Aktivizační metody přispívající k rozvoji čtenářské gramotnosti u žáků na prvním stupni českých základních škol

Author(s): Hana Blažková,Martina Fasnerová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In this article we will focus on the application of the activating methods to the classes of the Czech elementary schools. The purpose of the application of these methods is to lead the pupils to a higher participation in the lessons. Thanks to these methods pupils gain more active competencies in the field of the reading literacy. The aim of this article is to find out by means of qualitative research methods (analysis of preparation documents of teachers for their lessons, direct classes observation and interview with the Czech teachers) if they know and use activating methods developing reading literacy in their lessons.

Słowo od redaktorek tomu

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska,Anna Lenartowicz-Zagrodna,Magdalena Pietrzak,Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Jeszcze o wpływie użytkowników na kształt polszczyzny

Author(s): Anna Kozłowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the current studies on the influence of individuals on the Polish language and proposes directions for further research on this issue, resulting mainly from methodological (change of linguistic paradigms: a new concept of language, the need to take into account the internal differentiation of the idiolect), historical (multiple types of influencing a language) and cultural (new language models of Poles) premises. The following postulates have been formulated:1. to study the influence of various variants of idiolects, not only its artistic variation; 2. to compare them with the appropriate variant of the Polish language; 3. to consider the relationship of an idiolect/idiostyle and a language of the community in a strictly synchronous perspective; 4. to consider all possible types of influence on a language of the community; 5. to take into account different levels of language and linguistic phenomena, and well as attitudes towards language.

Felietony z humorem

Author(s): Edyta Pałuszyńska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse language games in columns, which are a source of humor. The research material was a column by Tomasz Olbratowski and Michał Rusink. The introduction discusses the concepts of column and humor. In the analytical part, examples of language games were selected, in which the authors use the sound and meaning of words for artistic purposes, break conversational rules, creatively refer to other styles and genres and well-known cultural texts. Analysis of the material showed that the authors of the columns are very creative. They put a lot of effort into the selection and juxtaposition of means of expression in order to produce a humors effect. The recipient of the columns must demonstrate knowledge of the political, social and cultural context and actively participate in the process of interpreting the text.

Styl współczesnego dziennikarstwa sportowego – między polszczyzną standardową a potoczną. Rekonesans

Author(s): Beata Grochala / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes the statements of sports journalists in various media (especially television and the Internet). Its purpose was to answer the question of what language they use. It was assumed that this is mainly colloquial Polish, which was proved during the analysis of the material. This conclusion prompted reflection on the question of the legitimacy of expecting journalists, especially sports journalists, to use standard Polish.

Понятие за добро и справедливо

Author(s): Maria Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Ius est ars boni et aequi (Dig. 1,1,1). The famous definition of the Roman jurist Celsus still amazes legal scholars, legal historians, linguists, and philosophers. If we consider the definition without much elaboration and specification of meaning - law is the art of the good and fair – such a statement could be perceived as mere rhetoric with an ethical focus. I venture to offer the following more specific understanding of the meaning of Celsus's definition: Law is the skill of right evaluation of facts (expediency) and impartial justice. I join those scholars who believe that the definition Ius est ars boni et aequi is a definition of the function and meaning of law during Roman antiquity.

Cognitive-ontological approach to metaphor

Author(s): Zhanna Maslova,Denis Minakhin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The cognitive approach considers metaphor but there are no researches explaining the genesis of metaphor as mental phenomenon. Cognitive-ontological approach to the study of formation of metaphor makes it possible. Three ontological systems (human consciousness, world, language) are considered; initially these were not separated. In process of partial division between them some “nuclear” ideas have appeared (interference, authenticity, semblant). They were basic for some cognitive mechanisms. Metaphor developed from mythological metaphor and mythological image. Mythological metaphor was different from modern metaphor. It was the fi rst stage in metaphor developing. It is considered as a piece of mythological image represented in language and it had no function of free comparison of different objects. Mythological metaphor transformed when mythological image ruined.

Speaking skills practice at ESP instruction at the University of Economics in Bratislava

Author(s): Zuzana Ondrejová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article describes communicative competences that undergraduates − future economists − should possess, and presents methods used in speaking skills practice at ESP seminars at the University of Economics in Bratislava. The target group are undergraduates at B2 and C1 levels of language competence. The autor sums up the situations in which an undergraduate may fi nd himself/herself in an academic and professional setting as well, defi nes factors that may affect an undergraduate’s ability to get involved successfully in verbal communication, and gives examples of exercises/tasks which simulate various situations and are applied successfully at ESP seminars. Opinions and attitudes expressed by the author are based on her vast teaching experience and direct observations made at ESP seminars conducted by the author. She has grounds for supposing that the intensity and scope of interpersonal communication among the younger generation is becoming narrow. Poor communication in Slovak as their mother tongue corelates with poor verbal communication in the target English language.

Sentence structures of Czech and English legal texts

Author(s): Alice Rubášová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Compared to scientifi c texts, legal texts are more diffi cult to follow for two reasons: the complexity of legal systems and the purpose of the communication. They are intended to be clear and unambiguous so as to allow precise interpretation. This intention results in complex grammatical and syntactic structures. Common features of legal texts with the focus on style, terminology and syntax were studied by Hiltunen (1990), Bhatia (1993) and Trosborg (1997). Based on Bhatia´s move-structure approach, the paper is to present a comparison of English and Czech syntactic structures in English and Czech legal texts.

An emerging variety in the European Union: Some issues around the complexity of the Euro-English

Author(s): Dagmar Sageder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the European Union, which represents linguistically diverse institution sui generis, texts are produced in a supranational multicultural discourse community describing specifi c aspects and concepts of European law or of national legal systems. The efforts of unifying and harmonising national laws with the aim of developing a European system of law have resulted in a number of new concepts that in turn caused proliferation of numerous new terms – the Euro-terms. They represent a basis for shaping a kind of supranational language: legal Euro-English. Nevertheless, can we talk about a new emerging variety? What are the features and characteristics of it compared to legal language in general?

ИНВЕКТИВНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ТОЛКОВАНИЕ В ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ И ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

Author(s): Oksana V. Zuga / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper gives reasons which allow grounding of the necessity of introduction in the curricula in the lines “Philology”, “Fundamental and applied linguistics”, and “Jurisprudence” of such courses of study like juridical linguistics, basics of legal linguistic inquiry etc. The subject of their study is the actively developing sphere of intersection of the language and law. In our opinion the special attention in the frameworks of the above courses should be given to the analysis of connotative words which are used in different contexts and situations of communication. The paper deals with functioning of the invective vocabulary in the modern speech of Russian native speakers, variants of its analysis by linguists during linguistic examination and evaluation by lawyers in the course of judicial examination. There is considered the notion of decent/indecent form of expression, as the presence of negative evaluation which exists in the meaning of a great number of emotive meanings leads to the fact that native speakers perceive such words as offensive and hence insulting, however the notion of offense in ordinary perception does not coincides with the legal one.

Cultural metaphors of emotions in Swahili and Zulu: language, body and healing practices

Author(s): Rosanna Tramutoli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper analyzes cultural metaphors of emotions related to traditional healing in two Bantu languages, Swahili and Zulu, considering the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations. Cross-linguistic studies have shown that emotional language and descriptions of character traits are an echo of cultural practices, ethnomedical resources, traditions and beliefs. Taking into account traditional healing practices in Swahili (uganga) and Zulu (umuthi), the author seeks to illustrate the cultural conceptualizations of the body that are involved in describing emotions, in order to shed light on the problematic correspondence between linguistic expression and cultural context in metaphorical processes. Examples of cultural metaphors in the two languages will show how the description of emotions draws from humoral theory, color symbolism and medical practices, which are also relevant to the treatment of diseases.

Swahili proverbs from a cultural and cognitive perspective

Author(s): Iwona Kraska-Szlenk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper analyzes Swahili proverbs from the perspective of cognitive processes, such as metaphor and metonymy, involved in the mapping between the proverbs’ surface structures (source domains) and their figurative meanings (target domains). Special attention is paid to the rich imagery of proverbs and the highly culture-specific choices of source domains, which draw from the geographical environment, local traditions and people’s beliefs and ideas. Swahili proverbs also creatively explore universal source domains, such as those of the human body or family relations.

Feminist discourses on utu and heshima in selected works by Tanzanian women writers

Author(s): Izabela Romańczuk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper examines references to Swahili ethics in the literary works of Tanzanian women writers. It focuses in particular on analyzing the moral concepts of utu ‘humanity, morality’ and heshima ‘honor, respect, dignity’ discussed in the short play Heshima Yangu ‘My Honor’ by Penina Muhando Mlama from 1974 and the novel Mungu Hakopeshwi ‘God Doesn’t Borrow Time’ by Zainab Alwi Baharoon from 2017. The author argues that in their feminist critique, these two narratives turn to the basic principles of Swahili philosophy and reconstruct the discourse on the essence of humanity, morality and wisdom.

Capturing the lexical richness of Swahili poetry

Author(s): Thomas J. Hinnebusch / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is essentially a report on a web-based project that began over 20 years ago to document the vocabulary used mainly in the Swahili canon of classical Swahili poetry in the form of a glossary illustrated by textual citations from the poetry. It is a digital project, and part of the results have already been published in a WordPress site supported by HumTech, a technological support unit at the University of California, Los Angeles, California (UCLA). As the project evolved, it has expanded to include pedagogical and research tools to assist researchers and learners of advanced genres of Swahili literature in learning about and studying Swahili poetry, especially the poetry written in the so-called classical period. While the main thrust is still the documentation of lexis used in poetry and the construction of a comprehensive glossary, supported by citations from Swahili prosodic literature, other elements have been added: a bibliography of prosodic-focused literature, a section with information about specific poems and their authors, and a provision that allows the uploading of video and other relevant documentation. The project can be viewed online here: http://swahilipoetry.humnet.ucla.edu/.

Kirusi or virusi?

Author(s): Beata Wójtowicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The most recent coronavirus outbreak that began in China in December 2019 has affected every aspect of our lives. Not only has it forced many changes in our daily routines but also influenced our language and brought new words and phrases that are constantly evolving to describe the new reality. In times of crisis, it is very important that people get reliable information in a language they know and understand. Therefore, many efforts have been made to provide information and educational materials to African people in their mother tongues or well known local languages. This is also true for Swahili, which is the main vernacular language of East Africa. The beginning of the pandemic was accompanied by terminological chaos, as many new terms had to be invented to describe the new situation. In the case of Swahili, the Tanzanian National Kiswahili Council (BAKITA) published a terminology list with Swahili equivalents of English terms related to COVID-19. This list formed the basis of the author’s study on the usage of such terminology, e.g., UVIKO and virusi vya korona, in Swahili news texts. The research was based on the corpus “Swahili News 2021” compiled for this purpose from online resources in the Sketch Engine corpus tool.

Pragmatic marker tu as a source of implicature in Kiswahili

Author(s): Magreth J. Kibiki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study examines the pragmatic marker tu as a source of implicature in Kiswahili. The natural observation method was used to collect data from Kiswahili speakers in their normal daily conversations, which was then analyzed using Grice’s (1975) implicature theory. It was observed that the pragmatic marker tu conveys various implicatures depending on the context of use. These include expressing inadequacy or insufficiency, signaling dissatisfaction, showing contempt, inevitability and simplicity. Interestingly, the findings of the study also showed that intonation plays a role in determining the implicature invoked by this marker.

The complexities of noun class system in the acquisition and learning of Swahili language

Author(s): Leonard Muaka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The hallmark of Bantu languages is their robust noun class system. At the same time, the major challenge that foreign-language learners and second-language (L2) speakers of these languages face is mastering and using the noun class system consistently and appropriately in their language production. This paper demonstrates how L2 speakers and learners of Swahili as a foreign language assign and reassign nouns to different noun classes and identifies the noun classes that cause them the most problems. The author argues that by adopting a culturally informed morphosyntactic, phonological and semantic approach, L2 speakers and learners of Swahili as a foreign language can easily resolve problems with noun class agreement in Swahili.

Практически японски език. Четене с разбиране

Author(s): Magdalena Vasileva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

As a result of globalization processes, the number of challenges to foreign language learning is increasing dramatically. While in the 80s the main idea represented in the methodology of teaching a foreign language was the implementation of a practical task with the help of the target language, in our days the aim of the foreign language teaching is to transfer reality into the learning process, rather than to make learning resemble reality. In this article: 1) We will discuss Japanese reading comprehension classes according to their structure, content and objectives and in relation to the development of competencies and skills needed for communication in the context of globalization and the movement of human resources; 2) We will offer our own practical options with different purposes that would be helpful to Japanese language teachers in Bulgaria. This will add to the variety of practices already existing in the country.

Микроструктура на синонимните речници на българския език

Author(s): Vanya Zidarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research makes a comparative analysis of four thesauri of the Bulgarian language. Three of them are printed and the fourth is digital. The comparison is made based on the following criteria: volume of the lexical corpus, selection of language units, structure of the dictionary article, presence or absence of semantic definition and illustrative material, stylistic notes.