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During the main events of XX century, such as the First and Second World Wars, or the Vietnam War, the world of cinema has changed accordingly. There are many movies offering a image of those events as they were interpreted, observed or seen by the people and the society of their days. These different images depend on when the movie was made, by whom and by which country. It is not the same, for a Vietnam War movie, the 60s, the 70s, or the 80s and the 90s, as not the perception of the First World War or the Second. Ideologies such as Communism, Nazism or Fascism were another key factor for the development of the film industry, especially in Europe during the inter-war period. Links between movies and politics during 1914-1991 are the field of research and study of this present article.
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The author of the article focuses on Polish writers that intentionally create their works simultaneously in Polish and in languages other than Polish, situating their creativity directly in European and world literature. She also discusses the case of bicultural authors whose creativity emanates from Polish culture but for whom Polish was only one of the languages they based their literature on. While listing such examples, the author considers the possibility of interpreting such works and placing them in the discourse of world literature.
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The article discusses the volume of reports by Ewa Winnicka. The author of the article examines the contact between two different (Polish and British) cultures, both deeply rooted in different traditions and entangled by evident stereotypes. The reason for such cultural interference is, that Polish emigration to Great Britain is facetiously described by the author as ‘the invasion of the colonizers’. Winnicka’s narrative strategy enables readers to observe local inhabitants as well as Polish migrants who have different experiences and attitudes. This ‘unsymmetrical dialogue’ reveals that, a ‘colonizer’ as a stranger must always lose, because he exists in between his native community (that he does not belong to anymore) and the new one (that he aspires to, trying to prove that he is worth being accepted).
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The article is an attempt to analyse relations between Polish Jews, the country of their first inhabitancy along with their Polish fellow citizens. It is an extremely complicated matter, because such relations are influenced by their fondness for the lost homeland and resentment felt towards the Poles. The selected poems of the authors, representing different generations, are analysed in the article. They reveal the whole variety of personal experiences and sentiments in a more emotive way than the works of prose. The article consists of two parts entitled: “The image of sentiment” and “The image of resentment”. They are based on the poetry of Irit Amiel, Łucja Gliksman, Renata Jabłońska, Szlomo Leser, Aleksander Rozenfeld, Jael Shalitt and Aviva Shavit-Władkowska.
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The author of the article regards the development of Polonistic studies in Brazil in the context of the cultural background of this country, Polish emigration heritage, and the challenges for Polonistics in Latin America. The connections between Polonistics, and comparative and cultural studies are also discussed in the article. The examples of traces of Polish in the canons of foreign literature presented in the article may become a starting point for some to regard from a distance something, which is close, for others to look closely at something, which is far away.
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The paper presents a new perspective on the traditional research on the reception of foreign literature within the context of national literary processes, discussing the applicability of some new methodological approaches. Specific issues are illustrated with a few facts from Polish-Serbian literary relations.
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The education of teachers at university is a task that is being undertaken at a time of social and cultural changes, external unrest and political transformation that are affecting education itself. However, maintaining a humanistic approach to education is important. Therefore Polish language teachers at schools need to be responsible for educating young people who are sensitive to the welfare of the others, do not use the language of hate, but are critical thinkers; while at the same time university teachers are responsible for educating teachers who are resistant to political pressure. The author of the article presents a selection of literary works that refer to exclusion on grounds of nationality that can be read with students at different levels of education. Such a strategy proves that Polish language teachers can use literature to uphold humanistic values.
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Opposition between the notion of universalism, created in the age of Enlightenment and the Romantic tradition, which dominates in Central Europe is discussed in the article. Universalism is understood as the process of emancipation of man, but at the same time, in countries ‘between Russia and Germany’ it is also understood as the rule of adherence. In the Romantic tradition there is the symbolic extrapolation of historic experiences and the use of metaphors that have ethical universalism, both of which are described by the author in this article. The understanding of culture as a spiritual sphere which unites the national spirit was destroyed in the 20th century due to totalitarianism, but this grotesque tragedy from our absurd history has created ‘anti-modern modernism'.
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Polish literature is popular in China. For over a hundred years some 330 works of Polish literature have been published in China along with hundreds of critical works. The article aims at presenting the reception of Polish literature in China, it discusses issues such as: the history of translation, the selection of translated works and translators’ interests, interpretation of the works and their significance for both Polish literature and Chinese society.
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Soren Gauger is a Canadian writer who has decided to write in Polish. The author of the article examines the writer’s motivations, the way he develops his ideas and his first literary creation in Polish. Soren Gauger’s works reflect his attitude towards Polish culture where he invents defence mechanisms based on feelings of inferiority. In Soren Gauger’s literary works he can be seen to be disregarding the influence of popular trends in hegemonic cultures, referring to old and old-fashioned works, and styling himself on marginality and fantasticality.
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Today, the European Union seems to achieve the dream of its forefathers, that of a united Europe, on the foundation of long-term democracy and economic cooperation. Even if it is based on the perfect equality between the Member States, with similar requirements at national level, the voices of certain major actors seem stronger than others’ and, therefore, a question remains regarding the power poles within the Union. In the last few years, Germany has stood out as an important opinion leader at all levels, but also gave way to complex interpretations. Will it be the next primus inter pares – the hegemonic power of the 21st century Europe, still suffering after the economic crisis?
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This article aims at presenting the transposition of the literary work in the film, identifying the common elements between these two arts, as well as the incompatibility of these two semiotic systems. One of the main aspects of this article is the problem of the fidelity of adaptation in relation to the literary source. From this problematic, I developed the central theme of the article - the impossibility of finding a perfect equivalence between the text and the image. However, on the basis of this relation of equivalence and fidelity, I have analyzed the similarities between the process of adaptation and that of translation. The conclusion of this article is that literature and cinema are two different systems, two distinct arts, but similar in originality.
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The present article aims at introducing Edward de Bono’s “Six Thinking Hats” method and the way it is applied to the system of education. This method can be applied in various ways and contexts, but the aim is to illustrate how it can be used in the classroom to enhance and develop creativity. In order to find solutions, the method consists in analyzing the situation from various points of view.
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In the contemporary Polish Catholic discourse one can notice increased presence of figure of Satan and Biblical topos of his fight with God. The figure appears not only in strictly religious texts but also in discussion on up to date phenomenon of social life, such as abortion, in-vitro fertilization, homosexual partnerships and others. The article is trying to answer the question about functions of this topos. The answer is being searched with usage of sociological findings on the role of language in religion and the role of religion in social life – both issues are discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter, based on fragments from catholic press, presents ways of language construction of analyzed figure. The third chapter focuses on four functions of the topos. The first one is to support religious vision of the world; the second is to strengthen so called nomos, which is the conjunction of rules on which the society is based; the next two functions have rhetorical, persuasive character. The Biblical topos is a kind of a rhetorical formula, which enables in an easy and simple way to explain and to judge the reality but at the same time it gives a very schematic and simplified picture.
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In the paper, the issue of paternalism in the institutional talks is presented. The main features of paternalism as a communication strategy are shown sketchy. The author analyses two talks: a medical consultations and an institutional talk in the office. On these examples some of the basic manifestations of paternalism are presented, among them the ignoring of the patient`s voice, doctor`s domination including his knowledge regarding the patient`s individual feelings, using of the informal phrase “ty” (“you”), using of diminutive forms. As the result, the voice of patient/client is outgrown or muted, and at the same time the voice of the institution is dominating, and even strengthened.
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The concept of “a language” (Einzelsprache, that is, one of many extant languages) and its opposition to “dialect” (considered as a “non-language,” and thus subjugable to an already recognized language merely as “its” dialect) is the way people tend to think about languages in the West today. It appears to be a value-free, self-evident conception of the linguistic position. So much so that the concept of “language” was included neither in Immanuel Kant’s system of categories, nor in the authoritative Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. This paper sketches the rise of the “dialect vs language” opposition in classical Greek, its transposition onto classical Latin, and its transfer, through medieval and renaissance Latin, to the early modern period. On the way, the Greek and Latin terms for “language” (and also for “dialect”) sometimes functioned as synonyms for peoples (that is, ethnic groups), which – importantly – contributed to the rise of the normative equation of language with nation in the early nineteenth century. It was the beginning of the ethnolinguistic kind of nationalism that prevails to this day in Central Europe.
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The present article undertakes a semasiological analysis of four Polish vulgarisms associated with sexual intercourse: gzić się, grzać się, parzyć się, bzykać się. Taking is the point of departure their etymology, it investigates the changes in the meanings of these units. It was discovered that initially the analysed lexemes communicated a very wide range of content, far from their contemporary semantic structure. Successively, some of their senses were rearranged, causing these units to become attributed to animal copulation and later to human sexual intercourse. However, it was until the mid-20th century that the analysed verbs have come to play the role of vulgarisms.
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Dishes and food products – the way they are made, their complexity, taste and appearance – are all part of culture and tradition that are created by people feasting at the table. While discussing various everyday issues, they also talk about food – they praise it, complain about it and criticize it. Eating meals with friends and family both in everyday situations and on special occasions creates a special mood. It creates an occasion for confessions, advice, jokes, memories and reflections about life. Various sayings and proverbs, which enrich the culture of a given country or region are brought to life on these occasions. Croatia is not an exception in this regard. Many proverbs and sayings connected with local culinary traditions exist in Croatian. Some of them are known widely throughout the country, others only in certain territories. Numerous proverbs are known throughout Croatia, albeit with a slightly changed imagery. The proverbs presented in my article are found in a dictionary by Josip Kekez, a renowned Croatian paremiologist. It is worth noting that they comprise selected material, which does not cover information present in internet dictionaries. Further in the paper I describe regional proverbs and songs, which are an important element presenting the diversity of Croatian dialects. Each Croatian phrase is accompanied by my Polish translation, which clarifies its meaning. Additionally, I quote other language variants like jargonisms and foreign lexis in culinary vocabulary with a view to present the extraordinary abundance and diversity of Croatian culinary lexis.
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