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The present study focuses on some usage peculiarities of Spanish causative constructions «hacers(se) + Inf.», «dejar(se) + Inf.» in fiction texts translated into Spanish VS original ones. Though causative constructions do exist in many languages, they may show a wide number of asymmetric features (such as pronominal forms, present in Romanic languages, absent in English, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, etc.). As there are frequently no direct equivalents in the original text for the causative constructions, more subjective factors can influence the translator’s decision whether to use them or not. Particularly, it turned out that translators tend to exaggerate a «favorite» construction or to underuse some stylistic devices. A million-tokens corpus demonstrates it to be a strong tendency in translated fiction text, unlike in the original ones.
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The publication by Tomas Navarro Tomas of two fundamental books pertaning to Spanish phonetics („Manual de pronunciación española” (1918) y „Manual de entonación española” (1944) gave rise to the appearance of more publications dealing with the description and functioning of the Spanish phonetic and phonological systems. All the subsequent publications – which were based on Tomas Navarro Tomas’ books – attempted to develop, define more precisely and verify the theses formulated by the Father of Spanish phonetics. The author of this article presents a new important book which is indubitably an exceptional publication and constitutes a breakthrough in Spanish linguistics. His remarks are confined to the Spanish segmental system and phonetic change. The book came into being as the result of a close cooperation between 22 academies of the Spanish language („Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Fonética y fonologia”, vol. 3, 2011).
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Assuming all teaching activity as a performative act with ethical implications, this article focuses on how traditional points of view about language still appear in handbooks, despite new anthropological as well as semiological theories. Regarding teaching of Spanish as a foreign language, the paper analyses several contemporaries textbooks, in order to conclude that most of them not only show structuralist views, but also a strong link between culture and language, with a biased Hispanocentrism (at least in books printed in Spain). Several of these out-of-date teaching discourses, however, still find their place in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, though some of its key points are communicative competence and the active protagonism of students.
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The article is an analysis of Polish translation equivalents of the Croatian preposition usprkos. Based on the corpus of contemporary Croatian literature and its Polish translations, we conclude that this preposition can be translated as: mimo (in spite of, despite), wbrew (against), na przekór (in spite of, despite), pomimo (in spite of, despite), niezależnie od (regardless of), za cenę (at the cost of). The basic translation equivalent na przekór (in spite of, despite) has been determined through frequency analysis and semantic feature analysis.
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The following article concerns the issue of translation of Czech occupational feminitives into Polish. In the Czech language, the formation of feminine forms from masculine forms is common and systemic, whereas in the Polish language, certain forms are perceived as controversial by its native speakers. This may pose problems for translators from Czech into Polish. The article presents the results of the experiment aimed at an analysis of the translations of the three selected Czech occupational feminitives: ministryně, prezidentka, and řidička. These are the feminitives whose Polish translation equivalents: ministra (female minister), prezydentka (meaning the female head of state), and kierowczyni (female driver) are encountered mainly in the profeminist media and which were officially registered for the first time in „Słownik nazw żeńskich polszczyzny” (A Dictionary of Female Nouns in Polish) published in Wrocław in 2015. The linguistic corpus INTERCORP was used for the purpose of this experiment and excerption of research material.
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The following article examines loanwords which entered the Russian language directly from the Polish language or from other language groups through Polish. The study material has been excerpted from all available issues of “Vesti-Kuranty” from 1600—1670. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the process of phonetic adaptation of Polonisms and indicate word variations on the phonetic or graphic level in order to determine the manner of the borrowing (whether oral or written) and a degree of adjustment of the word to the system of the Russian language during the first seventy years of the 17th century.
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A noun in a Russian and Czech sentence can be an adjectival attribute, nominal attribute or genitive attribute, apart from predication. Moreover, both languages have constructions with invariable attributes in preposition, which have remained in active use for the last twenty-thirty years. This article demonstrates the various syntactic structure of the invariable attribute in preposition along with its relations with the three other types of attributes on the basis of the methodology of the structural semantics school proposed by V.V. Babajceva.
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The article offers an analysis of names of persons in Russian prison slang. The source material was provided by „Справочник по ГУЛАГу” (The Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Prison Slang) by J. Rossi and „Словарь тюремно-лагерно-блатного жаргона” (A Dictionary of Prison, Forced Labor Camp and Criminal Slang) by D. Baldaev, I. Isupov, and V. Belko. In describing lexical units references were made to the studies in penitentiary psychology.
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The article concerns the borrowings from the Russian and Polish languages which can be observed in contemporary public discourse between Russians and Poles. The question about the role that these units play in communication space is crucial. The conducted observations indicate that the adapting of foreign cultural values for communication is not random. The collected material allows the conclusion that Russian and Polish borrowings used in social space serve communicating particular intentions and realizations of specific communicative goals. It is significant from the point of view of cultural comparative studies that the Polish-Russian relations are asymmetric from this aspect.
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The article discusses the difficulties in translating Polish forms of address in film dialogues based on the Russian translation of the series „Tajemnica twierdzy szyfrów” (The Secret of Code Fortress) (2007). Forms of address perform a significant role in linguistic communication. In film dialogues, they additionally carry information about relations between the characters, their position, and rank. In the process of film translation, forms of address are frequently omitted to shorten the translation due to technical requirements of captions or a voice-over. The analysis of the material shows that as a result of such processes, the recipient of translation is deprived of information which is indispensable for the true interpretation of the film.
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Governed prepositions are defined as prepositions in the relation of strong government with another lexical unit in a syntactic phrase, for example, a verb (believe in, rely on) (Rauh 1993; Hoffmann 2007; Gaszewski 2012). The relation of strong government makes prepositions obligatory complements of verbs and entails a semantic difference between verb senses with or without a preposition (Eng. believe someone – believe in someone; Cro. držati (što u ruci) ‘hold (something in hand)’ – držati do ‘appreciate; lit. hold to’; Fr. porter ‘put, wear’ – porter sur ‘to focus on’). It also entails a change in the meaning of a preposition and results in its extension from the basic spatial meaning, as in be in the box – believe in someone. It is therefore the aim of this study to examine the properties of governed prepositions in three structurally different languages – Croatian, English, and French.
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There are two factors that play the most crucial role in the evolution of language: time and space. The article focuses on the latter factor and its influence on the process of language differentiation, which accompanies various kinds of journeys and migrations. The author recalls the example of the dissolution of the Pre‑Slavic language community, brought about by the Slavic migration to the west, east and south. The Slavic migrations contributed, thus, to the emergence of various Slavic languages and dialects (ethnolects). Basing his research on the available literature on the subject, the author also reconstructs the language map of the world from before the time of great geographical discoveries (which resulted in modern colonial expansions) as well as provides a contemporary language map of the world.
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The article presents a two‑volume (published in Paris in 1969) monograph of a distinguished French Indo‑European linguist, which constitutes a seminal work for comparative studies, ethnology as well as anthropology and philosophy of culture. The author attempts to reach the linguistic roots of the most important concepts from the social sphere (law, power, economy, religion, society, family) which came to form the foundation of the Indo‑European order of life and shaped the European world of thought, values and convictions. To this end, on the basis of etymological and comparative studies, the author reconstruct the roots of selected lexemes in over ten Indo‑European languages (historical and contemporary), pointing to the existing parallels. In order to convince the readers about the value of Benveniste’s work and demonstrate his work method at the same time, the author compiles tables which show the history of several crucial for the European culture concepts, whose linguistic roots reach the times of the Indo‑European community. Some of these concepts are freedom, community and trade.
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Niewiadomski’s work constitutes an original and open to different interpretations lecture on the topic of the map as a text of the world, a model of experience and a form of cognition, into which a cartographic narrative has been inscribed, delineating the geopoetic shape of the discourse possible to reconstruct from the text. It is an essentially essayist discourse, one which eschews formal boundaries and limitations regarding the approach to the subject, using the autobiographical and fictional conventions, linking academic knowledge and erudition with literary work, philosophy with rhetoric, or, in other categories: direct and indirect representation, linking them through image and metaphor. The conceptually original approach to the topic is predicated on the concept of the essayist work as delineated in the discussed work (Musil’s writing) as well as a certain reflexivity characteristic of the essay, maintaining the connection with the model of authorial relationship with the world and revealing the author’s “I” (self‑presentation), intertextuality and the quotation technique, which are based on the modal framework of the utilized essayist discourse: interactive stance and dialogism (a dialogue between the author and himself as well as his writing project, realized in the act of writing, as well as a dialogic stance towards the intended reader). Other characteristics possible to find in the text are the stacking of meanings, departure from monosemy, and, in the sphere of composition: non‑linear narrative. All of those elements come together in a particular way to form the lecture on the subject of the ontology of the map, while also influencing the reading of Niewiadomski’s essay, which is a difficult text to read and comprehens, requiring particular literary and cultural competences from the reader.
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The author discusses the subject of collective memory understood metaphorically as a journey (stages, equipment, wanderers) as well as mechanisms of memory based on nomadic motifs. Those nomadic motifs, which consist of the schematic and individualizing elements, are connected to particular types of collective memory: communicative and cultural; functional and accumulative. The role of those nomadic motifs in collective memory has been showcased on the basis of contemporary variations of the story of Cinderella.
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The article is devoted to the concept of intertextuality interpreted as a textual realization of the motif of journey. The author, on the basis of selected examples representing the Polish campus novel (academic novel), showcases how the concept of migration might hinge directly on the plot of the novel, but also can be presented with the use of various plotlines, topics, characters or proper names, contributing at the same time to the discussion on the condition of contemporary academia (Humanities in particular).
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The article discusses a hundred names for people who are about to undertake a journey or are currently on the road, either of their own volition or, due to forces beyond their control, compelled to set out for a journey, leave their place of dwelling, or leave their home, country and family behind. Moreover, the author categorizes the various travelers and points to the semantic and value‑judgment metamorphoses which those names have undergone in the past two hundred years.
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The article collects and organizes information concerning the fundamental reasons for language difficulties in children coming from Polish families returning from emigration after several years. The factors preventing children from reimmigrant families from acquiring full language competences have been divided into systemic and individual. This division accounts for the criterion of the scope of the factor and the possibility of prognosis regarding its force. In the analysis proper, the author focuses on systemic factors which have been further divided into intralingual and extralingual. The intralingual factors are connected with the fact of acquiring language in a multilingual environment and the change of status of the Polish language from inherited language to first language. On the other hand, the extralingual factors include the Polonia and Polish education systems. Towards the end, the author enumerates steps to be undertaken in order to more effectively support the language education of children from reimmigrant families.
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The author of the article conducts preliminary characteristic of selected Polish travel blogs. The aim of the analysis (characterized by a logocentric slant – though not entirely), conducted under the pretext of commenting on travel journals, has been, among others, to provide answers to questions regarding: the profiles and intent of the bloggers; the ways of shaping their travel narratives and references to establisher practices within the genre (an account of the travels and other forms of blog messages, concretization and enrichment of the message, the importance of description, etc.); the images of travel and traveling on blogs. Such a targeted analysis has allowed to note two things: first, an evolution of academic reflection regarding the heterogenous characteristic of the internet space; and second – a change within the blogosphere itself, which seems to become more structured and rigid, even though the blog (as an object permanently connected with the processes of transgression, journey or migration between genres, styles and discourses) has yet to be unambiguously defined.
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