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Legal Form as a Determinant of the Evaluation of Agricultural Entities in Slovakia Using the Topsis Method

Author(s): VOZÁROVÁ Ivana Krav􀀀áková,Kotulic Rastislav,VAVREK Roman / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (14)/2016

The agriculture represents one of the sectors of the economy, where economic differentiation is more than obvious. Different efficiency of agricultural entities has been a persistent phenomenon that depends onseveral objective and subjective factors. One of them is also legal form of agricultural enterprises. In Slovakia, the structure of farms is specific compared to almost any other member states of the European Union. The majority of agricultural land is framed by big farms. These farms with high acreage are usually either agricultural cooperative or Business Company. In the economic literature is a number of important studies identifying the advantages of cooperatives in comparison with other organizational forms, mainly business companies. The aim of this paper is evaluate the economic status of agricultural entities according the legal formusing the TOPSIS method.

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Scientific-Theoretical Aspects of the Efficient Development of Land Relations in the Agrarian Sector of Economy

Author(s): Aida Mazhidovna Dauzova / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (15)/2016

In the context of potential threat to food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) that is determined byinefficient utilization of agricultural lands, the aim of the article was a conceptual approach to the development of thesystem of optimization measures for improving land relations in the agrarian sector of Kazakhstan’s economy. Themethodological basis of the study is formed by statistical analysis which allowed identifying the main current trends in thedevelopment of land relations in the agricultural sector of the RK. Using expert method, a sample for determining thegaming index for assessment of efficiency of land relations at the regional level was formed. The critical level of landrelations efficiency in the agricultural sector was determined by taxonomic analysis and problematic regions ofKazakhstan with low efficient land relations were distinguished. The study argued and substantiated the components ofland relations efficiency in the agricultural sector: social efficiency, economic efficiency and ecological efficiency. Thesecomponents of land relations reflect conditions and productivity of using agricultural lands in the framework of anintegrated approach. The critical levels of social, economic and ecological efficiency of land relations on the regional levelwere determined, which allowed identifying the problematic aspects of land relations for the RK regions based on theactual level of their development. Considering the current level of land relations efficiency, the developed system ofoptimization measures is distinguishably aimed at improving the social, economic and ecological efficiency of landrelations in the RK.

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State Regulation of Organic Agriculture Development

Author(s): Tatyana Mihailovna Polushkina,AKIMOVA Yulia Alekseevna,Svetlana Andreevna Kochetkova / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (15)/2016

The main goal of the research was to study and systemize measures of state regulation of the development oforganic agriculture in Russia and abroad as well as to develop top-priority areas of its improvement. The Russian marketof organic agricultural products has started its formation not long ago, and this area has not been enough studied. Thearticle shows theoretical and methodological review of the references of native and foreign researchers, defines thevector of development of organic agriculture under contemporary terms and conditions of state regulation.Based on the conducted empiric research of maintaining and supporting organic agriculture in foreign countriesfor the period of 2010-2013, the advantages, principles and peculiarities of state support were revealed. The articledefines the necessity to use foreign experience on the territory of Russia where almost half of agricultural products areproduced in private subsidiary farms according to principles of farming that are close too organic. The analysis of thesystem of enactments in the area of regulating the development of organic agricultural production revealed the lack of theunified standard of producing and marking organic products in the country.Therefore, the authors stipulated the necessity to develop an accurate system of state regulation including: thecreation of the regulatory and legal framework, national standards and marking; the formation of the culture of organics”consumption on the state level; the development of the Concept of organic agriculture development; the creation of theefficient system of state regulation and control over the development of organic agriculture in the Russian Federation. Theimplementation of the above measures will contribute to efficient development of the system of state regulation of organicproductions taking into account new economic conditions.

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ORGANIC FARMING IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF MULTIVARIATE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Lidia Luty / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Organic farming is an environmentally-friendly production system, which has been dynamically developing since 2004. The study attempts to conduct a spatial assessment of the development of this management method. The analysis covered data at the level of voivodships, originating from GIJHARS1 and from the Central Statistical Office (GUS) from 2014, concerning producers respecting the production in the environmentally-friendly system. They include characteristics such as: average surface area, proportion of the area of arable lands, number of processing plants, production volume of: milk, cereals, vegetables, and fruit. The analysis uses the method of linear ordering of a set of objects, based on the created synthetic variable. The results of the study suggest that Polish voivodships are generally characterised by an average or low level of development of organic farming. A positive phenomenon is observed in the fact that organic farming develops in voivodships with a more fragmented agrarian structure.

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Is Maize Demand Irreversible in South Africa? Estimating the price elasticity using the Wolfram - Houck Procedure

Author(s): John Khumalo / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

This research paper seeks to empirically estimate and test reversibility or non-reversibility of the maize demand using the Tweeten – Quance and Wolffram – Houck methodology in South Africa with the use of annualized seasonal data for the periods 1970/71 to 2012/13. The test procedure seems to hold in South Africa in the case of demand for maize and the function is found to be irreversible. This is shown by the coefficients of both the increases and decreases in the price of maize, which are found to be non-identical. The results indicate that when maize prices increase by 1%, demand for maize falls by almost 12%, while decreases in maize price drive demand up by nearly 20%. The structural VAR on the other hand, which assumes that innovations are proliferated in the maize demand,maize prices, wheat prices and income, indicates that the SVAR is just –identified. These results reveal that ignoring such structural changes when conducting policy changes might be detrimental to the agricultural sector.

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Supporting Herbal Agriculture Market in Romania - Desideratum or Reality

Author(s): Ionica Oncioiu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

Currently, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) sector are growing fast. This article is a trial of designing the challenges and future directions of medicinal herbal market in Romania, taking into consideration the medicinal plants market and individual exploitations. Data was collected from Romanian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Growers, Manufacturers and Users Association using pretested questionnaire. Data were entered, cleaned and analysed by SPSS version 17. T-test, ANOVA and Regression analysis were carried out and the association was considered significant at p-value less than 0.05. A total of 220 respondents participated in the study, making a response rate of 88%. Our results indicate that the negotiation power of the legal person buyers is significantly bigger than that of the medicinal herbs individual producers and that this type of buyer benefits by significantly diminished prices. The study showed that a more positive attitude of consumers towards medicinal plants products will further strengthen the purchasing intentions, while the status of a bio consumers‘ consumption will not affect any change on their willingness to purchase medicinal herbs products.

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Food Security Situation among South African Urban Agricultural Households: Evidence from Limpopo Province

Author(s): Abiodun Olusola Omotayo,Enioluwa Jonathan Ijatuyi,Oluwasogo David Olorunfemi,Agboola Peter Temitope / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The challenges posed by risk factors in the urban agricultural sector have been an issue of general concern among various stakeholders and the international communities. This concern is attributable to the negative impacts of food insecurity risk on urban agriculture and socio-economic development of South Africa. This study analyzed the food security situation among urban agricultural households of Limpopo Province using a well-structured questionnaire for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that male respondents were more in the study area with an average age of 46 years. Public tap water was the most used source in the study area with an average monthly income of R2668.75 recorded. In addition, an average of R1284.75 is expended on food on monthly basis by the agricultural households. Finally, some implications for national food security were drawn from the overall result of the study. It was suggested among other things that interest-free credit should be made available to small-scale farmers to enable them to access improved risk (such as health, drought etc.) management technologies. This will help them to contribute more meaningfully to national food security through enhanced productivity.

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Dynamics of Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A PARDL Model Approach

Author(s): Ayodeji Opeyemi Ogunlesi,Koye Gerry Bokana / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

This study empirically examined the long- and short-run dynamics of agricultural productivity in 37 selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2016 employing the recent Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model. The model estimate revealed a cointegrating but no short-run significant relationship between agricultural output and the independent variables. The Cobb-Douglass production function thus supports long-run but not short-run estimation of agricultural production in this region during the reviewed period. The study found that labour and the real exchange rate have a positive and significant long-run influence on agricultural productivity while capital, degree of openness and per-capita income exhibit a negative but significant relationship with such productivity. The negative and significant Error Correction Term value showed that all the variables move towards long-run stability at a slow annual speed of adjustment of 29.2%; the influence of the independent variables thus enhances agricultural productivity in the long run. Based on these findings, the formulation and implementation of effective macroeconomic policies are recommended to stabilize the exchange rate, encourage exports, optimally utilize capital, and enhance infrastructure provision with a view to boosting agricultural productivity to stimulate economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.

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The Growth Enhancement Support Scheme: Productivity and Shortcomings among Rice Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Author(s): Adenegan Kemisola Omorinre,Osanyinlusi I. Oladele,Bola Amoke Awotide,Abiodun Olusola Omotayo,Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Increasing access to improved farm inputs at a subsidized rate has urgently become the focus of government programmes. This study therefore examined the effect and shortcomings of GES Scheme on rice farmers’ productivity. A cross-sectional data of 160 smallholder rice farming households was selected through multistage random sampling technique from three major rice producing local government areas. The total number of communities randomly selected was six. The data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire and the objectives were analysed using descriptive statistics and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index. The results revealed that the average age of the rice farmers in the study area was about 46 years. More male farmers (73.1%) were involved in the Scheme than their female counterparts. Among the registered rice farmers, 58.7 percent received telephone alerts for the subsidized inputs (fertilizer and seeds), but not all the farmers were able to gain access to the inputs due to cash constraint, missing names at the redemption centres, untimely supply, among others. The results from the TFP index showed that the participants were productive. They had an average of 10% net gain from the cost incurred in production. Using the TFP index, it was revealed that rice farmers in Gbonyin local government area are the most (80%) productive among others. It was therefore recommended that timely supply of inputs should be ensured and an efficient monitoring team should be in place to check inadequacies in this Scheme.

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Impact of Agriculture Sector Development on Economic Growth: Application of Robust Linear Least Squares Regression on Pakistan’s Data Set

Author(s): Nayab Khalid,Ayesha Siddiqa,Ahmad Ch Sheraz,Khalid Zaman / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between economic growth and agricultural crops, i.e., maize, rice, sugarcane, and wheat production in the context of Pakistan by using the last 14 years time period from 2003-2016. The study used some other exogenous factors, i.e., agriculture exports and agriculture employment, which gives conclusive findings in a given country context. The study employed robust least squares regression apparatus that gives unbiased, efficient, and reliable estimates. The results show that agricultural crops, i.e., maize and wheat production substantially increases country’s economic growth, while agricultural exports does not supported due to some structural flaws in agriculture commodity market. The results confirm the positive association between agriculture employment and economic growth that helpful to reduce Pakistan’s internal migration issues. The study emphasized the need to support rice and sugarcane production through protective prices, economic policies, and financialization in the commodity markets.

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Environmental Impact and Economic Cost of Agricultural Inputs

Author(s): Samuel N. Mlangeni,Collins C. Ngwakwe / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

This paper evaluated the effect of agricultural input (fertilizer) on carbon emission (methane and nitrous oxide) in South Africa and the likely environmental costs of such emissions. The paper applied a quantitative research design and data were from secondary sources, mainly from the archives of Index Mundi, the US EPA and the World Bank. The Pearson correlation results show that fertilizer input is related to agricultural nitrous oxide and methane emissions at a P-value of 0.027 and 0.05 respectively. This thus, confirms that fertilizer input causes an agricultural induced emission of green house gases (nitrous oxide and methane). Furthermore, findings from the estimation of potential environmental costs of methane and nitrous oxide emissions showed that these have had rising and steady environmental costs to the society, which, unfortunately is born by the society. Consequently, the study recommends agricultural related emission policy to enable farmers internalise some of the environmental costs of agricultural inputs that are born by the society, which is the socio economic costs. Such further research should determine a fair model that may be used to internalise environmental costs of agricultural inputs but to avoid consumers of agricultural produce from paying for such costs.

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ZMIANY PRODUKTYWNOŚCI ROLNICTWA PO AKCESJI POLSKI DO UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

Author(s): Joanna Baran / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The article determines changes in agriculture productivity of individual Polish voivodeships in 2005-2012 based on the Malmquist Productivity Index. The model features the following variables: one effect (value of purchased agricultural products) and five inputs (area of agricultural land, number of people employed in agriculture, use of fertilizers, number of tractors, livestock). The study indicated that technological progress had a greater impact on the change in productivity of agriculture in Poland in the period after accession to the EU than changes in technical efficiency. Meanwhile, the highest average index of changes in MPI during the period was achieved by voivodeships: Dolnośląskie, Lubelskie, Pomorskie and Mazoweckie.

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THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE INCENTIVES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Author(s): Biljana Grujić,Svetlana Roljević Nikolić,Zoran Simonović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The aim of the paper is to point out the scope and structure of the incentives from the agricultural budget of the Republic, as well as from the IPA Fund which are intended for the agricultural and rural development sector in Serbia. It is given a brief overview of the chronology of harmonization of national legislation in the field of agricultural production with European rules, the plan for realization of IPARD funds for the period 2014-2020, as well as a review of incentives from the agricultural budget for the period 2016-2019. For supporting the agriculture and rural development sector of Serbia within the IPARD measures, from the EU budget is intended EUR 175 mln., and from the national budget is intended EUR 55 mln. The largest amount of funds within the IPARD measures is planned for investments in the physical assets of agricultural holdings (43%). Something less contribution is scheduled for the investments in processing and marketing in agricultural holdings (37%). The left over measures include only 19% of the planned funds intended to support agricultural holdings within the IPARD assistance program. On the other hand, an analysis of the incentive structure from the Republic's agrarian budget indicates that the largest share has direct payments of over 50%, while the rural development measures are average financed with 12.3%.

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Kwestia agrarna w niepodległej Rzeczypospolitej – aspekt ekonomiczny

Author(s): Józef Stanisław Zegar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 59/2019

The agrarian question, brought to the forum of social discourse at the end of the 19th century, is a very complex theoretical problem with extensive practical effects, caused by the different ways of its solving. This question refers to the transformation of the socio-economic agrarian formation into the industrial one. In the former, traditional peasant farms dominated, while in the latter, farmers’ farm, agricultural enterprises and agro-industrial corporations were dominant. Capital driven by the imperative of continuous accumulation (profit maximizing) played a key role in this transformation. The singularity of agrarian issues consisted in peasants involving to this transformation towards capital interest. With independece regained, Poland inherited the pressing agrarian question, as was manifested by the domination of small and low-productive peasant farms which had huge unused labour resources and struggled with inadequate subsistence incomes. Alongside peasant farms there existed squirearchy farms – also low-productive – and few agricultural companies.In the interwar period, the agrarian question was not solved. During the period of the Polish People’s Republic, an attempt at collectivization to solve the agrarian question failed, while the overall socio-economic development enabled the reduction of labour force surplus in agriculture and agriculture productivity increase. The political transformation in the 1990s lifted the doctrinal and institutional barriers of family farming transformation, while new economic conditions were created only after Poland’s accessionto the European Union together with the Polish agriculture being involved in the common agricultural policy mechanisms.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Author(s): Danijela Despotović,Lela Ristić,Miloš Dimitrijević / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Since it is not enough just to achieve economic development, we should strive for sustainable development over a longer period and base it on innovation. It is an extremely important factor of economic and sustainable development. It is particularly important to innovate those economic activities that are crucial for sustainable development and where there are comparative advantages. Because of that, the aim of this paper is to prove that innovation is the key to success and achieving sustainable development. The cluster analysis has highlighted innovative leaders and learners. The Republic of Serbia is a country where agriculture is one of the most important economic activities. In terms of agricultural productivity, it not only lags behind innovative leaders, but also behind other countries of Southeast Europe, distinguished as innovative learners. In addition, in terms of innovation in agriculture, it significantly lags behind other economic activities at the national level, so that special attention should be paid to this issue.

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Infrastructure and Linkage Challenges in the Execution of Agricultural Programmes in Cross River State, Nigeria

Author(s): Eno Joseph Mbang,Michael Chukwuneke Madukwe,Irenonsen Oyaimare Uddin / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2019

The study ascertained the infrastructure and linkage challenges in the execution of agricultural programmes in Cross River State, Nigeria. Proportionate sampling technique was used to select one hundred and thirteen (113) staff. Percentage, mean statistic and standard deviation were used in the analysis and presentation of data. Results showed that among all infrastructures in the ministry, building(s) for offices was available and functional at 71.8% and 62.7% respectively. The ministry had inadequate equipment to execute agricultural programmes (M=2.54), weak linkage with universities (M=1.31) and research institutes (M=1.37) and very poor feedback mechanism between research institutes and the state ministry (M=1.98). The study recommends that the ministry of agriculture should intensify its linkage with other agencies and research institutes through inter-agency collaboration, mobility of linkage experts and proper training of staff on linkage matters. Needed equipment and facilities should be purchased for various departments by the state government to improve productivity.

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Assessment of Organic Fertilizer Usage by Garden Egg Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria

Author(s): Jane Mbolle Chah,Irenonsen Oyaimare Uddin,Ikedichukwu Odoh / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2019

The study was undertaken to assess organic fertilizer usage by garden egg farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. The multistage sampling technique was used to select 80 garden egg farmers. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse data for the study. The mean age of respondents was 39 years. Fifty-five percent (55 %) of respondents were married. The majority (97.5 %) of the respondents used farmyard manure while the average cost of organic fertilizer was N57372.73. A lesser percentage (7.5 %) of respondents in the study applied over 2000 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare with 40 % applying twice per season. The perceived benefit of organic fertilizer was: improvement of soil fertility (2.95 ± 1.12), environment-friendly (2.99 ± 1.23). A constraint identified in the use of organic fertilizer was: slow effect (2.12 ± 1.43), Odorous nature (2.06 ± 1.28) and difficulty in the collection and handling of organic fertilizer (2.72 ± 1.03). The study among other things recommends that farmers be granted credits and extension services that will teach them the required skills in the handling and use of organic fertilizer.

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Фазочастотный критерий Валлиса-Мура в статистическом анализе наличия трендов рентабельности производства продукции растениеводства

Author(s): Tatiana Chaika / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 05/2019

The article deals with the problem of determining the trend of profitability dynamics of agricultural production of Ukrainian enterprises for the period 1990-2017. The objectives of the article are: 1) to identify the possibilities and features of the use of the Wallis-Moore phase-frequency criterion for diagnosing the presence (absence) of a trend in a time series of profitability of agricultural production; 2) to systematize the existing approaches to the determination of the critical level of the Wallis-Moore criterion; 3) to develop recommendations for the practical application of this criterion in the analysis of the dynamics of profitability of agricultural production. The study has found that currently there are various approaches to the determination of the recommended critical value of the Wallis-Moore criterion; with regard to the study of the dynamics of profitability of agricultural production, the question of choosing an acceptable level of confidence probability (level of significance) for conducting research remains a controversial issue. The leading factors influencing the trend of profitability of crop production in Ukraine are the general economic situation in the country and natural conditions. The specificity of agricultural production, its seasonality and dependence on weather conditions leads to the need of “smoothing out” natural fluctuations in productivity and profitability using various instruments of economic regulation, in particular, by attracting external financing. The results of the Wallis-Moore criterion largely depend on the given level of confidence. The choice of the level of confidence is a poorly formalized process and depends directly on the qualifications and experience of the researcher, as well as on his assessment of the requirements for the reliability of the obtained results. The scientific novelty of the study lies in clarifying the methodological approach to establishing confidence in the study of the presence (absence) of the profitability trend of agricultural products. The results of this study can be used in practical analytical work, related to the analysis of trends in the development of economic processes. Prospects for further research are associated with the comparative analysis of various approaches to the analysis of the development trend of economic indicators.

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Women Involvement in Rural Community Development in Enugu North Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria

Author(s): Clement Okechukwu Attamah,Anthonia Ngozi Asadu,Chukwubuikem Chinenye Eze / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

The study ascertained the involvement of women in rural community development (RCD). The study was carried out in Enugu north senatorial zone, Enugu State, Nigeria, with a total of 4 communities randomly selected from 2 randomly selected LGAs. The total sample size of 60 women was used. Data were collected using an interview schedule and analysed using percentages and mean scores. The findings reveal that agricultural related projects (96.7 %), social projects (91.7 %), educational projects (81.7 %) and health projects (81.7%) were areas of RCD women were involved in. The agricultural related projects of interest included: animal rearing and sales (96.7 %), corn processing outfits (91.7%), seasonal crop processing and production (90%) among others. Traders association ( =2.45) and market women association ( =2.45) were RCD groups women were mostly part of, while women empowerment programs (M=2.45), education (M=2.42), urbanization (M=2.42) among others were the factors that enabled women involvement in RCD. Women were involved and played a crucial role in RCD. A more conducive environment such as the provision of soft loans and jobs should be created by government authorities to sustain women’s motivation and encourage them to delve into other areas of RCD like Information and Communication Technologies that their presence is not so pronounced.

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EKMEKLİK BUĞDAYLARDA HASAT DÖNEMİNDE GERÇEKLEŞEN YAĞIŞLARIN KALİTE PARAMETLERİNE ETKİSİ

Author(s): Sibel MARAŞ,Refik Mert ÇAYIR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 46/2020

Due to excessive precipitation in June - July 2018, germination began in spike of the wheat which reached harvesting maturity in the Thrace region. In this study, in order to reveal the effect of spike germination on quality parameters and to find the relationship of parameters with each other; germinated grain determination, falling number, hectolitre determination, crude protein determination, wet gluten-dry gluten and gluten index determination, Zeleny sedimentation test, alveograph analysis were performed in 31 milling wheat samples from Kırklareli, Tekirdağ and Edirne. A positive and significant correlation was found between wet gluten - dry gluten and protein (r = 0.814 and r = 0.788), wet gluten - dry gluten and Zeleny sedimentation (r = 0.608 and r = 0.589), protein and Zeleny sedimentation (r = 0.788), a negative and significant (r = -0.553) correlation was found between protein and hectolitre value. Although the protein of the wheat is high, the hectoliter remained low since it did not form sufficient endosperm because the grain remained shrivelled. A significant negative correlation (r = - 0.531) was found between the falling number and germinated grain.

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