of government support on land prices, a metaregression analysis is carried out. Our results reveal a significantly higher rate of capitalisation for decoupled direct payments and a significantly lower rate of capitalisation for agri-environmental payments, as compared to the rest of government support. Furthermore, the results show that taking theoretically consistent land rents (returns to land) and including non-agricultural variables like urban pressure in the regression implies lower elasticities of capitalisation. In addition, we find a significant influence of the land type, the data type and estimation techniques on the capitalisation rate.

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Національна безпека і оборона, № 130 (2012 - 01)

Author(s): Mykhailo Mishchenko,Lyudmila Shangina / Language(s): Ukrainian

UKRAINE - ON THE EVE OF THE COMPLETION OF LAND REFORM? // PUBLIC OPINION ON LAND POLICY AND LAND REFORM IN UKRAINE // Citizens' assessment of the state's land policy // The situation on the land market // Plans of landowners, tenants and citizensin general for the future // Attitude to the development of large joint-stock agricultural enterprises and farms // Citizens' assessment of the land rights registration system // Legislation governing land ownership: level of awareness and evaluation // Interest in the problem of the land market // Private ownership of agricultural land: attitude, understanding, vision of the optimal model for Ukraine // Attitude to the purchase and sale of land agricultural purpose // Citizens' attitudes towards adoption issues Law "On Land Market" // PROBLEMS OF INTRODUCTION OF THE FREE MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL EARTH: FOCUS GROUP RESULTS REPORT // I. Positions of owners of land plots (shares) // II. Positions of farmers // III. Common positions // IV. Conclusions // ABOUT THE LAND, OR NOTES IN THE FIELDS OF THE PRESIDENT'S INTERVIEW // Introductory retreat // The president - for explanatory work, citizens - for the referendum // How it started // Field Owners: Rights and Opportunities // The results of the first 20 years of reform // About agrarian policy, or What to do? // Conclusion, or For the information of the authorities and citizens // THE LAND OF OUR ANXIETY // Why is this reform needed? // About the price of land and its increase // I need a lot of money… // Land and personal life // Property in our way // So what do we lack to complete land reform? // ATTITUDES OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THEIR LEADERS TO THE ISSUEOF LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE

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The Strategic Dimension of French Agricultural Policy

Author(s): Amanda Dziubińska / Language(s): English

The economic crisis caused by the pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have highlighted that agricultural policy is about ensuring both trade gains as well as sovereignty and food security. The strategic nature of agriculture and the agri-food industry, and the need for protectionist measures, are increasingly emphasised in the French public debate. The challenge for France will be to ensure food sovereignty while continuing the sector’s green transformation.

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GCC Countries, Seeking Food Security, Eye Agricultural Investments

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

The growing consumption of food in the Gulf states is leading to the acquisition of foreign farmlands. This practice increases the Gulf states’ influence in African countries and the European neighbourhood. The competitiveness of their agricultural sector is also growing in relation to the less innovative European agriculture thanks to the development of technologies responding to difficult climatic conditions.

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Nigerian Okonjo-Iweala is the WTO’s New Director-General

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

On 15 February, the member states of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) elected Ngozi OkonjoIweala as Director-General of the organisation. She is the first woman and first African in this position. She will focus on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, reforming the WTO, and mitigating the effects of the U.S.-China rivalry. Her election likely increases the importance of the interests of the least-developed members of the organisation, which may lead to a revival of talks that are sensitive to the EU, for example, concerning agriculture.

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Drought in the Czech Republic. The political, economic and social consequences

Author(s): Krzysztof Dębiec / Language(s): English

The Czech Republic is an example of a state in which drought has become a key issue in public debate. In the Czech Republic, 2020 was the seventh consecutive year of a drought that is considered the most severe in 500 years, and which differs from the previous ones in that it is more prolonged and is characterised by considerably higher temperatures. At its peak, every fifth municipality was exposed to the risk of water scarcity, which was particularly evident in southern Moravia and in north-western regions. The situation is further complicated by the fact that for many years Prague was focusing on the construction of a flood control system and on the mitigation of the consequences of floods. At present, the Czech Republic has the smallest freshwater resources of all the inland EU member states. Despite a gradual improvement in the situation, recorded since May 2020, the problem involving groundwater scarcity has not been fully eliminated, and experts – taking account of long-term climate change trends and structural problems faced by the Czech agricultural and forestry sectors – are expecting a recurrence of an even more severe drought in a couple of years at the latest. A closer look at the Czech Republic’s struggle with drought may prompt more comprehensive analyses regarding the water management policy pursued in Central Europe, a region which is becoming increasingly affected by recurrent droughts.

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EU Agri-food Quality Schemes and Potential Benefits for the Registration of PGI’s and PDO’s for Serbian Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs in the Prospect of EU Negotiations

Author(s): Ksenija Simović / Language(s): English

The main objective of this policy paper is to examine different aspects of EU agri-food quality schemes, developed for products with specific characteristics resulting from a particular origin, special ingredients or farming and production methods. The purpose of this paper is to examine in depth different aspects of this European policy and identify potential benefits for Serbian agri-food producers in applying it. Special attention will therefore be dedicated to assessment of Serbian state of affairs in regards, as well as to the opportunities that are now more present, due to the advancement of Serbia’s negotiations with EU. Since many economic findings show, the registration of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) usually results in the higher ability of producers to compete in the market, the paper will attempt to explore the opportunities and problems that the registration of regional and traditional products may bring to the Serbia’s local agrifood production system.

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