Fonostilistička interpretacija „Grozdanina kikota“ Hamze Hume

Author(s): Bernisa Puriš / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2007

In dieser Arbeit bietet die Autorin eine linguostilistische Analyse und Interpretation des Romans "Grozdanin kikot" van Hamza Huma. Ausgehend van der Definition des literarisch-kiinstlerischen Werks als einer spezifisch organisierten Struktur, deren Eigenheit durch absichtliches Vargehen bei der Selektion und Kombination von sprachlichen Einheiten auf diversen sprachlichen Ebenen bedingt ist, analysiert und interpretiert die Autarin die phanastilistischen Elemente als Einheiten mit verstarkter Expressivitat, die im Kaharenzverhaltnis mit den gedanklich-ematianalen Inhalten des Werks stehen, diese vielmehr verstarken, lyrisch unterstreichen und dadurch ihr intensiveres Erleben ermoglichen.

ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY – MEANING IS THE LIMIT

Author(s): Dorin Drambarean / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

Na studijskim programima čiji fokus je strani jezik nezaobilazan predmet je fonetika i fonologija jezika koji se izučava. U ovom radu cilj je da se probliži predmet izučavanja ovog nivoa jezičke analize, da se eksplicira njegov značaj i da se kontekstualizuje u okviru drugih lingvističkih disciplina kao što su morfologija, sintaksa i posebno semantika. Fonetika kao fizički aspekt produkcije i recepcije govora neophodna je za proučavanje i sticanje komunikativnih kompetencija. Fonologija koja izučava glasovni sistem jezika s druge strane takođe predstavlja neizostavni sloj znanja onima koji jezikom treba da se služe profesionalno i adekvatnim kodiranjem i dekodiranjem postignu željena značenja u procesu komunikacije na stranom jeziku

Phonetische Verständlichkeit im interkulturellen, institutionellen Kontext – ein Zusammenspiel von Wirkung, Norm und Akzeptanz. Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen empirischer Untersuchungen

Author(s): Beata Grzeszczakowska-Pawlikowska / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

Phonetic comprehensibility, which is determined by applying the category of the norm, is essential precondition in the securing of mutual understanding. Limitations to phonetic comprehensibility, however, can lead to disruptions in communication, which can in turn have undesirable effects such as a failure to accept the speaker and the content s / he aims to communicate. In the light of this, the following contribution will emphasize the interplay between phonetic comprehensibility, effect, norm and acceptance and will consider empirical research on the topic.

VEÇORITË FONETIKO-MORFOLOGJIKE NË TË FOLMEN E MIRATOCIT TË PRESHEVËS

Author(s): Sadat Agushi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 13-14/2020

Të folmet e shqipes janë të pasura me dukuri fonetike, morfologjike, sintaksore e leksikore dhe këto më shumë janë të shfaqura në dialektin gegë, gjegjësisht në variantet e tij. Folësit e këtij varianti të shqipes, në aspektin historik, kanë sjellë ndryshime gjatë shqiptimit sidomos në sistemin tingullor. Në këtë punim do të trajtojmë veçoritë fonetike dhe morfologjike në të folmen e Miratocit. Ky vendbanim shtrihet në jug të Preshevës dhe gjeografikisht ka afërsi me katundet Llojan, Vaksincë, Orizare. E kemi përzgjedhur atë si objekt studimi dialektor për disa arsye: Katundi ka një histori vendbanimi; Shquhet për veçantitë e një të folmeje gege me disa specifika që nuk hasen në katundet e tjera të Preshevës; Ka hundorësinë; Ka përngjasime me të folmet e disa fshatrave të Kumanovës, gjegjësisht të Likovës. Hulumtimi është bazuar kryesisht në përshkrimin fonetik dhe janë incizuar disa informatorë, që na kanë ndihmuar mjaftueshëm për t’i nxjerrë karakteristikat e kërkuara. Fjalët kyçe: pozita gjeografike, sistemi fonetik, sistemi morfologjik.

More on the Rhotic Tap and the Implications of Its Structure

Author(s): Carmen Florina Savu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The topic of this paper is the rhotic segment with one constricted interval, the tap. This sound is typically considered to be, from the phonetic point of view, a simple small constricted interval because this is how it appears on a spectrogram when it is in intervocalic context. More recent studies (Stolarski 2011; Savu 2011, 2012) consider and argue that the tap is actually comprised of two vowel-like elements flanking this small constriction. After presenting the argument leading to this conclusion and briefly discussing the quality of the tap’s vocoids as shown by phonetic experiments, I approach the implications of this sound having the aforementioned structure. Specifically, I address the consequences for the status of syllabic /r/ in Macedonian and the different perception of /C(ɨ)rC/ sequences by speakers of Romanian and Slavic languages with syllabic /r/. In addition to this, I show how this structure of the tap suggests a possible phonetic account for vowel-rhotic metathesis between consonants as the migration of the constriction on a vocalic continuum provided by the tap and the full vowel.

Fonološka i morfološka raščlamba prijepisa statuta Vuka Ručića

Author(s): Mario Šimudvarac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

In the last article the vocalism of transcripts of the Senj statute were analysed by Vuk Ručić. In this, the second article, the phonological and morphological analysis will be finished. It will be about the consonants, the consonantly changes and groupings and the inflected morpheme nouns and verbs will be studied, and then the remaining variable and invariable types of words. The more important and significant cases will be emphasised as well as the more important morphological characteristics. At the end each of these two linguistic levels will conclude with a short list of linguistic features about the transcripts of the Senj statute.

Polish Migrant Community in Ireland: the Use of Irish English Slit-t

Author(s): Izabela Grabarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

In any migratory context individuals are faced with several challenges as a result of having to live in a different geographical location, function in a different cultural setting and use a different language. The migrants’ use of language plays a crucial role in mediation of their identity, especially in the domain of pronunciation (Kobialka 2016). When non-native users of language adapt their speech to resemble that of the host community, it may suggest their strong identification with the target community (Hammer and Dewaele 2015). This papers focuses on the pronunciation patterns among Polish adult migrants living in the west of Ireland. The aim of the study is to investigate the link between positive attitudes of the migrant community towards Ireland, Irish culture and community, their acculturation strategies and language identity, and the tendency to use one of the most characteristic features of Irish English – slit-t. The theoretical framework includes acculturation theory (Berry 2005), social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1987) and language identity (Block 2007). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of data indicates a certain correlation between the use of Irish English slit-t and the participants’ strategies of acculturation, identity and attitudes to the host community.

Vowel Perception and Transcription Trainer for Learners of English as a Foreign Language

Author(s): Šárka Šimáčková,Václav Jonáš Podlipský / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

We use the freely available program Praat to create a vowel-training application for learners of English familiar with IPA transcription. The application is easy to operate, allowing users to change the training difficulty, providing the listeners with immediate feedback, and adapting to their performance during a training session. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Trainer, performance of 59 Czech learners during a single training session and across multiple sessions was tracked. Results showed improvement both between sessions and within sessions. In the final training session, vowel identification accuracy showed considerable resistance to gradual addition of increasing levels of noise. Testing the trainer with additional 52 learners showed significantly higher error-rates for low-frequency words and supported the importance of top-down lexical effect in vowel identification.

In-Service Primary School Teachers’ Account of Phonetically Difficult Words in English as a Foreign Language

Author(s): Oleksandr Kapranov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

set of words in the English language that in-service primary school teachers consider difficult to pronounce by young learners of English whose first language (L1) is Norwegian. In the study, 26 in-service primary school teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) are asked to write a reflective essay with a list of phonetically difficult words (henceforth PDWs) in English that they think are difficult to pronounce by young EFL learners. Additionally, the in-service primary school teachers (further – participants) are requested to reflect and comment on PDWs, and explain the reasons why they think they are phonetically difficult. The participants’ individual lists of PDWs are compiled into a corpus which is processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in order to calculate the frequency of PDWs. The participants’ comments and reflections are subsequently analysed qualitatively in order to establish the sources of PDWs. The results of the investigation reveal that the corpus of PDWs is comprised of 257 lexical items. The most frequent PDWs are associated with those sounds of the English language that are absent in the young EFL learners’ L1, Norwegian, e.g., /θ/ in birthday, /ð/ in this, /z/ in zoo, etc. Other frequent PDWs are related to English spelling conventions (e.g., fruit), the word-initial position of affricates (e.g., chocolate), and word stress (e.g., window). These findings and their linguo-didactic implications are further discussed in the article.

ПРАВИЛНАТА УПОТРЕБА НА НАВОДНИЦИТЕ ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК – УСЛОВ ЗА СТАБИЛНОСТА НА ЈАЗИЧНАТА НОРМА

Author(s): Violeta Janusheva / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 3/2017

The research refers to the third developmental period of the primary education in Republic of Macedonia and it has three goals. First, to explore the Macedonian language-teaching curriculum regarding the use of the quotation marks. Then, to analyze the orthographic content dedicated to the quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks regarding their preciseness and correctness. Finally, to examine whether the use of quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks as well as in the textbooks for other teaching subject is correct or not. The research has qualitative paradigm (analysis of content) and descriptive design. The sample is consisted of Macedonian language textbooks and textbook for other teaching subjects. Analysis, comparison and synthesis are the methods used for processing the data and conclusions. The research shows that the Macedonian language-teaching curriculum anticipates small number of teaching hours dedicated to the quotation marks, thus the number of the content related to the quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks is also small and there are almost no explanations. The research indicates that the quotation marks are used the most in Macedonian language textbooks, as we expected and less in the textbooks for other teaching subjects. Finally, the research suggests that although the quotation marks are used correctly in many examples, their use refer to small number of orthographic rules. In addition, there are inconsistencies in the use of quotation marks in many examples, and they are used in a wrong way. Therefore, there is a need of revision of the existent Macedonian language-teaching curriculum as well as of the textbooks, because the quality of the learning material is a crucial requirement for correct knowledge of the quotation marks’ orthographic norm, and this affects the stability of the standard language norm. The research also shows that the current orthography should be supplemented with new rules for usage of quotation marks, regarding the needs of written practice.

Длительность горномарийских гласных как просодический фактор

Author(s): Daria O. Zhornik,Fedor Rozhanskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

It has been claimed that the Hill Mari stress is manifested by the vowel duration. The current study analyses the vowel duration in Hill Mari using experimental phonetic methods. The data from five native speakers of various ages were recorded in the village of Mikrjakovo in 2016-2017. In specially elaborated phonetic questionnaires, the token words of four disyllabic and seven trisyllabic structures were placed in the clause-middle and sentence-final positions. The relative durations of vowels are compared with a model where a reduced vowel is two times shorter than a full one. The analysis of the difference between the observed and predicted values shows that the model best fits the data from the oldest native speaker. The young speaker with the strongest influence of Russian demonstrates the greatest deviation from the model, most prominently in the prolongation of the penultimate vowel, which is usually considered as stressed. Basing on these results, we offer a hypothesis that the lengthening of the penultimate vowel as a manifestation of stress is a recent innovation, and there was probably no phonetically distinct stress in Hill Mari previously.

PROZODIJSKO-FONOLOŠKA USPOREDBA GOVORA VINODOLSKOGA KAMENJAKA SA SENJSKIM GOVOROM

Author(s): Vida Barac-Grum / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

In the article two similar čakavian idioms are compared. The idiom of Senj has passed through certain language influences of the štokavian type which left some traces on the native idiom. It is because Senj, being a big town of the region and a rather important port — especially in the past — represents an attractive place for the štokavian immigrants from the neighbourhood. The Kamenjak idiom is a conservative one. Nevertheless, the comparative language material shows that some of the new štokavian elements in the idiom of Senj have also weak spots in the idiom of Kamenjak. It means that the weak spots in the čakavian system can cause a new, štokavian, process in it. The compared material also shows that the idiom of Senj, as the language of prestige, has not changed too much in spite of some štokavian elements which it has today. It proves once more the results of Milan Moguš's analyses of the Senj idiom.

NAGLASCI GLAGOLSKIH OBLIKA

Author(s): Stjepan Vukušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

The specific characteristic of the accent system of the Western New Stokavian is expressed particularly in verbal forms. This contribution gives the list of representative accent patterns for all verbal forms.

TÜRKLERİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ARAPÇA ÖĞRENİRKEN SES VE YAZI İLE İLGİLİ KARŞILAŞTIKLARI SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ

Author(s): Hatice Kübra Algin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 52/2021

Arabic belongs to the Hami-Semitic language family and Turkish belongs to the Ural-Altaic language family. The alphabet structure and grammar rules of these two languages, which belong to different language families are completely different from each other. The fact that the two languages have different structures from each other causes the Turks to experience some linguistic problems in areas such as sound, writing, morphology, syntax and delali while learning Arabic. In this research we will touch on the problems that Turks encounter most about sound and writing while learning Arabic and their solutions.

The Etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’

Author(s): Carmela Mastrangelo,Zsolt Simon / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This paper argues that the standard etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’ from Proto-Indo-European *mleu̯h2- ‘to speak’ (and its connection with Avestan mrao- ‘to say, to speak’) cannot be upheld, since it is based on an irregular consonant change that cannot be independently motivated and explained. As an alternative, two different PIE verbal roots will be proposed, *melH-u- → mleu̯H- ‘to say, to speak’ and *bleu̯h2/3-‘to speak or to call’, that provide phonologically and semantically regular bases for the words involved.

Phonetic Reduction of Intervocalic [w] in Contemporary Polish

Author(s): Sylwester Jaworski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper reports the results of an acoustic study concerned with deletion of intervocalic [w] in contemporary Polish. The data for analysis were obtained by asking twenty monolingual native speakers of Polish, ten males and ten females, to tell the story of a film or a book whose protagonist was female. The results revealed that approximately 25% of the sound combinations in question were reduced phonetically to a vowel geminate. In cases of deletion, the formant trajectories of the examined sound sequences either did not show any signs of the glide or the expected drop in formant frequencies throughout the glide section is so slight that it is rather unlikely to produce an auditory impression of a [w] sound. Importantly, in the analysed recordings, w-dropping affects only the glide elements found in various verb forms, while intervocalic [w] appears to be resistant to deletion in the few cases where the glide constitutes an element of the stem, e.g. in the nouns skała ‘rock’and szkoła ‘school’. [Przedstawione w artykule wyniki analizy akustycznej opisują częstotliwość, z jaką międzywokaliczna głoska [w] jest usuwana ze strumienia mowy. Analizie poddano wypowiedzi 20 rodzimych użytkowników języka polskiego, których poproszono o opowiedzenie fabuły filmu, w którym główną postacią jest kobieta. Wyniki analizy akustycznej wskazują, że w ok. 25% przypadków międzywokaliczne [w] nie jest wymawiane, jeśli stanowi element końcówki fleksyjnej czasownika, np. -ała, -iła, -yła. W takich przypadkach trajektorie formantów, jak również ich intensywność, nie wskazywały na obecność półsamogłoski [w] pomiędzy samogłoskami lub zmiany te były tak niewielkie, że nie wywoływały akustycznego wrażenia głoski [w]. W badaniu nie stwierdzono przypadków usunięcia [w], jeśli dźwięk ten znajdował się w podstawie słowotwórczej, np. w słowach skała, szkoła.]

Podhale Goralian Vowels in Józef Tischner’s Recordings of Historia filozofii po góralsku: An Acoustic Phonetic Analysis

Author(s): Mateusz Urban / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The current study is exploratory in character and aims to investigate the extent to which dialectal features are present in a stylised version of a regional variety of Polish. The focus is on three traditional features of Podhale Goralian that make it markedly different from Standard Polish: the treatment of Middle Polish raised vowels ė ȧ ȯ, prenasal raising and the Podhale archaism. The material analysed comprises a selection of recordings of Józef Tischner’s Historii filozofii po góralsku [A Goral History of Philosophy] performed by himself. The recordings were subjected to acoustic analysis to obtain values of the first two formants of the relevant vowels. An analysis was then conducted with the help of vowel plots created on the basis of the measurements. The conclusions indicate that the traditional features of Podhale Goralian are not always consistently realized in the recordings, which in the majority of cases may be attributed to the influence of Standard Polish. [Artykuł ma charakter eksploracyjny i ma na celu ustalenie stopnia realizacji cech dialektalnych w stylizowanej wersji regionalnej odmiany języka polskiego. Przedmiotem badania są trzy tradycyjne cechy gwary podhalańskiej, które odróżniają ją od standardowej odmiany języka polskiego: rozwój tzw. samogłosek ścieśnionych, podniesienie artykulacji samogłosek przed spółgłoską nosową oraz archaizm podhalański. Za materiał posłużyły nagrania wybranych fragmentów Historii filozofii po góralsku ks. Józefa Tischnera dokonane przez niego samego. Nagrania poddano analizie akustycznej w celu zmierzenia wartości dwóch pierwszych formantów badanych samogłosek. Na podstawie pomiarów sporządzono wykresy samogłosek, według których przeprowadzono analizę wybranych cech. Badanie prowadzi do wniosków, iż nie wszystkie tradycyjne cechy gwarowe są konsekwentnie realizowane w nagraniach i w większości przypadków jest to wpływ systemu standardowego.]

Фонетске особине говора источне Шумадије

Author(s): Žarko Bošnjaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Автор в настоящей работе анализирует просодические, вокалические и консонантные особенности говоров восточной Шумадии, охватывающей Смедеревско-Подунавле, северную часть Ясеницы и восточную часть Космая. Границы данной области на севере, востоке и юге проходят вдоль речных долин Дуная, Моравы, Кубршницы и Великого Луга, а на западе по линии Сеоне, Мало-Орашье, Дубона, Влашка, Райковац и Междулужье, Ягнило и Рабровац южнее Великого Луга. Полевые исследования начались автором в 1988 г., а закончились в 2006 г. В 5 1 деревне записано 1 47 часов звукозаписей, и все это протранскрибировано, а потом эксцерпировано, в результате чего получилось около 150.000 данных. В юго-западной части данной территории доминирует кановачское ударение над факультативными примерами с метатаксическим перемещением краткого нисходящего ударения с ультима на краткий пенультим. Отмечены также примеры типа мён, гор, вод, мог. Предударные долготы хорошо сохраняются, а заударные получены путем перемещения долгого нисходящего ударения. Отмечено также факультативное перемещение нисходящих ударений на долготу: ййшала/ййшала, вуче/вучё, вучемо/вучёмо, однако и на краткость: /асшуци//асшуциУ/асшуци, сёди/седй, седйм/седйм, игранка/игранка. Отмечены также примеры перемещения ударения на проклитику: у земгь, йрёда мному; у гроб/ье, око купе, однако также: око враша, йреко нопи, на дно, нё мош. В некоторых пунктах факультативно встречаются и икавизмы типа: видила,унико време, йрирезу]ем колач; йрид, йрико; овди, онди, нигди; йосц/еш, да се сми/е; видрица; обадви; диво]ка). Чаще встречаются примеры типа да] жени вместо да/ жене, однако не и мечи, а куйи мене. Часто встречаются элизии гласных в хиатусе: неумем д идем, и стяжение гласных: айерисо, дошо, видо, кисо, крено. Согласные в, } и х нестабильны и поэтому теряются или заменяются. Фонема 1дз1 встречается факультативно в речи представителей старшего поколения информаторов. Сочетания согласных сц и шч факультативно упрощаются: йраци, ицейа; гуче, ичуйа. Часто встречается африкатизация группы йс > йц. На юго-западе налицо примеры типа бар}аце, бубрезе, кожусе. Ясные ареалы здесь не отмечены благодаря наличию почти всех миграционых течений на данной территории, а также благодаря факту, что большинство изоглосс квантитативно. Можно только сказать, что на западе чаще представлен кановачский тип и что также представлено перемещение ударения. Несмотра на большое число особенностей, объединяющих данные говоры с косовско-ресавскими, на основании кановачского ударения, икавизмов (да) жени, у соби; сшарьуи; нисам, туе; с овим,мали/х/,мо]има) и окончания -ом (да) овом жени, у мо/ом соби; н>ом треба, да]ом дам), данную зону можно назвать младеновачско-вршачской группой говоров, т. к. центр кановачского ударения находится в окрестностях г. Младеновац, а не Смедерево. Однако после исследований говоров южного Баната и правой стороны нижнего течения Великой Моравы мы получим возможност более достоверно определить статус данных говоров.

Ана Савић-Грујић, Фонолошки опис говора села Гулијана. — Прилози Културној историји Сврљига, књ. 7, Сврљиг 2008.

Author(s): Aleksandra Nedeljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Samogłoski ustne gwary kurpiowskiej

Author(s): Joanna Garczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The aim of the article is a phonetic and acoustic description of stressed oral vowels occurring in the Kurpie dialect, depending on the gender and age of respondents. The realizations of the examined vowels were compared with the standard Polish pronunciation. It can be concluded that the dialectal realizations are best preserved for the vowels [ɔ] and [ɨ], and also for [a] in the group of women. The research results confirmed the disappearance of sounds [e], [ɑ] and [o]. In the analyzed material, the individual realizations were best maintained for [e] and then for [ɑ]. An inclined [o] was present only in one person. Dialectal realizations of vowels are better preserved by women and people of the oldest and middle generations.