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The article presents an analysis ofthe wood-names ofthe pre-war Marijampolė District in Lithuania with respect to their derivational properties and origin. The results obtained from this Southern Lithuanian area are then compared with similar data obtained from the Telšiai District in Northern Central Lithuania, and the areal differences with regard to derivational patterns are discussed.
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The article deals with the role o fhedges in organising discourse structure. A comparative analysis of speeches by German and Lithuanian politicians reveals the significance o fhedges as elements of discourse. Attention is paid, first of all, to thematicisation and argumentation strategies as well as to metalinguistic comments in which hedges perform several linguistic functions. They lend emphasis to an utterance, help the speaker distance himself from it, or allow him to present it as reflecting his own subjective point ofview. The results ofthe analysis are grouped according to the pragmatic func¬tions hegdes may perform (evaluation, emphasis, distancing, degree oflikelihood, metalinguistic).
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In this paper I will discuss properties of logophoric constructions and their place within a typology of reported speech. The data from Finnish and Latvian dialects prove that the phenomenon is not restricted to Africa and support the view expressed by Culy (1994; 1997) and others that logophoric pronouns, in contrast to long-distance reflexives, are rooted in reported discourse and cannot be explained in syntactic terms. Bhat’s (2004) claim that their primary function is to distinguish the participants of a reported speech act from the actual speaker and addressee leads to the opposition of logophoric constructions to direct speech, rather than indirect speech, and to a functional explanation of the distribution of types of reported discourse.
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Oder played a significant role in the consciousness of the Silesian inhabitants, which include i.a. one of the major transport routes, the safety element of the city and, at the same time a threatening destructive element, the river that gives work, contributes to the development of cities and the wellbeing of its inhabitants, but also as a permanent and important element of the Silesian landscape. One of the components of the landscape of Oder is also the municipal naming that is continuously formed for centuries and nowadays covers large areas of everyday life beginning with the names of streets, municipal objects, businesses and organizations, ending with the names for cultural, tourist, commercial events and social projects. In urban toponymy one may distinguish those that directly refer to the name of the river, for instance, Odrzańska Gate, Odra cinema, Nad Odrą [near the Oder], and those that are motivated by its presence and indicate i.a. the professions inhabitants, crossings, harbors, coastal meadows and riparian forests, e.g. Rybarze, Marynarska, Portowa, Nabrzeże, Błonie, pl. Mostowy [Mostowy square]. The article discusses the Polish, German and Czech urbanonyms from the cities near Oder in Upper Silesia, which form a large, semantically, chronologically and structurally diverse group of names
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The Transylvanian-Saxon dialect in Transylvania has experienced its own development since the 12th century, far from the motherland, hence its influence by the neighboring languages (Romanian and Hungarian). This is characteristic for the infiltration of loan words in all areas of Transylvanian-Saxon life. Proof are the case samples chosen for rural Transylvanian-Saxon clothing, clothing of Saxon officials and the bourgeoisie, as well as certain types of tissue and the clothing manufactured from such. The case samples have been extracted from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, the Northern Transylvanian Dictionary and the work by Friedrich Krauss called” Dictionary of the Northern Transylvanian Craftsmen Language”. The relevant case samples have been grouped and analyzed according to certain criteria.
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This article aims to clarify the linguistic choices of the speakers of the region ofEl-Ogla, the wilaya of Tebessa in Algeria. Based on a corpus of 60 records, we have tried in thispaper to study the linguistic landscape of a territory that has never been exploited by focusing oncertain factors identified in the verbal exchanges of interactors. These factors may provide, in ourview, explanatory tracks of the diversity in language behaviors that characterizes the region of thesurvey.
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The problem of synonyms or the life of words in social and linguistic contexts.Words have a social life. They reflect our thoughts and views. Synonymous meanings and differentiated meanings contradict not only by their definitions but also their usa
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Considering the Iranian oil and gas export potential to European Union and the way European Union is dependent on Russia for its oil and gas supply, we cannot but wonder why Iran does not play a much more important role in the European energy mix. Our research also deals with this question and explains the future prospect of Iran-European Union cooperation in energy sector. Our main hypothesis in this research is then formulated as follows: Iran only can play a minor role in the future gas market but an important one in the oil sector for European Union. The gas sector problem will be solved if Iran changes its strategy and invests in LNG instead of gas pipelines. For petroleum products, as long as Iran enjoys good relationship with Europe, it can play an important role in the oil sector. Meanwhile the linguistic aspect is of importance as the whole issue of gas pipeline has been depicted in Iranian official media in special way, selling the importance of pipeline for the future of Iranian economy. In this paper we proved the fact that Iran indeed has to make a big effort if it wants to become a player in the gas sector, including reducing drastically its internal gas consumption and adopting business friendly environment for foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sectors and also we highlighted the way Iranian government tries to sell the importance of gas pipeline using socio-linguistic elements in the official media.
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The paper considers a language problem in Ukraine, which escalated in the still ongoing crisis and was one of the basic grounds for the uprising and armed conflict in the southeastern part of the country. It presents the development of the problem in the context of independent Ukraine, as well as its genesis and development in the period that preceded it. Finally, it considers suržyk, a specific mixed language phenomenon, which has appeared and developed like other communication tools in places of contact between two or many language communities (such as pidgin and creole languages, for example). In the context of the current political climate, the possibility of resolving the status of the Russian language and suržyk seems uncertain.
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The present article summarises the specialised literature related to foundation of logopaedics and the key stages of its development in Bulgaria. Five main stages in development have been identified: the first “pseudo-medical” period, the second period marked by first individual steps, the third period of formative years (<1900–1945), the processing period (1945–1989), and the contemporary transition period (1989–present). Challenges from a Global European Union Perspective are also described and analysed. Students training in the field of logopaedics as well as research and international collaboration are an essential part of the article. It could be said that the history of the discipline and education in logopaedics in Bulgaria is a relatively young yet dynamic and growing field.
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The main goal of this paper is to indicate the significance of pair and group work implementation in the process of language study. The first issue tackled in this article refers to interactive principles leading students to successful achievements in terms of communication. Apart from principles, there is also a short presentation of roles that an interactive teacher takes on in the course of a lesson, and how they change at different stages. The following point validates the use of pair and group work in the classroom despite the presence of certain inconveniences and dangers. Furthermore, there is a description of principles and certain rules which serve as a guidance for teachers on how to organise pairs and groups without any obstacles. On top of that, a wide range of types of interactive activities appropriate for pair and group work is put forward. The last part of the article is a collection of exemplary exercises presented in the form of appendix.
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The objective of this action research focuses on exploring the experience of 22 students from the Universidad del Valle de México Campus Guadalajara Sur, in the State of Jalisco, Mexico who experienced three specific Visible Learning (VL) strategies as a learning intervention to promote participation in class using English as a foreign language (L2). Throughout the action research based on this intervention and the VL strategies used and by using different instruments within the methodological framework to collect data, the experience of the participants was proven to be mostly positive. The level of participation in class increased and the three strategies selected and used for this specific context were acknowledged as an aid for a paradigm shift from previous learning experiences at lower educational levels. During the early days of the implementation, difficulties arose due to preconceived ideas, therefore, represented an initial resistance. The results reveal that the adaptation process requires effort, perseverance, and discipline in order to decrease anxiety levels when performance and intervention in class take place. However, once participants develop the required competencies and confidence when experiencing the strategies; motivation increases. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the role that VL might represent in the improvement process of learning English as a foreign language. Additionally, certain conditions and areas of opportunity present during its utilization are described. According to the above-mentioned data, the present research contributes considerably as an aid for an effective implementation of VL in the teaching learning process of a foreign language.
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The article draws attention to the co-occurrence of two irregular, or less systemic phenomena affecting masculine nouns: the interchangeability of the -a and -u endings in gen sing. and the M2/M3 double gender (the morphosyntactic variance in acc sing.). It presents a general description of the broadly understood -a/-u variance and the specific characteristics of the M2/M3 double gender (against the background of the category of gender and the phenomenon of gender multiplicity). In the extensive literature devoted to the genitive case, the problem of double gender is not present. It seems arguable to describe the distribution rules for both competing endings within the semantic horizon (inanimacy) rather than within the grammatical one (generic class M3), although it must be admitted that it is the double gender that speaks against the latter approach. The issues raised will be continued by the author in two successive articles in Język Polski: 1) The -a/-u variance in gen sing. and the M2/M3 double gender in the light of dictionary-driven corpus studies; 2) M2/M3 double gender noun units with the -a/-u variance in gen sing. A frequency-based modelling of the relation between endings and gender alternates.
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The analysis focuses on the phenomenon of polysemy in the description of language. The article was inspired by the theses of Magdalena Danielewicz presented in Wieloznaczność – skaza na języku czy na jego opisie? [Polysemy – a flaw of language or its description?] (2011). The author postulates caution when determining polysemy. This is the perspective also assumed in this article, yet the problem seems to be even more complex than Danielewicz propounds. The proposed description considers eight Polish expressions, which are interesting in the discussed aspect, six nouns: kazanie, najazd, wojna, tornado, kaloryfer, akcja, and two adjectives: regularny and rasowy. The basic question is whether the possibility of at least two interpretations of these words is actually related to their meaning, that is their semantic properties, or to their usage, which means their pragmatic properties. In order to address the question the article references solutions embraced in three selected dictionaries of the Polish language (Słownik języka polskiego ed. by M. Szymczak, Inny słownik języka polskiego ed. by. M. Bańko, and Wielki słownik języka polskiego ed. by. P. Żmigrodzki), analysing authentic contexts with the examined expressions (excerpted from the National Corpus of Polish). Additionally, works which undertook similar problems are mentioned (among others, by A. Bogusławski). The scrutinised issue can be looked at from the perspective of both lexicology and lexicography.
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The process of reaching consensus, shaping the content of the contract and subsequent interpretation of individual provisions are elements of a specific communication situation resulting in a contract. The aim of the article is to answer the following questions: does the law determine the limits of language use in the context of contract law and, if so, what is the scope of its use and what type of interpretation is applied to the contractual clauses, in particular those that give rise to interpretation doubts. The answer to this question was given on the basis of an analysis of the applicable legal regulations and the consequences that they entail. In this way, it was possible to define legally binding boundaries in which effective, linguistic shaping of the contract is possible. The article leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to reformulate the existing legal language typologies, which treat contracts only as a specialist text, because such assignment is inconsistent with the existing freedom of contracts.
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Polish funeral chrematonyms with mythological elements are being examined here. The quantitative and qualitative survey of the subject matter, based on several criteria (among them, a genetic and cultural criterion – the origin of a mythology reference; onomastic – its type; lexical and semantic – its connotative values; functional – the function of a mythological component in a name), shows that chrematonym senders/creators most often turn to Greek vocabulary – less frequently Roman or Egyptian – to teonyms (names of deities), to mythological words which connote funeral topics and identify the range of services the company offers. In addition, now and again they choose to modify the form that a mythological component assumes (Archon instead of Charon) or to use a term which hardly connotes funeral topics (Olimp, Arkadia) or does not clarify the business profile at all (Achilles, Herkules).
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The aim of the paper is to present a description of realisations of a phraseological model through the analysis of its realisations. This issue is discussed on the example of the Polish pattern ANIOŁ nie NNOMPERS [lit. (an) ANGEL not NNOMPERS] and the units coined according to this schema. The analysis comprises three main aspects: semantic, morphosyntactic and pragmatic, each of which is subdivided into categories (semantic: literal meaning (lexical constituents, imagery); meanings of the units coined according to the analysed model; morphosyntactic: variability, syntactic functions, transformation potential; pragmatic: stylistic markedness, typical use, frequency, modification potential, cultural aspects). The findings of such analyses can be implemented in the lexicographic description of multiword units coined according to phraseological patterns.
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The article discusses the presence of proverbs in Polish crossword puzzles. The author undertakes an analysis of the rich paremic material with an eye to describing different aspects of proverb use in crossword puzzles. The quantitative and qualitative examination includes such issues as: phraseological categories, proverbial types, paremic loci, types of paremic clues and answers. The authors points out certain similaties between the use of proverbs in crosswords and other contexts. The article hopes to contribute to the examination of Polish proverbs in contemporary communication.
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The article focuses on the professional language of Polish press journalists, an aspect of the Polish language practically unexplored by scholars to date. The text signals selected research areas that should be of interest to linguists. The article begins with an attempt to prove the existence of such a professiolect and with a reference to several studies that preliminarily describe some of its features or elements. Subsequently the author discusses research tasks that need to be accomplished in order to describe the professiolect constituting a communication tool of Polish journalists (these tasks include the necessity of gathering empirical data, determining stages in the process of the creation of the linguistic code, characterizing internal differentiation into subvariants, establishing connections with the language of typographers, and formal-semantic analysis of individual lexical units).
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