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From generators to mirrors – a comparison of phonological theories

Author(s): Krzysztof Jaskuła / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This article offers a comparison of the main twentieth century phonological approaches to the idea of phonological goals and analytic methods. These formal approaches can be divided into the theories of rules (e.g. Generative Phonology) and the theories of representations (e.g. Government Phonology). What is shown below is the chief assumptions and goals of both theoretical frameworks as well as the formal mechanisms which help to achieve these goals. This is accompanied with examples of syllabic structures and analyses of phonological phenomena in both Polish and English.

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Getting the Feel for English Rhythm: a Musical Approach

Author(s): Giedrė Balčytytė-Kurtinienė / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The research into the perception and production of English rhythm has been a subject of argument among linguists and language educators for decades. English has traditionally been ascribed to the group of stress-timed rhythm languages as opposed to syllable-timed languages (Pike, 1945; Abercrombie, 1967; Ladefoged, 1975) and even though several scholars find this typological classification of languages contraversive (e.g. Dauer, 1987), certain reliable stress-timed acoustic cues remain relevant to EFL learners and help acquiring the natural sound of English. The particular rhythmic cues determine the alternation of weak and strong syllable sequences as well as the implication of certain aspects of connected speech. The EFL learners need to develop the feel for this specific English rhythm and educators worldwide suggest various natural input strategies and practice techniques. This particular paper argues for the implementation of music in order to develop the feel for English rhythm, since there is emerging evidence that language and music share a number of features at evolutionary, cognitive as well as sensory perceptual levels (Patel, 2003; Mithen, 2005; Jackendoff, 2009). Moreover, the two capacities of the human mind are similar in their expressive features as well as their hierarchic structure including the prosody: stress, meter and rhythm. Scholars in the field argue that EFL learners may benefit from this cross-domain influence, since the interaction of linguistic stress and musical meter enhances the perception and production of natural English rhythm (Besson et al., 2008). The particular experimental study was carried out on a cohort of 29 non-native English students of different linguistic backgrounds, who were exposed to selected sentence patterns through musically rhythmical expertise. The results suggested benefits in English speech rhythm: they demonstrated a better skill in stressing, strong / weak syllable production and recognition as well as vowel reduction.

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Графико-фонетический анализ архивного словаря пелымского диалекта мансийского языка… о. Константина Словцова

Author(s): Natalia Kosheliuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (31)/2018

The article considers the graphical and phonetic features of one of the Mansi written monuments of the 20th century and compares them to the dictionary of Artturi Kannisto. After taking into account these features archaic and innovative features of the Pelym dialect recorded in 1905 in the village of Upper Pelym of the Ivdel district of Sverdlovsk region were established.

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Есть ли дифтонги в орочонском языке?

Author(s): Olga N. Morozova,Svetlana V. Androsova,Valerij S. Gibalin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (31)/2018

One of the contradictory issues in the Orochon phonology is the absence / presence of diphthongs. Within the theoretical study conducted, we compared the Orochon phonological system with the Chinese and acquired the information about phonological systems of other Tungus-Manchu languages that are closely related to Orochon - first of all, the Evenki language. Our experimental study aimed at analyzing acoustic features of the Orochon tokens where groups of vowels could possibly be formed and comparing them to the ones in Evenki. The major finding was that in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner dialect, the deletion of intervocalic /j/, /w/ and /ɡ/ caused /ea/, /ua/, and /uə/ vowel-group forming that might enter the vowel system as diphthongs in the nearest future. The same deletion occurred in Lesser Khingan dialect of Orochon leading to long vowel forming. In the Evenki Selemdzha sub-dialect, no deletion of the intervocalic consonants was found.

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Дискуссионная заметка к статье О. Н. Морозовой, С. В. Андросовой, В. С. Гибалина «Есть ли дифтонги в орочонском языке?

Author(s): Anna Vladimirovna Dybo / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (31)/2018

Обсуждаемая статья представляет интерес уже тем, что в ней демонстрируются результаты экспери- ментального фонетического исследования по тунгусо-маньчжурским языкам. Такие исследования, как и вообще тунгусоведческие работы, довольно редки и заслуживают всяческого внимания.

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Interactions between Segmental Context and Quantity: Temporal Patterns of Geminates in Estonian

Author(s): Helen Türk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This study investigates segmental level contextual effects on the ­acoustic realization of the phonological three-way consonantal quantity contrast. The durational patterns of intervocalic consonants in three quantity degrees are studied as a function of the quality of the consonant and the surrounding vowels. It is generally found in different languages that the main correlate of consonantal quantity or gemination is duration: geminates are longer than single consonants. The durations of underlying segments are also conditioned by their intrinsic properties, i.e., place and manner of articulation, which can interact with quantity. In this paper, the relationship between segmental characteristics and quantity is studied by measuring the durations of different consonants in the three ­quantity degrees characteristic of the phonetic system of the Estonian language. The results show that in all quantities bilabial consonants are longer than alveolars and velars while obstruents are shorter than sonorants. In Q1 the intrinsic durations of consonants are the most distinctive, in Q2 and Q3 the durations of different ­obstruents move closer to each other, while the durations of sonorants retain their distinctiveness. Although vocalic context tends to even out these intrinsic ­characteristics of consonants, they are still somewhat preserved at the level of quantity.

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Syntetická fonologická teória a slabika v slovenčine a v angličtine

Author(s): Renáta Gregová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 39-40/2019

Synthetic phonological theory (SPT) of J. Sabol (1989) views the syllable as a complex sound unit that connects the sound level of a language with the level of the meaning. The syllable boundaries are placed according to several criteria, and the syllabification of words is always complete. The present paper introduces the individual phonetic, phonemic and morphophonemic criteria of syllabication as specified by SPT. The criteria are applied to the delimitation of the syllable boundaries in the Slovak word-medial consonant clusters. Then the sample analysis of the English word-medial consonant clusters follows. Our research probe indicates the possibility to use the theory not only in Slovak, but also in English. By implication, the results indicate language-typological and language-universal nature of the syllable theory on the basis of SPT.

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Еще раз об отражении йотированных гласных в удмуртском памятнике… «Наставление христианское святителя Тихона на вотском языке»

Author(s): Maria Kaysina,Ilya B. Itkin,Svetlana I. Pereverzeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (35)/2019

The article is dedicated to the problem of the reflection of iotated vowels in the Udmurt monument “Christian admonition of Saint Tikhon in the Votyak language” (1891). We consider in detail the distribution of the three ways of recording combinations with the iotated vowels presented in the text of the monument — as V1iV2, V1йV2, and V1V2. It is shown that all the usages of the grapheme й in the place of expected i fall into two small “non-standard zones”, the first one covers p. 6—10, the second one — p. 49—53. We assume that the deviating spellings of some words in these zones were influenced by an earlier monument “Christian admonition of Saint Tikhon” (1878), the translation of the same Russian text into another Udmurt dialect. To check this hypothesis, we study rules of reflection of iotated vowels in the monument of 1878 and compare the spellings in the “non-standard zones” in “Christian admonition…” of 1891 with parallel places of the earlier monument. The analysis allows to conclude that the graphical system of the “Christian admonition ...” (1891) is generally more orderly than previously thought.

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Теленгитские согласные по инструментальным данным

Author(s): Iraida Jacovlevna Selyutina,Nikolay S. Urtegeshev,Albina A. Dobrinina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (34)/2019

The article presents the results of using instrumental data of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and of acoustic analysis to explore the articulatory-acoustic bases of the Telengits, one of the ethnic groups of South Altai. The AAB of Telengits in the field of consonantism is characterized by a strong and moderate tension of the speech organs, while weak degree of tension is unusual. In addition to the main articulation, an important role in developing the specificity of the Telengit AAB is played by the additional articulations: labialization, palatalization, velarization, uvularization, pharyngealization; the lack of nazalized articulations indirectly reflects the overall strong tension. A clear direct correlation between the degree of articulatory tension and the level of expression of additional features was revealed. In the most concentrated form, the set of these parameters marks the ejective settings articulated with a raised larynx. Set of characteristics of Telengits articulation detects the proximity of the Ust-Kan settings, Ongudai substantially different from Telengits implementations.

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De la perception de la voyelle /y/ chez des apprenants polonais du français langue étrangère

Author(s): Paulina Gajdzica,Magdalena Dańko,Fabrice Marsac / Language(s): French Issue: 19/2019

The main objective of this study is to test the perception of the vowel /y/ among the Polish learners of FLE, as it does not exist in their natural vowel system. We defend the hypothesis that optimal perception conditions can make the identification and acquisition of new sounds more intelligible.

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Mennyire átlátszó az i?

Author(s): László Fejes,Péter Rebrus / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2019

According to earlier descriptions of Hungarian vowel harmony i behaves transparently both in the stem and the suffix. In this paper we present a study that supports our hypothesis asserting that in some cases the stem i is not necessarily but optionally transparent, that is, following such fluctuating stems the vowel i in the suffix may further increase the chance of palatal suffixing.

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NON-NATIVE INTERPRETATION AND (RE)PRODUCTION OF SL/FL SOUNDS. CASE STUDY: KOREAN AND ROMANIAN

Author(s): Alexandra Bîja / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Non-native interpretation and (re)production of SL/FL sounds. Case study: Korean and Romanian. Issues in pronunciation arise from the fact that not all languages have identic phonetic inventories and that a language could make use of sounds that may not be present in the phonetic inventory of another, thus a FL learner could have difficulties in reproducing them. This paper tries to approach the issue of non-native pronunciation of sounds with regard to the acquisition of the Korean phonetic system by Romanian native speakers, and vice-versa.

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O FONOLOŠKIM OBILJEŽJIMA JEZIKA POLJIČKOGA STATUTA I DANAŠNJEGA GOVORA SRIJANA

Author(s): Marijana Tomelić Ćurlin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5/2012

The analysis of Croatian medieval legal documents, which stand as monuments to their times, results in an overview of the historical development of both the Croatian language and its dialects along with Latin, Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts. The main object of the analysis presented in this paper is the Statute of Poljica, a medieval Croatian document written in Cyrillic and a rich source for the analysis of linguistic content, as well as a number of historical, social, legal, ethnographic and sociological elements. However, this paper focuses on the analysis of the Statute of Poljica as a linguistic document. The main thesis of the paper follows that of P. Šimunović (1978) who considers the Statute a monument of the Čakavian dialect. This is followed by an analysis of authentic field recordings of the speech of the village of Srijane in the Republic of Poljica, never before described in linguistic studies. The analysed recordings of Srijane speech are especially interesting to dialectologists. Namely, Poljica is defined as a space of contact of two dialects, Čakavian and Štokavian. By comparing the language of the Statute of Poljica and Srijane speech, the author attempts to prove a genetic classification of Srijane speech as a Čakavian dialect and to define to what extent the Čakavian dialect has been preserved in Srijane speech along with the frequency of the occurrence of Štokavian innovations. The goal of this paper is to define the process of interference between these two dialects. Analysis will take place only on the phonological level.

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TWO SOLUTIONS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN LEARNING-TEACHING ROMANIAN – UNITARY CONTENTS AND AN OFFICIAL ROMANIAN GRAMMAR

Author(s): Cipriana-Elena Peica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

School textbooks do not clearly define grammar and its parts, leaving it to teachers to formulate them or not; and, if they find it useful to define them, the way they (Romanian language and literature teachers in general) do it is not unitary, which is understandable given that we do not have an official grammar. The fact that the Academy Grammars represented by default the official grammar that could be found, theoretically and practically, in school textbooks is obviously outdated for the reasons that we will present and argue. Consequently, given the current situation, our proposal is that an official grammar of the Romanian language should be established. As shown in this paper, our opinion is that there is no compatibility between the contents of the school grammar and the new academic treaties which are, on the one hand, inhomogeneous and sometimes contradictory in terms of both content and terminology and, on the other hand, sometimes insufficiently adapted to the very specificity of the Romanian language. Therefore, at present and in this form, they are not applicable in the pre-university didactics, which is why a decision must be made regarding the contents which will be of reference for textbook authors, teachers who are free to select the contents that they will teach, and students or any other person interested in studying the grammar of contemporary Romanian.

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Обозначение звука ö [e̮] в памятниках ранней удмуртской письменности

Author(s): Leonid M. Ivshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

The article deals with the designation of the Udmurt ӧ [e̮] in monuments of the Udmurt alphabet of the 18th to the first half of the 19th century. In ­dictionaries and lists of words based on the Latin alphabet, researchers have adapted single letters ö, y, ü, e and various letter combinations for its representation. In the monuments written in Cyrillic, the ö phoneme is also denoted by individual letters and letter combinations. The choice of the letter or letter combination is fundamentally independent of the dialectal affiliation of one or another ­written monument.

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Les apprenants polonophones du français et la phonétique: représentations et auto-évaluation

Author(s): Krzysztof Kotuła,Françoise Collinet / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2019

The goal of the research was to determine whether learners of French are able to accurately assess the quality of their pronunciation. Study participants were Polish students of Applied Linguistics (n = 25). Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire containing items related to their beliefs about pronunciation, as well as to self-evaluate their pronunciation. Four basic components were taken into consideration: sounds, intonation, accentuation and liaisons. Next, the subjects were recorded while reading a text. Immediately after the completion of the recording, they were asked to assess one more time the quality of their pronunciation. The recordings were then submitted to three judges (experienced French teachers). Statistical analysis of the data showed that students tended to perceive their abilities in a less favourable light immediately after the recording. This decrease was found to be in concordance with the scores attributed by the judges, proving that students are able to correctly evaluate the quality of their pronunciation, but also that the context of self-assessment is a crucial factor.

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METODOLOGIJA AKUSTIČKIH SNIMANJA

Author(s): Iva Bašić,Zdravka Biočina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2020

Sociolinguistics and sociophonetics place the native speaker in the center of their research. Since different research goals demand a different methodological setting it is very important to assess which steps are necessary and sufficient to answer the research questions. Thus the authors of this paper recorded more than 300speakers, which gave them ample methodological experience but also opened a lot of questions. In many previous studies, the importance of the optimal conditions of recording which contribute to a spontaneous spoken reaction of the speaker is emphasised, especially for the purpose of collecting audio material of dialect speech.The influences of different speaking styles, microphone distance (Vermeulen 2009;Fraser 2017) and head position (Jovičić et al. 2015) on acoustical parameters in English, Dutch, Serbian, etc. ware examined in a smaller number of acoustic studies.This paper will look into conditions of acoustic recording and their influence on different acoustic parameters (formant frequencies and fundamental frequency). For the purposes of this research two speakers (one male and one female voice)with a healthy voice and speech and language development were recorded. In the first part of the research, the speakers read a short text, while in the second part spontaneous speech was recorded. Both speakers were recorded in the morning and in the afternoon in two different settings: in a sound booth and in a room with a lower noise level, both with a high-quality recorder. The speakers were also recorded at a different distance from the microphone and with different head positions.Three research questions were formulated: will different a) terms of recording b)conditions of recording and c) distance and head position relative to the microphone influence the values of formant frequencies and the fundamental frequency? Apart from that, this paper will emphasize the methodological details that should be taken into consideration while collecting audio material for acoustic analysis purposes.From the fundamental frequency measurements, the basic value and median have been shown to be the most robust, and from the formant frequencies. the third formant. The most significant differences between values are in the non-optimal distance of the speaker from the microphone. This research aims to contribute to the clarification of specific acoustic issues and to facilitate future researchers to set up the necessary methodological settings in sociolinguistic, sociophonetic and phonetic forensic studies due to their undoubted influence on data analysis and results.

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Khitan Studies. • 1.The graphs of the khitan small script 3. The consonants. 3.3 The oral velar and uvular consonants

Author(s): Wu Yingzhe,András Róna-Tas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

In the fifth part of this series of papers the authors investigate the way how the Khitan Small Script (KSS) rendered the oral velar and uvular consonants stops in initial position.

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Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism

Author(s): István Zimonyi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Klára Agyagási. (2019). Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism. Turcologica 117. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 333 pp.

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Fonostruktura stiha u zbirci Nedovršene tuge Huseina Bašića

Author(s): Edim Šator / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2020

The paper analyzes the phonostructure of the verse in the collection of poems Unfinished Sorrows by Husein Bašić. We have analyzed 36 poems that were published in the collection, and which were originally published in the collection under the title Sjutradan /Morrow. The external and internal rhymes in these poems are analyzed in detail, but other vocal repetitions are analyzed as well. It is quite certain that the phonostylistic aspect in the analyzed poems plays a very important role in the understanding of the text.

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