Banki komercyjne na wschodnich ziemiach II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Wojciech Morawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2015

During the times of Second Polish Republic commercial banking was gradually losing its importance. In the Eastern Borderlands the process ran deeper and faster than elsewhere. In the wake of two consecutive banking crises in 1925 and 1931, a number of weak institutions which had been founded during the period of inflation collapsed. Old banks of Vilnius, founded before 1914, remained relatively strong. Banks of Lvov had played an important role in the 1920’s but became much less important a decade later. One reason was that due to their interaction with the Austrian monetary market, they suffered gravely from the crisis. Shifting of the most important institutions from Lvov to Warsaw did not help, either. Polska bankowość komercyjna rozwijała się w oparciu o trzy różne systemy prawne. Najbardziej rygorystyczny, ale dzięki temu najbezpieczniejszy był system rosyjski. Austriacki był łagodniejszy, a najbardziej liberalny był system niemiecki. Inflacja powojenna podkopała potencjał kapitałowy banków. Kryzys 1925 roku, a następnie wielki kryzys lat 30-tych ujawniły skutki tej sytuacji. Większość banków nie przetrwała tych prób. Ekspansja, a następnie regres polskiej bankowości komercyjnej na Kresach Wschodnich były widoczne jeszcze wyraźniej, niż w pozostałych częściach Polski. Relatywnie mocną pozycję utrzymały dawne, utworzone przed 1914 rokiem banki wileńskie. Banki lwowskie odgrywały istotną rolę w latach 20-tych, ale w następnej dekadzie ich znaczenie zmalało. Z jednej strony padły ofiarą kryzysu za sprawą ścisłych powiązań z austriackim rynkiem pieniężnym, z drugiej – odbywał się proces przenoszenia ze Lwowa do Warszawy najpoważniejszych instytucji.

Dalekowschodnie emisje pieniądza Banku Rosyjsko-Chińskiego i Banku Rosyjsko-Azjatyckiego na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Pogranicze rosyjsko-chińsko-mongolskie

Author(s): Joanna Lipinin,Juliusz Bieniaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2015

This gives an account of the activity of the Russian-Chinese Bank, later known as the Russian-Asiatic Bank, in issuing currency at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It describes the Sino-Russian relationship of that period, discusses the legal basis of the issuing of currency, its range of circulation, and its exchange rate as regards Chinese currency. It demonstrates that there were significant discrepancies between the Chinese, Russian and English regulations authorizing the issuing of banknotes. Artykuł dotyczy emisji pieniężnych Banku Rosyjsko-Chińskiego i Banku Rosyjsko-Azjatyckiego na przełomie XIX i XX w. na tle relacji pomiędzy Imperium Rosyjskim i Cesarstwem Chińskim, podstaw prawnych emisji, obszaru obiegu i stosunku do systemu pieniężnego ówczesnych Chin. Wykazano istotne różnice między tekstami chińskimi klauzul upoważniających do obiegu pieniądza a klauzulami rosyjsko- i anglojęzycznymi.

Bosna i Hercegovina i Bošnjaci prema jugoslavenskim idejama i jugoslavenskom pitanju

Author(s): Adnan Velagić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2015

The issue of the positioning of the Yugoslav ideas with in the political projectioning of the Yugoslav questionis a long and complex process, which has in some aspects directly reflect edit self in the attitudes of heterogeneous political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Considering the fact that the term Yugoslavianism can include any idea or ideology that implied the integration of the South Slav peoples, of course, mostly in terms of state-building, in this paper I will set out the different approaches of the Yugoslav reciprocity during the nineteenth century and the positioning of Bosnian and Herzegovinian politicians, especially Bosniacs in that context.

SLAVIC ETHNOPOLITIES: A FEW REMARKS ON THE «TRIBAL QUESTION» AS ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE OF «STUDIA SLAVICA ET BALCANICA PETROPOLITANA»

Author(s): Krzysztof Fokt / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (19)/2016

The texts attempts to answer the questions raised by the Editors of «Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana» in their questionnaire, focusing on the Western Slavdom. The main assumptions of the paper is that there is no definition of Slavic tribe that would correspond directly with the past reality. Due to the scarcity of sources we are condemned to use some conventionalized terms instead and that is how the term «tribe» functions for the Western Slavdom: as de facto synonym of the notions of «ethnos» or «people». Therefore, almost every social group which had some common name that could have been comprehended as an ethnonym — only apart from the huge dynastic polities which finally evolved into early states — may be called a «tribe» in the present Polish, Czech or German scholarship. In the paper, attempts were made also to divide the Western Slavdom into four distinctive zones representing various patterns of ethnopolitical structures: the «limes» zone (filled with gentes comparable to other gentile peoples of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages), the interior (dominated probably by some segmentary societies being not very active in warfare and trade and for a long time remaining «invisible» for the sources as ethnopolitical structures), the maritime area (early active in trade and warfare but not divided — as far as we know — into peoples/tribes) and the transition zone between the «limes» and interior areas (embracing both Lusatias and the left-bank Silesia).

Савелий З. Новаков. Болгарская общность в Молдове и Украине (ХIХ–ХХ вв.). Страницы истории и культуры. [АН Республики Молдова. Институт культурного наследия], Chisinau, 2010. 213 с.

Author(s): Elena Hadzhinikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2013

Book Review

Slavonske inačice pjesme o djevojci-ratnici u hrvatskoj usmenoj tradiciji u komparativnom kontekstu: književno-antropološki pristup zapletu i liku

Author(s): Simona Delić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 14/2014

The Ballad on Warrior Girl, which is widely spread in almost all European ballad traditions - although under different titles - has enormous cultural-anthropological potential in its poetical discourse, as has been widely discussed in folkloristic and literary studies. In this article we wanted to show for the fi rst time on the example of Croatian tradition the possibility of critical reading of historical-geographic tradition,and the importance of poetic discourse and its metaphorical hermeneutics for the history of the poem. Primarily, we wanted to demonstrate that the archive readings are not incompatible with the readings of contemporary literary theory. We have seen that the plot of this ballad repeats in short the history of the study of this ballad, concerned with structuralist reading of the poetical discourse in the manner of Lord and Parry “oral theory school” or of the “neo-traditionalist school”, which are also seenin this article to be far from being competitive schools of study (as was sometimes believed). As far as the historical-geographical method is concerned in the study of Croatian traditional ballads from Slavonia, it is shown that this method cannot bring any substantially new insights without the support of thorough study of linguistic (especially dialectological) methods of study. However, the insights of the Spanishneo-traditionalist school, and particular of Diego Catalán-Menéndez Pidal and his study of metaphoric potentials of traditional poetry indicate that, even without any strictly rigorous methodological procedure of the historical-geographical method, and without the help of linguistic methods of studies, some suggestions may be drawn from intercultural empathical cultural narrative exchanges and/or borrowings. The plot of this ballad has multi-layered meanings: it can be understood either as the storyof maturation, of “honour and shame”, or as the story of “quiet female diplomacy”, depending on different narratological frames (in an absence of testimonies on family traditional “song-maker procedures”). Generally speaking and taking into account the few examples, Slavonian variants are shown to be more lyrical than those from the rest of the Croatian regions, although very impressive and illustrative, as these poems were sung or narrated in dance circles, as was testifi ed to by Matica hrvatska / MatrixCroatica XIXth century collectors.

Думи за откриване от проф. д.и.н. Илия Тодев, директор на Института за исторически изследвания

Author(s): Ilia Todev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

Introductory speech at the opening of Anniversary conference dedicated to prof. Miletitch

Jan Perszon, Kaszubi, tożsamość, rodzina, Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. Zarząd Główny, Gdańsk 2015, ss. 187

Author(s): Eugeniusz Sakowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2016

Национално питање у попису становништва Југославије 1971.

Author(s): Slobodan Selinić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

National question was of great importance during the existence of the Yugoslav state. The article deals with the question of the importance of 1971 Census for interethnic relations, and how the Yugoslav Communist League (YCL) defined the most controversial phenomenon which occurred during the process (citizens declaring their national identity as Yugoslav, Muslim, or according to regional affiliation). The article uses sources from the Archives of Yugoslavia, the Croatian State Archives, the press and relevant literature.

A közös történelem nehéz öröksége

Author(s): László Szarka / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2014

Tryzub and Crescent

Author(s): Adam Balcer / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (12)/2014

Relations with Turkic and Caucasian Muslims have been a crucial factor in the development of the Ukrainian identity, although they are not well known and often misinterpreted. They are often looked at through the prism of the Cossacks fighting with the Tartars and Turks. However, one cannot imagine the Cossacks representing the essence of what is Ukrainian without understanding the profound impact of the Turks and Tartars – who were often their allies, not enemies – on the Cossack way of life.

BOSANSKI FRANJEVCI IZMEĐU GAJA I GARAŠANINA (1836-1849) – SUPROTNOSTI DVIJE NACIONALNE POLITIKE

Author(s): Bratislav Teinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2015

Being educated in Zagreb, Bosnian Franciscans came under the influence of Illyrian national ideas since 1830s. As it was the case with most South Slavs, they as well felt drawn to Serbia because of its independent state. The young Bosnian Franciscans embraced Ljudevit Gaj’s Illyrian Movement as a renaissance movement of all South Slavs, but accepted Ilija Garašanin’s Serb national politics as well. In the years to come, the two national politics differed mostly around the issue of Bosnian Catholics’ national affiliation and the political destiny of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unlike the scholars Josif Šafarik, Jan Kolar and Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who belived Bosnian Catholics were Serbs, which was the philological base of Serb national agitation, Gaj suggested the name of Serbo-Croats. This name initiated the contraries between the two national politics. Among Bosnian Franciscans, several names stood out very early. Friar Bartul Jurić, who would later convert to Orthodox faith and take the name Tomo Kovačević, turned to national agitation of Ilija Garašanin after a very poorly organized uprising against the Turks ended in disaster in 1840. Garašanin himself worked with the Illyrians and Gaj in the beginning. Kovačević would later become Garašanin’s main conspirer for Bosnian Catholics and the complete territory of Bosnia. The other notable name among Franciscans was friar Stjepan Verković who was at first the agent for Gaj, then Garašanin, and later on he would work for both of them at the same time. The third significant name was that of Ivan Frano Jukić, who was the first to notice the differences between the two agitations among the Bosnian Franciscans. In the early 1840s, particularly after the Načertanije was created in 1844, the draft of which that belonged to one of the authors Franjo Zah, Ljudevit Gaj copied personally and then sold to Meternich, the discord became more and more noticeable. As the relations grew increasingly tense, the future of Bosnia after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which was yet to happen, emerged as one of the main points of dispute. Serbia and its supporters among the Franciscans believed, as the philology then stated, that one Serb people lived in Bosnia. Starting from 1844, through voices of several leading supporters of the future Party of Rights’ ideology, notably Bogoslav Šulek and Ivan Kukuljević-Sakcinski, the Illyrians started to promote openly the idea to annex Bosnia, or at least the west of the country or the so called Turkish Croatia, to Croatia. By that time, the Croatian tendencies have replaced the Illyrian ideas. In 1848, the year of revolution and appointing of Josip Jelačić for a Croatian ban, the Old Illyrian ideas triumphed in getting the Bosnian Franciscans stand for the Croatian national idea.

STROSSMAYEROVA POLITIKA PREMA BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKIM MUSLIMANIMA

Author(s): Alen Zečević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2015

As one of the most influential persons in Croatia during the 19th century, Strossmayer was in the political life of the Dual monarchy, both as a politician and as a bishop, the loudest advocator of Croatia’s struggle for independence. The thought on which his decades long political activity was based in many segments directly intruded into the political and religious relations within Bosnia and Herzegovina. If we take into consideration that Strossmayer considered that the Yugoslav program could be achieved exclusively by the expulsion of Turks from Europe, it is clear that his Yugoslav thought, which originated from Catholic hegemonism in the Balkans, did not as such treat Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims equally in the capacity of their ethnic individuality. On the other hand, the influence of Bishop Strossmayer was evident in his attitudes in which the issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s belonging was considered as a problem whose solution was a part of the Croatian national interest. The legal and political status of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the major preocupation of his political and diplomatic action from the second half of the 19th century. An especially important question, which certainly deserves more attention of historians, and which has been treated in the context of JosipJuraj Strossmayer’s policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina in this paper, is the issue of representation of Muslims in Strossmayer’s political thought. The religious specificum of their identity as Bosniaks in his considerations, firstly through the idea of South Slavism and the Illyrian movement, and then within the Croatian national policy, was the subject of diverse interpretations. Due to the existence of national-romantic tendencies in history, that have deprived the explanation of this issue of its objectivity and scientific valorization, this problem should be treated with the ultimate goal of achieving scientific truth. In this sense, this paper represents and attempt to elucidate this question in historical science.

PALJEVINA UŽICA I ISELJAVANJE MUSLIMANA

Author(s): Fikret Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 62/2015

This text presents the testimony of Miladin T. Radović, a baker from Uzice, about the fire in this city in 1862 and the emigration of Muslims from this part of Serbia. In the introduction notes the basic facts are given regarding the context of this incident. The testimony shows that the fire was set deliberately in Muslim area in Uzice with intention to speed up the evacuation of Muslims prior to the decision regarding this was brought at the international conference in Kanlica near Istambul.

Proces hrvatske nacionalne integracije u Mostaru

Author(s): Tihomir Zovko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

In the second half of the 19th century, Herzegovina experienced major changes when, after Herzegovina-Bosnian insurrection from 1875 to 1878 and the Congress of Berlin, Catholic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy arrived at this region. In the process of Croatian national integration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the period of mass national agitation and, partly, a mass national movement, Mostar was the center of such events. The establishment of the Fraternity of St. Anthony of Padua, the opening of a printing house, arrival of the nuns from Maribor and public procession through the city for Corpus Christi marked the beginning of that period. It ended at the beginning of 20th century when the process of national integration included peasants and workers as well and turned into a mass national movement. With the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city became a center of Croatian culture, education and publishing. Newspaper publishing activities among Croats could be linked to Fran Milicevic and Herzegovinian Basil, New Herzegovinian Basil, Voice of a Herzegovinian and Dawn during the period of 25 years (from 1883 to 1908). The establishment of the Fraternity of St. Anthony of Padua, with its significant role in expanding the network of Croatian institutions in Herzeg-Bosnia, marked the process of establishing the institutions that gathered members from different social structures. Croatian Choral Music Society Hrvoje was an example and incentive for other Croatian institutions in Herzeg-Bosnia of how to work for the people's cause. Through its activities Hrvoje became a serious amateur theater that developed love for such kind of art among the citizens. A large number of different Croatian associations worked in Mostar at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. By including intellectuals, priests, teachers, clerks, merchants, craftsmen, artisans, workers and peasants in the process of national integration, a modern Croatian nation was created at the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century based on the model of other nations of Europe.

L`évêque Mindszenty József et la question de l’appartenance de Transylvanie. Documents pour la préparation du Traité de Paix après la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale

Author(s): Ágoston Olti / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2007

The study presents little-known documents about Transylvania affiliation in connection with the Peace Treaty after the Second World War. The author examines in the meantime the relations between Hungary and Rumania. He presents two documents: the memoirs of Mindszenty and the response of Iuliu Hossu, the Transylvanian Greek Catholic bishop.

Zwischen Geschichte und Erinnerung

Author(s): Heinke Roth / Language(s): German Issue: _/2014

Dieses Zitat verdeutlicht, welch immense Bedeutung der Erinnerung zukommt. Eine äußerst wichtige Quelle, die darüber Auskunft geben kann, bietet die lokale Heimatgeschichtsschreibung. Deren Publikationen, die sogenannten Heimatbücher, prägen, so Mathias Beer, „nicht nur die Sicht auf die Vergangenheit eines Ortes, sondern sie bestimmen in hohem Maße auch die jeweilige Sicht auf die Gegenwart“2. Damit kann die Gattung Heimatbuch als „mentalitätsgeschichtliche Quelle ersten Ranges“3 angesehen werden, die vor allem verdeutlicht, wie die Lebensverhältnisse und die Geschichte eines Ortes rückwirkend kollektiv gesehen und verstanden werden. Wichtig wird der Blick auf die Vergangenheit vor allem dann, wenn diese durch den Verlust der Heimat geprägt ist. Als infolge des Zweiten Weltkriegs deutsche Volksangehörige aus den ehemaligen Reichsgebieten, dem Sudetenland sowie den Siedlungsgebieten aus Ost-, Mittelost- und Südosteuropa ihre Heimat verlassen mussten, führte die Erinnerung an diese zur Verbundenheit der Heimatvertriebenen im Hier und Jetzt.

PROMJENE U ETNIČKOJ STRUKTURI STANOVNIŠTVA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U PERIODU 1948. – 1991. GODINA

Author(s): Edin Jahić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 13/2010

Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1948. to 1991. had varied ethnic population structure. The ethnic composition of the population is changing under the influence of government on population policy, which during this entire period in Bosnia and Herzegovina carried out a specific discrimination of the Bosniak population, because it is not recognized as an independent ethnic community. As a result of this policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina have altered the ethnic composition of the population. Percentage of Bosniaks in the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina increased from 30.7% to 43.4%. The percentage of Serbs was reduced from 44.3% to 31.2%, and Croats with 24% to 17.4%. Since the census in 1971. there is the decrease in the percentage of Serbs and Croats, while significantly increased the percentage of Muslims or Bosniaks is a result of ethnic ballot, which was by the census permitted to Bosniaks.

Украино-ананские параллели в погребальной обрядности

Author(s): K.Ju Rahno / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2011

The article is dedicated to the analogous rites in the funeral ceremonials of the medieval Alans, described by Giosafat Barbaro, and the Ukrainians, described by Jean Benoît Scherer. These rites can be regarded as one of the results of the cultural interaction between the Iranophone population of the Eastern European steppes and the Slavs.

Возникновение института губерний на территории Древнеармянского государства (согласно античным источникам)

Author(s): A.Zh. Arutyunyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2012

We present how Tigran II the Great tried to reorganize the province system in further divisions. It was found that the final province was created by Tiridate the I-st, so that before its collapse the Armenian state was divided into 190–195 districts, 15 provinces and 4 pitiashkhity.