Revista Vatra i-a invitat pe colaboratorii săi să părăsească pentru un moment infernul gălăgios al metropolei şi oraşelor în care trăiesc în general şi să scrie câteva rânduri despre viaţa la ţară. Sau dacă trăiesc la ţară, să privească pe geam (geamul clarviziunii de care se bucură îndeobşte creatorul) şi să ne spună ce văd. Nu că la ţară ar fi, în această etapă, foarte multă linişte şi idilism, că oamenii de-acolo s-ar bucura de tradiţionala „bunăstare” frugală dar sănătoasă, devenită de-acum mai degrabă un clişeu anacronic. Pe lângă asta avem de ceva vreme impresia că partea rurală a României profunde este uitată, neglijată de factorii politici şi nu numai de aceştia. De obicei scriitorilor nu le scapă ceea ce poate să scape sociologilor şi politicienilor. Au dovedit aproape întotdeauna flerul de-a se întoarce tocmai spre aceste zone, fie măcar şi pentru dramatismul şi „pitorescul” lor.
More...Keywords: Baturyn; Left-bank Ukraine; Hetmanate; Russia in the 16th-18th centuries; Ukrainian Cossacks; Ivan Mazepa; Kyrylo Razumovsky; Zaporizhian hetmans
The capital city of a state is a place of considerable importance – it is the centre of politics, economy, culture and religion. This was also the case in the Ukraine where the first independent contemporary Ukrainian state was formed in the middle 17th century thanks to Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporizhian hetman. The extremely complex political situation was not conducive to the state-building process and in the following years the Ukrainian lands were peculiarly divided along the line marked by the Dnieper river into the so-called Right-bank Ukraine subordinate to the Polish Republic and the Left-bank Ukraine controlled by Russia. This division was accompanied by the emergence of two hetman seats of authority. At the turn of the 18th century the capitals of the Zaporizhian hetmans dependent on Russia were located in many places, inter alia in Subotiv, Chyhyryn, Baturyn and Hlukhiv. However, it was Baturyn – the city located at the Seym river which until the second half of the 17th century constituted an extremely important frontier in the defense system of the borderlands of the Polish Republic – was to play the most important role. All of this happened thanks to the activities of two hetmans. One was Ivan Mazepa who in his attempts to create an Ukrainian state independent from Russia at the beginning of the 18th century followed his great predecessor, Bohdan Khmelnytsky. The other was Kyrylo Rozumovsky who in the middle of that century attempted to save the last shards of autonomy granted to the Ukraine by the Russian rulers. During hetman Mazepa’s tenure Baturyn was not only the political centre of all Ukrainian lands, but it was also an important cultural and religious centre. Its vibrant development was interrupted in 1708 during the Great Northern War when in his attempt to achieve independence from Russia, Mazepa supported the Swedish king, Charles XII. At that time, czar Peter I sent strong military units to Baturyn which burned the city and murdered its inhabitants. After these events, the hetman capital was located in Hlukhiv until 1750. It was not until the decision made by the Elizaveta Petrovna, the Empress of Russia that the languishing city of Baturyn regained the status of a capital and was granted to the hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky. Soon after this, thanks to his activities the city was rebuilt – new houses and manufacturing plants were constructed, and there were plans to open a university as well. Eventually, the plans to restore Baturyn to its former glory which it enjoyed during Mazepa’s times failed, and so did the attempts to preserve the autonomy of the Ukraine within the Russian empire.
More...Keywords: Asociaţia Studenţilor Creştini Ortodocşi Români; ASCOR; confesionalizarea; telologie; religie; apartenenţa confesională; lăcaşuri de cult; biserica; universitate
Subiectul prezentului Raport sunt încercările de confesionalizare a mediului universitar românesc după schimbarea de regim din 1989. Relaţiile dintre educaţia universitară (în special cea publică) şi organizaţiile şi fenomenele religioase nu au constituit obiectul unei cercetări de amploare în România. Ceea ce numim aici „confesionalizarea” spaţiului academic reprezintă doar latura universitară a fenomenului mai larg de confesionalizare a spaţiului public românesc. Din cuprins: Impregnarea confesională a spaţiului universitar românesc; Apropierea dintre biserică şi universitate după 1990; Slujbe, ceremonii religioase şi titluri onorifice în universităţi; Lăcaşuri de cult universitare; Practici universitare care discriminează sau încalcă libertatea religioasă; Respectarea tradiţiilor comunităţilor religioase minoritare; Statistici universitare privind apartenenţa confesională; Învăţământul teologic românesc şi raporturile dintre stat şi biserică; Teologia universitară şi predarea religiei în şcolile publice; Conducători ai bisericii şi conducători ai universităţii: o posibilă incompatibilitate juridică; Teologie versus studii religioase în universitatea românească
More...Acum câţiva ani buni, la una dintre întâlnirile de la Tescani dedicate lui Liviu Rebreanu şi onorate pe atunci de prezenţe culturale remarcabile, precum a lui Constantin Ciopraga, Alexandru Zub, Dumitru Radu Popescu sau Henri Zalis (înşiruire vinovată, de vreme ce este incompletă), întâlniri admirabil organizate de oamenii locului şi conduse cu pricepere de Niculae Gheran, într-o scurtă comunicare având titlul de mai sus, avansam ideea creaţiei ca urmare a unei crize profunde de identitate, rezolvată prin împlinirea în artă. Neputinţa identificării cu sine, adâncită de împrejurările vieţii care îi propuneau mai la tot pasul perspectiva risipirii aveau,......
More...Keywords: Virgil Podoaba; Cioran; provincialism; the Tg. Mures ethnographic museum; art museum of Tg. Mures; Nagy Imre; Totem exhibition in Tg. Mures; teh "Ion Vlasiu" Gallery;
Opinions about Targu Mures, interview with mayor Dorin Florea, opinions of various writers about the past, present and the futire of the town in his various aspects.
More...In Romanian with English translation Documentul pe care îl oferim publicării are o însemnătate cu totul aparte din perspectivă istorică. Mai întâi, pentru că evidenţiază laboratorul decizional la „vârf” în România comunistă dintr-un unghi inedit. Anume, atingerea consensului prin supunerea „recalcitrantului” la o critică nimicitoare şi obligarea sa la „aliniere”. De observat că sfidarea consensului este facută într-un anume fel, practic prin manevre de culise prealabile care să asigure evitarea unei pedepse faţă de „ieşirea din rânduri”, dar să aducă la cunoştinţa liderului această opoziţie. Iar ea trebuie să fie amplu motivată, inclusiv prin invocarea unei „sarcini de partid” (în cazul de faţă responsabilitatea pentru problematica naţională a „învinuitului”), fie şi colaterală subiectului. Altminteri, desigur, învinuirile de „sciziune” sau „fracţionism” sau „abatere de la linia partidului” s-ar fi acumulat pe capul „vinovatului”. Aşadar, avem sub ochi o mostră a „centralismuluii democratic” în ce priveşte procesul de dezbatere şi de asumare a deciziei (deja hotărâtă la nivelul „Conducatorului”).
More...Keywords: Hunting; Mongols; Eurasia; Golden Horde;Middle Ages;
Comme presque toutes les ethnies de la mappemonde, les peuples nomades des steppes de l’Eurasie se sont constamment livrés à des préoccupations ayant trait à la chasse. La chasse des animaux sauvages contribuait à compléter les ressources alimentaires, tout en protégeant par là la faune domestique à ne pas être sacrifiée. Les informations écrites concernant la pratique de cette occupation jusqu’au seuil du II-e millénaire de l’ère chrétienne sont généralement modestes. Ce n’est qu’à peine pour les Mongols qu’on détient des données plus nombreuses et concrètes concernant la pratique de la chasse dans le milieu nomade eurasiatique, fait explicable par l’intérêt à part suscité partout par un peuple qui s’était propulsé de manière intempestive sur la grande scène de l’histoire, et qui avait remporté des succès éclatants suivis de conquêtes, d’une envergure sans précédent dans des régions étendues d’Asie et de l’Europe Orientale. L’excédent d’informations sur les Mongols comparativement à celles se rapportant aux tribus de migrateurs des périodes antérieures peut être expliqué par le fait qu’aux XIII-XV-e siècles, quand les premiers jouent la carte des valences militaires, l’historiographie avait progressé substantiellement face à celle du premier millénaire, du point de vue quantitatif et qualitatif également. Notre appréciation vise non seulement les chroniques des pays européens, mais aussi celles dressées dans les pays orientaux: chinoises, arabes, persanes, arméniennes etc. Nous considérons qu’une rétrospection des sources concernant les exploits cynégétiques des tribus mongoles au cours du Moyen Âge pourrait être opportune, d’autant plus que la littérature scientifique élaborée jusqu’à présent, méritoire d’ailleurs, a hésité de traiter certains aspects connexes à la problématique en question. Les pratiques de chasse ne sont pas restées immuables durant l’évolution de la société mongole au Moyen Âge. Les réalités politiques parues après l’unification des tribus de steppe et après la création de l’Empire de Gengis-Khan se sont soldées avec des répercussions surtout au niveau des élites. Les actions de chasse collective ont pu se déployer dans des territoires de beaucoup plus étendus, avec le support d’un nombre imposant de participants et dans un plus grand laps de temps. Cependant, par l’adoption d’un armement plus perfectionné emprunté aux populations soumises, ayant un niveau de culture élevé, l’efficience pour abattre et capturer le gibier fut augmentée. Le niveau de vie plus élevé des élites et l’accroissement de son autorité sur le plan social et politique ont permis la création de réservations destinées à la chasse. En revanche, dans les territoires ancestraux des Mongols, situés dans les steppes centrales asiatiques, tout comme dans les zones de périphérie de leur empire pluriethnique, pour les préoccupations liées à la chasse se sont maintenues les anciennes traditions, puisqu’on gardait des réticences quant à adopter des éléments novateurs. Une extension de la perspective sur l’occupation de la chasse chez les tribus mongoles est en mesure de projeter une prospection de l’armement dont elles étaient munies. Les sources disponibles ne se rapportent pas de règle aux armes dont on se servait pendant les entreprises cynégétiques. En revanche, elles offrent certaines informations concernant les armes utilisées par les Mongols tout au long de leurs expéditions guerrières. Il est à supposer que l’équipement destiné aux campagnes militaires, à l’exception de celui affecté aux opérations spéciales, était en grand similaire à celui utilisé dans les actions cynégétiques.A ses débuts la chasse était vouée seulement à contribuer à l’acquisition de la nourriture et des vêtements, de même qu’à entraver les dégâts causés par les espèces faunistiques en vue d’un déroulement satisfaisant du mode de vie des entités anthropiques. Avec le temps, au fur et à mesure que l’évolution de l’univers humain s’est inscrite dans une dynamique polyvalente, entraînant des corrélations matérielles et spirituelles complexes, cette occupation gagna d’autres valences aussi. La chasse fut une modalité d’entraînement et d’instruction non seulement dans les affrontements avec les bêtes sauvages, mais aussi avec les collectivités humaines. Pour les catégories sociales privilégiées elle a représenté, cependant, un sport viril, un élément de détente, souvent dur et dangereux, impliquant des risques pour l’intégrité corporelle de ceux qui le pratiquaient, qui devaient maintes fois payer pour leur ambition et détermination excessives. Tout comme les sports modernes, qui propulsent des héros qu’on glorifie partout, la chasse devenait alors un spectacle avec des accessoires définitoires, un spectacle à dénouement imprévisible, qui conférait à ses actants distinction, gloire et légitimation.
More...Keywords: Roman period; Late Roman period; Early Byzantine period; Danube Limes; forticications; roads; milites prae - ventores; ala Scubulorum; ala Bosporanorum
The first part of the paper discusses the written evidence about the Roman road station Anasamus, the Late Roman military fort Ansamus, and the Early Byzantine fortified settlement and later city Ἀσημοῦς/Ἀσήμος. All these toponyms refer to one and the same site, depicting its development and functional transformations through the ages. The second part presents a critical analysis of the opinions expressed so far about the exact location of the site. The conclusion is that the site had always been situated in the village land of Cherkovitsa, in the immediate vicinity of the Osam River’ mouth; on the left bank in the earlier period, and on the right bank during the Late Antiquity. The third part is a synthesis on the Early Roman Anasamus (a military camp, civil settlement and road station), based on the available archaeological and epigraphic information as well as personal ground surveys and reinterpretation of the evidence. The last part of the paper comments the remains of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Ansamus/Ἀσημοῦς/Ἀσήμος, convincingly identified with the so-called “Osamsko kale” (Osam Fortress).
More...Keywords: Bronze situlae; funeral urns; odd hoards; East Carpathian region; Bastarnae; Celts
In the work on the materials of a cremation burial in bronze situla of the 2nd-1st centuries BC, which was found in Mana village (Orhei district), we have taken for comparative and anthropological analysis remains of calcined bones from the burial in situla from Sipoteni (Călăraşi district) published in 1950s. Osteological research of the contents of the bronze vessel from Sipoteni showed that the remains belonged to a man 20-30 years old. In the burial urn a fragment of a black-burnished vessel, a silver fi bula of the Middle La Tene type, an iron ring, and an amorphous iron object were found. The grave goods also contain a bronze situla, identical in shape and size, which was found near the funeral urn. Researches attributed the Sipoteni burial to the 2nd-1st centuries BC, a period of domination of Bastarnae tribes in the central and northern part of the Carpathian-Dniester region. Our own comparative analysis of this type of bronze vessels showed that they are similar with identical containers from the Middle Danube sites, as well as from northern Italy, southern France and Spain, which were used by Celtic tribes as funeral urns. To the east of the Carpathians identical bronze vessels were found in the village of Mana, at the site of Bădeni (Iaşi), and as part of the so-called odd hoards from Bădragii Noi, Vesela Dolina, and Maryevka (in the region from the Eastern Carpathians to the Dnieper and the Don at least 50 so-called hoards were found), including ones in the bronze vessels, which we have mentioned. Some researchers’ attempts to attribute the situlae from Sipoteni, Bădragii Noi, Vesela Dolina, Maryevka, etc. to the type of Eggers 18-23 or the type of Bargfeld seem to us to fail, because these bronze vessels have slender shape, riveted bronze or iron attaches and the maximum diameter of the vessels is at the height of the fourth part. The East Carpathian situlae are of less slender proportions, and the largest diameter is located at the third part of the height of the vessels. In addition, the East Carpathian vessels have no trace of riveted attaches. They either have a different system of handles attachment or have no traces of them. Morphological features of bronze situlae found to the east of the Carpathians made it possible to attribute vessels without handles and attaches or traces of rivets to a special type – the type of Mana, and bronze containers with mobile iron handles – to the Bădragii Noi variant of the same type. Most researchers dated the bronze situlae within the 1st century BC. Analysis of the grave goods from the cremation burial complexes identified at Sipoteni and Mana (bronze situlae, silver fibula, weapons of Celtic type, etc.), as well as analysis of objects from odd hoards confirm that they belong to the 1st century BC, likely to the first half of this chronological interval.
More...Ce travail a eu pour but de marquer un fait remarquable dans l’histoire de la muséologie roumaine de la seconde moitié du siècle passé: l’inauguration à Iaşi, il y a 50 ans, le 16 février 1958, de l’exposition permanente du Musée Ethnographique de la Moldavie; le travail est surtout un recueil de témoignages, papiers et documents datant des années suivant immédiatement la fondation du musée en 1943 et jusqu’à la période précédant l’inauguration de l’exposition permanente en 1958.La plupart des papiers et documents publiés dans ce travail à titre d’hommage nous sont parvenus par l’ ethnographe Gheorghe Bodor, celui qui en avril 1957, est devenu directeur du Musée Ethnographique de la Moldavie; ainsi, environ 50 papiers et documents très importants pour l’histoire du Musée Ethnographique de la Moldavie forment, à partir de 2002, le Fonds documentaire „Gheorghe Bodor”. Le travail présente en deux parties des pages disparates de ces années précédant l’inauguration de l’exposition permanent, années troubles, pleines de recherches et de convulsions, lorsque le profil du musée a été longuement incertain, années où le politique, comme de nos jours même malheureusement, était trop présent dans la vie des institutions culturelles.Nous avons essayé de ranger dans l’ordre thématique les témoignages, papiers et documents disponibles. De la sorte, en cette première partie, on retrouve les groupes thématiques suivants: Textes rétrospectifs (1973-2006), comprenant trois tels textes; un deuxième groupe thématique vise la Correspondance officielle (1948-1950), représentée seulement par les quelques papiers qui nous sont parvenus; le troisième thème proposé, Comptes-rendus concernant le patrimoine du musée (1949-1952), est à première vue ennuyeux ; pourtant un historient attentif du musée peut trouver là-dedans une multitude d’informations utiles; le pénultième groupage thématique de ce premier travail anniversaire contient des Plans de travail et Rapports d’activité (1954-1955); à la fin on retrouve des Images suggestives de la Photothèque du Musée Ethnographique de la Moldavie, la plupart réalisés par Ion Chelcea avec son propre caméra pendant la période 1943-1956; ces images sont par elles-mêmes de véritables documents ethnographiques ou, selon le cas, des documents édificateurs concernant l’histoire du musée de Iasi.Il faut encore préciser que de tous les papiers et documents publiés, la personnalité de l’ethnologue Ion Chelcea, fondateur du musée, est très prégnante, car il a été celui qui a laissé son empreinte impossible à confondre sur l’ensemble de l’activité de ces années-là lorsque le musée de Iasi se trouvait à son début, de sorte que de nos jours il nous apparaît comme un spécialiste d’une haute tenue à qui le Musée Ethnographique de la Moldavie doit énormément!
More...Keywords: Kimry; Russia; history; personal experience;
Było to osiedle rzucone w pustkę. [...] Wokoło rzadkie wsie, bagna i lasy, gdzie w zimie niepodzielnie panowały stada głodnych wilków. Podchodziły one w czas mrozów pod same chaty, a po rzadziej uczęszczanych drogach w większych obszarach leśnych nikt nie ważył się puszczać w jedne sanie. A przecież znane były Kimry w Rosji dość szeroko — jako ośrodek chałupniczego przemysłu szewskiego, opartego na kilku garbarniach i pracowniach kamaszniczych. W czasie wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej otrzymywał ten przemysł olbrzymie zamówienia na dostawy butów dla armii, z których to zamówień wywiązał się z wielką korzyścią nie tyle dla wojska, co dla siebie samego. Buty na tekturowych podeszwach rozłaziły się na nogach żołnierzy, którzy boso przebywali góry Bałkanów, a Kimry spływały wódką. [...]
More...Keywords: Byzantine coins; north danubian area; Carpathians regions;
Das Auftreten byzantinischer Münzen in den außerhalb der byzantinischen Reichsgrenzen liegenden Gebietenstellt einen wichtigen Gegenstand der zeitgenössischen numismatischen und geschichtlichen Forschung dar. Ihr Vorkommen in den Regionen außerhalb des byzantinischen Reiches trägt zur Kenntnis der Beziehungen zwischen Byzanz und seinen benachbarten Gebieten bei.
More...Keywords: 1573 peasant uprising; Susedgrad; Donja Stubica; 16th century; economic history; micro-history;
Notorious violent peasant disturbances on the Susedgrad and Stubica estates started in 1565, shortly after the ascendance of the new lord of the manor, Franciscus Thahy. The peasant uprising reached the pinnacle in the winter of 1572. During the eight-year period, three different violent uprisings were started by the rebellious serfs. The article aims at finding answers to several unanswered questions: who were these individuals, who were responsible for starting the insurgent actions against the landlord of Susedgrad and Stubica in 1565, 1567, and 1571? What had been the causes and inducements that lead towards one of the largest pre-modern peasant revolts in south-eastern Central Europe, the so-called Croatian–Slovenian Jacquerrie of 1573? In the second half of the 16th century, the manor was in quite extraordinary circumstances, which had previously been researched in Croatian and Yugoslav historiography from various methodological and theoretical standpoints. There are three principal research strands. First of all, historians tried to counter the problem concerning the leadership of the rebellion. The question of leader(s) and instigators of the rebellion was intensively debated. The article finds that certain social groups have been neglected in previous research and discussions. The most important social groups whose dissatisfaction led to the rebellion were the privileged class of serfs and free man (liberi). As far as other causes of the uprising are concerned, many historians discussed significant augmentation of feudal rent, and especially corvée labour. The article shows, through extensive use of pre-statistical quantitative data that causes for the rebellion should be sought elsewhere. Hindering of peasant trade was also often discussed in historiography, as well as the specific structure of the manor, which was sufficiently acknowledged in the research. Th e article presents the conclusions that have been reached through quantitative, qualitative and (partly) prosopographical analysis. The author offers a new insight into the source material, introducing sources, methodologies and techniques that have not been used in previous research. Most important conclusions acknowledge that processes that led to social disturbances during 1560’s and 1570’s can be linked to economic changes affecting South-eastern Central Europe in 16th c. (such as re-feudalisation, second serfdom, strengthening of the feudal classes). However, quantitative data does not confirm the dualistic model of agrarian structure of early modern estates, and looks for more nuanced view concerning these structural models. One of the most important causes of social unrest was set off by lords’ attempts to take over the monopoly in the wine-trade, which has previously been accessible to serfs and other social groups.
More...Keywords: II World War; Belarus; occupation; Oskar-Paul Dirlewanger
The unit commanded by Oskar-Paul Dirlewanger has become an incredible scale of barbarism. Slavic Untermenschen – Belarusians, Russians, Poles and Slovaks – were the target of Dirlewanger’s soldiers for almost three years during the ruthlessly conducted Partisanenbekämpfung (fi ghting the guerrillas), which was quickly renamed Bandenbekämpfung (to fi ght the “band”) to emphasize humiliation an enemy with whom the police, SS and East European volunteers fought. One of them was SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger.
More...Keywords: Romanian;contemporary;poetry;
Poem by Emilian Galaicu-Păun.
More...Keywords: Modernism; Greek - Catholic Church; Hypnotism; Spiritualism; Spiritism,;Psychology; Theology; Catholic Dogma; La Belle Epoque;
In 1906 Vasile Suciu (future Greek-Catholic metropolitan bishop) published the work „Hypnotism and Spiritualism. A critical-theological study”. His is the first work that addresses the topic from a theological, psychological, historical and even medical perspective, in the Romanian culture. Our study approaches this book from the historiographic and theological perspective. We used the comparative method quite often: analysing the author's position and the sources he used on one hand and the analysis of other important works but not used by the author, on the other hand. An original chapter is the one in which the author does field research work and presents in detail several cases of „spiritualist molestation" believed to have been seen in some villages - information collected from some Romanian Orthodox and Greek-Catholic parishes (noted by local priests) throughout the 1903 - 1906 period. The work is also very important for the study of mentalities. Suciu has a huge field of work at hand, with many different information, starting with the complex domain of the history of religions. The study cites more documents attesting „spiritualist" or „hypnotism" manifestations practiced within the antique or even prehistoric rituals, then passing along through a long list of personalities concerned with the phenomenon and even through some contemporary studies of anthropology, ethnography or psychology. On the other hand, the concept deliberately excludes other points of view - some common in the intellectual environments of the time - for an exclusivist approach through the theological - moral prism, which is acceptable and expected if we think about the autor's clerical formation.
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