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Migracje a dzieje języków i językowa mapa świata

Author(s): Bogdan Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

There are two factors that play the most crucial role in the evolution of language: time and space. The article focuses on the latter factor and its influence on the process of language differentiation, which accompanies various kinds of journeys and migrations. The author recalls the example of the dissolution of the Pre‑Slavic language community, brought about by the Slavic migration to the west, east and south. The Slavic migrations contributed, thus, to the emergence of various Slavic languages and dialects (ethnolects). Basing his research on the available literature on the subject, the author also reconstructs the language map of the world from before the time of great geographical discoveries (which resulted in modern colonial expansions) as well as provides a contemporary language map of the world.

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Wędrówki słów. Kilka zdań na temat pracy Émile’a Benveniste’a „Le vocabulaire des institutions indo‑européennes”

Author(s): Ewa Sławkowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents a two‑volume (published in Paris in 1969) monograph of a distinguished French Indo‑European linguist, which constitutes a seminal work for comparative studies, ethnology as well as anthropology and philosophy of culture. The author attempts to reach the linguistic roots of the most important concepts from the social sphere (law, power, economy, religion, society, family) which came to form the foundation of the Indo‑European order of life and shaped the European world of thought, values and convictions. To this end, on the basis of etymological and comparative studies, the author reconstruct the roots of selected lexemes in over ten Indo‑European languages (historical and contemporary), pointing to the existing parallels. In order to convince the readers about the value of Benveniste’s work and demonstrate his work method at the same time, the author compiles tables which show the history of several crucial for the European culture concepts, whose linguistic roots reach the times of the Indo‑European community. Some of these concepts are freedom, community and trade.

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Obraz kryzysu migracyjnego i migranta w prasie niemieckiej na podstawie tygodnika „Die Zeit”

Author(s): Marta Smykała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article constitutes an attempt at analysis of the changes in the image of the migration crisis and the figure of the immigrant within the span of one year (September 2015 – September 2016), on the example of journalistic texts which came out during that time in the German weekly magazine “Die Zeit.” The journal, despite the radicalization of the social climate, attempted to remain moderate in the narrative it provided in the context of the so‑called migration crisis. The key questions for the present analysis, based on the methods of linguistic analysis of discourse, are: Did the development of the situation find its mirror in the form of more critical tone of publications? How is the multinational character of the German society protected? Did, and if so, then to what degree, the moderate, influential weekly publication change the way of reporting on immigrants and the challenges for the contemporary German society connected with an increase in the number of immigrants during that year? Those questions, coupled with analysis of keywords and the ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon, helped the author to attempt an analysis of the linguistic ways of constructing reality in and by the media.

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Najeździł się, ale czy się wyjeździł? O ekwiwalentach (?) semantycznych w grupie czasowników saturatywnych

Author(s): Karolina Lisczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author aims at providing an answer to the question whether saturative verbs with discontinuous formants na‑… się and wy‑… się constitute semantic variants. The author analyzes in detail the pair of verbs najeździć się (ride a lot) and wyjeździć się (ride out), looking at their lexicographic definitions and contexts of use available in the National Polish Language Corpus. Moreover, the author analyzes their lexical cohesion (particularly with intensifiers). The conducted semantic analysis allows the author to formulate preliminary definitions of both verbs.

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Onimiczne realizacje motywu quest w tekstach fantasy

Author(s): Izabela Domaciuk-Czarny / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is concerned with descriptions of fictional worlds through proper names in fantasy texts, in which one of the main motifs is the journey of the characters to places regarded as possible worlds. The reader becomes gradually familiar with the world of the story thanks to the characters performing their roles in this created reality, through the analysis of the quest narrative, characteristic of fantasy texts. This, in turn, is facilitated through description, maps, and onimic practices. Proper names in fantasy texts are usually compounded from comprehensible units, elements of Old Polish and semantically unclear forms alluding to foreign languages (e.g. „Dająca Wzrok” – „Sight Giver”; „Twardokęsek”, „Emhyr var Emreis”). Such varied onomasticon reinforces the egzomimetic space created by the author in the works of epic fantasy.

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„Ku pożytecznej a bogatej może w treść [rodaków] zabawie” – wielojęzyczność w „Dziesięcioletniej podróży po Wschodzie” Ignacego Pietraszewskiego

Author(s): Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the use of foreign words in „Dziesięcioletnia podróż po Wschodzie” [„The Ten‑Year Journey to the East”], a travel writing account by the 19th century Orientalist and diplomat Ignacy Pietraszewski. The analysis of the saturation of the text with foreign words, particularly of Turkish origin, the methods of their implementation in the text and translation to Polish, as well as the thematic areas to which the words belong allow to reach two conclusions. First, it could be possible to treat the introduction of barbarisms as a way to introduce precision, one of the genre characteristics of travel writing. Second, it would be possible to see them as an enrichment of the primary, according to Pietraszewski, didactic function.

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Podróż w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – geografia i mit we Wschodzie Andrzeja Stasiuka

Author(s): Joanna Przyklenk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to a discussion of the geographical and mythical dimension of journey in Andrzej Stasiuk’s „Wschód” [„The East”], including the identity context. To this end, the author conducts a functional analysis of the geographical proper names, the use of the lexemes geography and tectonics as well as the use (including mythopoeic use) of the concepts of the map as well as that of the boundary and boundlessness, taking into account strategies dynamizing the presentation of the geographical space. Moreover, the author describes the mythizations dominating in the descriptions of particular geographical areas (East Poland, Russia, Mongolia and China). In the later part of the article, the author presents the way in which the narrator reconstructs his identity, focusing on those aspects which are connected with the geographical or travelling context of the narrative. In the course of analysis, the author enumerates the following characteristics of the narrator motivated by geography and its mythicization: alienation, the status of the inhabitant of the borderland or the East, the traveller and the writer.

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Żywioł nomadyczny w twórczości Edwarda Stachury (z perspektywy geopoetyki)

Author(s): Wiesław Setlak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The life and works of Edward Stachura could be interpreted in the context of geopoetics. He represents the type of creator endowed with exceptional spatial dynamic — he could write everywhere he was led by his nomadic temperament. His entire oeuvre is deeply marked by this intellectual nomadic nature. This, in turn, allows to classify the author as a nomadological subject and posit a thesis regarding comparable activity of Stachura in two spaces: internal and external. The former can be a subject of a phenomenological description, while the latter reveals itself in a complementary function. The predominance of the nomadic element above other topics is revealed in the narrative strategy (“the narrator is me”) as well as hypersemiotic and overexpressive portrayals, the conflict between conscious and subconscious representation, vitalism juxtaposed with the nihilistic worldview, search for knowledge about the world and oneself countered by epistemic impotence. Edward Stachura can be considered, then, a writer of the road that ultimately leads nowhere, exemplified by his suicide. Or, perhaps, that was in fact his goal and his liberation?

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Podróż (i podróżowanie) oczyma blogerów. Refleksje nie tylko lingwistyczne

Author(s): Ewa Ficek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article conducts preliminary characteristic of selected Polish travel blogs. The aim of the analysis (characterized by a logocentric slant – though not entirely), conducted under the pretext of commenting on travel journals, has been, among others, to provide answers to questions regarding: the profiles and intent of the bloggers; the ways of shaping their travel narratives and references to establisher practices within the genre (an account of the travels and other forms of blog messages, concretization and enrichment of the message, the importance of description, etc.); the images of travel and traveling on blogs. Such a targeted analysis has allowed to note two things: first, an evolution of academic reflection regarding the heterogenous characteristic of the internet space; and second – a change within the blogosphere itself, which seems to become more structured and rigid, even though the blog (as an object permanently connected with the processes of transgression, journey or migration between genres, styles and discourses) has yet to be unambiguously defined.

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Budowanie wspólnoty podróży na przykładzie zjawiska carpoolingu – analiza komunikatów na stronach internetowych i forach dyskusyjnych poświęconych tematyce współdzielenia przejazdów

Author(s): Beata Duda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the analysis of messages produced by the users of websites and message boards concerned with carpooling, i.e. sharing free places in one’s car for monetary compensation, in order to characterize and delineate the boundaries of a new travel community, which, in turn, allows to discover the characteristics of its discourse. The author presents discursively crucial characteristics of this phenomenon arising in the process of building a community that exists at the intersection between two worlds: virtual and digital. Moreover, the author points to the economic, communication and community‑forming aspects of carpooling in the context of the dominant discourses on the communication map: public and media‑oriented.

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O podróżowaniu i kibicowaniu przed telewizorem, czyli kolarska podróż przez Europę

Author(s): Beata Grochala / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article touches upon the issue of sports commentary during the TV broadcast of the cycling competition Tour de France. The author focuses on those elements of the commentary which are directly related to traveling, i.e. the descriptions of landscape, landmarks, nature, which comprise a significant portion of the commentary. The commentators, then, combine sports commentary with an account of traveling across France, which, in turn, creates an uncommon, individualized broadcast, while the Tour de France commentary cannot be called a straightforward sports commentary.

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Czego możemy się dowiedzieć o języku mieszkańców Czarnego Lądu na podstawie „Listów z Afryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza?

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to reconstruct the image of African languages presented in „Listy z Afryki” [„Letters from Africa”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz and to analyze the language consciousness of the writer in the context of historical and comparative linguistics, which experienced a period of rapid development at the end of the 19th century. „Letters from Africa” abound in meta‑linguistic digressions regarding the roots of Swahili, language migration, mutual linguistic influences and the resulting appearance of loan words. Moreover, the book includes commentary on the topic of genealogical relationships of languages, the proto‑language and language families. Sienkiewicz, according to the commonplace 19th century beliefs regarding language, understood that language reflects the culture of a particular nation and constitutes the distinguishing element which characterizes different ethnic groups according to their nationality and occupied territory. His attention to detail and dedication to realism, then, necessitates the introduction of various foreign proper names and other words, characteristic phrases or sayings, meant to familiarize the Polish reader with the realities of Africa.

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Językowe sposoby opisywania (przybliżania) obcej rzeczywistości w „Listach z podróży do Ameryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

“Listy z podróży do Ameryki” [„Letters from the Journey to America”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz constitute an example of a travelogue — popular 19th century literary form — which significantly contributed to the development of the genre. The aim of the article is to analyze the tendencies in descriptions of the American reality, foreign to the average reader of „Letters”. In the course of functional and genre analysis, the author has been able to determine that „Letters” are more concerned with the aesthetic factor than the information factor, characteristic of practical genres. This aestheticization can be seen predominantly in the use of the elements of the literary style (metaphors, sensory detail, epithets, similes).

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Deskrypcje egzotyki krajów Wschodu w korespondencji prywatnej Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Leonarda Mariak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes eleven letters addressed to Sienkiewicz’s sister‑in‑law, Jadwiga Janczewska nee Szetkiewicz, documenting his Eastern voyages. On the basis of the analysis of their contents as well as their lexical makeup, the author presents the writer’s attitude towards the Eastern realities. In his descriptions, Sienkiewicz pays particular attention to the architecture as well as the appearance of the inhabitants of that part of the world. The value judgments evident in his correspondence paint him as an Occidentalist, fascinated by the culture of the West and strongly negating the value and beauty of the culture of the East.

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„Życie podróżą jest…” – o wędrówce idei (na podstawie nieznanych, prywatnych, oryginalnych listów Jerzego Szaniawskiego z lat 1965–1970)

Author(s): Barbara Kudra / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes hiterto unknown, unpublished letters by Jerzy Szaniawski (overall 19 letters dated 1965–1970) addressed to Hans Gernot Herrmann, a German Slavic languages expert who spoke Polish. The letters reveal a private character, and they were written by Szaniawski himself, as well as (with his knowledge and permission) his wife, Wanda Anita Szaniawska, a particularly eccentric individual. The majority of the letters is concerned with the search for one Ernest Wirrwa, who espoused the ideals of “making the homeless happy,” an idea which the Szaniawski couple wanted to propagate in Poland. The author analyzes the letters in the context of the concept of neo‑sentimentalism and the so‑called roaming of ideals.

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Wpływ sytuacji komunikacyjnej na kształt dialogu w „Rozmowach podręcznych dla podróżujących do Londynu Polaków nieumiejących zupełnie języka angielskiego” (1857) Franciszka Kuszla

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article introduces into the study of linguistics („Rozmowy podręczne dla podróżujących do Londynu Polaków nieumiejących zupełnie języka angielskiego” [„A Phrasebook for the Polish Traveling to London Who Do Not Know English”] (1857) by Franciszek Kuszel – first handbook of English written for the speakers of Polish consisting exclusively of dialogues meant to imitate real‑life interactions. The aim of the analysis has been to showcase how the elements of the communicative situation in which the intended audience for the handbook found themselves influenced the form of the dialogues included in the book, on the formal and stylistic levels. The conducted analysis has proven that the contents and form of the dialogues was influenced not only by the aim of improving the communicative competence of the readers, but also the desire to familiarize them with the realities of 19th century London.

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Konwencjonalne i niestandardowe elementy przewodnika „Warszawa kobiet” Sylwii Chutnik – perspektywa genologiczna

Author(s): Magdalena Hawrysz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to provide genre characteristic of the subgenre of a guidebook called a city walkbook. The study is based on the example of a book by Sylwia Chutnik, „Warszawa kobiet” [„The Warsaw of Women”]. The conducted analysis has shown that in each of the aspects – structural, pragmatic, epistemic, stylistic – the guidebook, apart from the typical elements, includes also several nonstandard elements. Their presence within the book is motivated by a pragmatic factor, i.e. a communicative intention which consists in reclaiming the space of women in social consciousness.

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Podróżowanie na małym ekranie: od telewizyjnego magazynu podróżniczego do reality show

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Śmiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author, on the basis of various TV programs concerned with travel, describes the changes occurring in contemporary television. Among the most important ones the author enumerates: the domination of the ludic function and constant updates in the means of influencing the audience, achieved through the mixing of genres, topics and aims of communication. The commercial aspect of travel in the discussed TV programs remains twofold. On the one hand, it is concerned with the medium itself: the images of traveling render the program more attractive to the viewer, while at the same time, the presented places, people and cultures become an attractive tourist product in their own right. Television, as one of the most important forms of mass media, shapes the contemporary popular culture, whose influences can be seen even in the most common and commercialized form of travel, i.e. tourism (see also expressions such as “visual consumption of places,” “tourist spectacle”). The most recent television programs which use travel (tourism) as their basic premise, such as „Holiday Diaries” (a quasi‑documentary telenovela) or „Asia Express” (a reality show) exemplify both the recent changes in contemporary television (genre, functional, thematic hybrids) as well as the more far‑reaching developments which encompass the social and cultural sphere.

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Pande(me)mia – o strategiach migracyjnych memu internetowego w ujęciu genologicznym

Author(s): Alicja Bronder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the migration strategies of the internet meme in linguistic genre perspective. This particular genre has been growing in popularity among the Internet users, while at the same time retaining its characteristic architecture, which makes it possible to establish a fairly consistent standard. Its commonality in the cyberspace is influenced by, among others, the way it migrates and disseminates among the Internet users, illustrated through the metaphor of the virus. This viral nature of the meme, which becomes almost pandemic in media communication which reaches across cultural and spatial borders, manifests itself in the unique constellation of text‑formation elements, whose organization enhances to construct of the message and decides the genre, as well as in the particular sender‑receiver combination. The differentiation of particular genre characteristics remains key for the present analysis, as those characteristics enable the deployment of the abovementioned viral migration strategy. The research material – which comprises texts available on the most popular Polish internet websites – is analyzed through the lens of textual and linguistic genre analysis, which allows to emphasize the characteristics of the pattern, which are based on the idea of constant dynamic movement and migration.

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Między stałością a zmiennością. Translokacje elementów kategorii językowych

Author(s): Aleksandra Janowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article the author pays particular attention to the issue of translocation of elements of linguistic category. It is about the language units, which are either the residues of an old category, or they lose the relation with the primary set despite its existence. Hence, the writer is interested in the approach to language evolution in the light of [through the prism of] processes related to ripping off the units that belong to a given category. The study over the possibility of analysed transformations, determination of necessary conditions for their coming into existence, or the analysis of the reasons for the assimilations [becoming similar] (to the basic source of translocation), and, ultimately, systematising the existing knowledge will allow to make an interesting description plane of ensuing language transformations; the plane which is more different than ever, and yet diachronic in its nature.

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