(Ne)episteminis modalumas: anglų kalbos must, have to ir have got to bei jų vertimo atitikmenys lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Audrone Šoliene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2016

This paper deals with the three types of modality – epistemic, deontic and dynamic. It examines the relation between the synchronic uses of the modal auxiliary must and the semi-modals have to and have got to as well as their Lithuanian translation correspondences (TCs) found in a bidirectional translation corpus. The study exploits quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The purpose is to find out which type of modality is most common in the use of must, have to and have got to; to establish their equivalents in Lithuanian in terms of congruent or non-congruent correspondence (Johansson 2007); and to determine how Lithuanian TCs (verbs or adverbials) correlate with different types of modality expressed. The analysis has shown that must is mostly used to convey epistemic nuances, while have to and have got to feature in non-epistemic environments. The findings show that must can boast of a great diversity of TCs. Some of them may serve as epistemic markers; others appear in deontic domains only. Have (got) to, on the other hand, is usually rendered by the modal verbs reikėti ‘need’ and turėti ‘must/have to’, which usually encode deontic modality.

100th Anniversary of the Republic: Strategies and Language Tools for Constructing Austrian National Identity in Socio- Political and Mass-Media Discourse

Author(s): Elena SHIRLINA / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This paper is devoted to the comparison of two medially different “texts“– panel discussion and the premium newspaper “Der Standard” – united by a common topic: the 100th anniversary of the Austrian Republic, in terms of strategies and specific language tools used to construct a national identity. The author assumes that the set of strategies, in general, will coincide, since both texts are inscribed in the context of a broad public discussion about the fate of the country in the conditions of a postnational society. However, there may be differences in their implementation with the help of specific linguistic means, due to the medial and conceptual differences, different contexts in which communication takes place, etc.

200 години от зараждането на сравнително-историческото езикознание и от формирането на лингвистиката като съвременна наука

Author(s): Borislav Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

A Cognitive And Cross-Cultural Study On Body Part Terms In English And Turkish Colour Idioms

Author(s): Gökçen Hastürkoglu / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 2/2018

This study aims to reveal and compare the embodied cognition of English and Turkish speakers through their use of body part terms in basic colour term idioms. More specifically, it addresses the distribution of the body part terms in Turkish and English basic colour term idioms and conceptual metonymies underlying these idioms, and it interprets the findings in terms of socio-cultural and socio-cognitive structures in the minds and linguistic practices of people of Turkish and English cultures. In order to achieve this aim, the idioms with Berlin and Kay’s basic colour terms and body part terms are selected from the specialized dictionaries on idioms. After the collection of data, the cognitive analysis is conducted within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The result demonstrates that although there are some conceptual metaphors and metonymies which tend to be universal as they are grounded in bodily experience, English and Turkish speakers’ conceptualizations through the basic colour terms and body parts vary tremendously because of different socio-cultural and socio-cognitive backgrounds of these speech communities.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BEGINNING OF THE 11TH ACT OF THE TOCHARIAN A MAITREYASAMITINĀṬAKA AND THE OLD UYGHUR MAITRISIMIT

Author(s): Michaël Peyrot,Ablet Semet / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

The Tocharian A Maitreyasamitināṭaka, a long dramatic text about the future Buddha Maitreya that is translated into Old Uyghur prose as the Maitrisimit, is one of the most important texts of Tocharian and Old Uyghur Buddhism. It is of crucial importance for Tocharian studies because even smaller fragments can often be interpreted successfully with the help of the better preserved Old Uyghur parallels. In this paper, the beginning of the 11th act about the birth of Maitreya is studied, comparing the Tocharian A and Old Uyghur fragments which are in part parallel and in part complementary.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH ANGER-FURY AND TURKISH KIZGINLIK-ÖFKE

Author(s): Hatice Karaaslan / Language(s): English / Issue: 36/2017

Emotion concepts across different cultures and languages have been studied extensively. New research on emotion concepts can efficiently capture the “experience-near” and “universal” aspects of cultures and languages for the construction of a language-independent semantic metalanguage, namely the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) (Goddard, 1998). Wierzbicka (1999) claims that lexical discriminations in the area of emotions (as well as in other semantic fields) provide important clues to the speakers’ conceptualizations, and thus, a considerable amount of lexical data collection and of serious semantic analysis is needed before any universals in the area of emotion concepts can be proposed. Based on the classification of the cognitive scenarios for emotion terms in Wierzbicka (1999), the current study investigated one area of the emotion lexicon in English and Turkish, that is, a set of terms within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. It explored how these concepts relate to each other in terms of their cognitive scenarios intra-linguistically and whether their cognitive scenarios match within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. The study revealed the core meanings of target concepts show a high amount of correspondence, excluding cases of immediacy and intensity.

A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH TO ENGLISH AND ITALIAN PROVERBS ON BODY PARTS

(TEACHING ACTIVITIES)

Author(s): Silvia Madincea Pascu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2018

The richness and frequency of Italian and English proverbs containing terms as head - testa, capo, eye - occhio, forehead - fronte, nose – naso, mouth - bocca, hand - mano, arm - braccio leg/foot - piede, etc. all referring to different parts of the body, are well-known. The aim of the present paper is to make a detailed contrastive analysis of the proverbs containing these terms as a dominant term in the two languages, based on their semantic classification. Moreover, the second part of the paper makes some useful suggestions for teaching and learning such proverbs.

A critical assessment of exhaustivity for Negative Polarity Items

The view from Greek, Korean, Mandarin, and English

Author(s): Anastasia Giannakidou / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

In some recent works on negative polarity, exhaustivity is posited as the single defining property of all negative polarity item (NPI) and free choice item (FCI) paradigms. Chierchia (2006; 2013), and Chierchia & Liao (2015) are the best-known implementations of this theory. They stipulate that all NPIs and FCIs must be exhaustified, and posit a covert O(nly) and a syntactic feature [+Σ] to derive exhaustification and licensing respectively. In this paper, I challenge the exhaustivity hypothesis and find it, after careful empirical investigation, to be inadequate to explain the distribution and interpretation of NPIs in Greek, Korean, and Mandarin, which have been described in the literature as non-exhaustive. We also find the theory to be unable to derive the actual distribution of any in nonveridical contexts. Analytically, the problems with exhaustification are twofold. First, the use of covert O(nly) fails to account for why NPIs are licensed. Licensing is a grammaticality condition, and in order to capture it the syntactic feature [+Σ] is stipulated, NPI-licensing thus amounting to checking the [+Σ] feature. The stipulation of [+Σ], without a coherent characterization of its semantics, is a regression to a Klima-esque (1964) syntactic account, and faces precisely the challenges that that account faced. Second, for any variant of the Chierchia system to work for the data discussed here, the system built around it must posit additional ad hoc rules on a case-by-case basis. This produces a system with very little predictive power beyond each specific case because of the ad hoc nature of the rules posited. Our overall conclusion will be that the exhaustivity hypothesis, as formulated in the works discussed here, is a falsified, therefore unnecessary, hypothesis for NPIs.

A dravida nyelvek genetikai rokonsága más nyelvcsaládokkal

Author(s): István Major / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A EURASIAN ETYMOLOGY: SARMYSAK < *K’IRMUS(V)/KERMUS(V)/KARMUS(V) ‘GARLIC'

Author(s): Mária Magdolna Tatár / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-3/2002

In this article a new etymology is presented for an important cultural “Wanderwort”, “garlic”. The author uses the earlier elaborated etymologies of Turkic, Mongolie and Indo-European languages by explaining the well-known Turkic sarmysak ‘garlic’ as an Indo-European loan word. This explanation is based on Iranian data which were not used by the linguists before.

A Gender-Based Study Of Apology Speech Acts In British And Bulgarian Tv Series

Author(s): Deyana Peneva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2015

The major aim of this paper is to examine the way Bulgarian men and women apologize and investigate whether they exhibit differences with respect to the apologetic behavior they adopt in comparison to British male and female native speakers. The article focuses on the speech act of apologizing and it draws on two linguistic datasets for its analysis: six episodes from a British TV series Scott & Bailey and six episodes of comparable data from Glasshome, a Bulgarian TV series. Extracts of data containing apology speech acts in both corpora are compared qualitatively and quantitatively and the issues of apology strategy, type of offence, social status and social distance are discussed with respect to gender cultures and politeness.

A LOGICAL APPROACH TO ENGLISH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2017

The present article describes theoretical issues of the English conditional sentences, including definitions and types, leading to concerns regarding teaching them. We argue that the concept of remoteness developed by Michael Lewis (1986) is much more suitable to describe conditionals, as well as it offers a more logical approach to tackle various less standard types, such as 'mixed', 'zero' or less frequent verb forms (e.g. continuous). A possible way to understand conditionals may start from a non-native speaker perspective, in our case Romanian or Hungarian, making students aware of the challenges represented by the English conditionals. We also offer a popular option to make students discover 'real-life' conditionals with the help of the entertainment industry, while the references contain major English, Romanian and Hungarian sources in the field.

A MYSTERIOUS ANIMAL CALLED AL-WARK

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The paper examines the mysterious term al-wark, which – according to Maḥmūd of Kāşğarī (11th century AD) – denotes a small animal similar to a badger (Turk. borsmuk) in the Xakani language. This animal was treated as a symbol of fatness. It is suggested that the term in question was borrowed from a Tocharian source. The Indo-European term *wṛḱos (m.) ‘badger’ (originally ‘fat animal’, cf. Hittite warkant- adj. ‘fat’) is reconstructed on the basis of Indic, Greek and Anatolian lexical data.

A new decipherment and linguistic reconstruction of the Kitan—Chinese bilingual inscription of 1134 A.D.

Author(s): Andrew Shimunek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

This paper presents a new decipherment of the Langjun Inscription of 1134 A.D., including a significantly revised phonological reconstruction of the text, new readings of several graphemes, paleographical notes on certain Kitan and Chinese graphemes encountered in the text, and a glossary of words contained in the text including identifiable etyma. In terms of methodology, the Kitan and corresponding Chinese texts of this bilingual inscription are juxtaposed to facilitate decipherment and reconstruction. Although several important philological studies of this text exist, this article presents the first linguistic reconstruction of the inscription.

A Short Note on the Glagolitic Ornament in Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaya (Kiev 1631)

Author(s): Sebastian Kempgen / Language(s): English / Issue: 14-15/2015

The article draws attention to two lesser known lines written in Glagolitic which are part of the Epilogue to Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaja, printed in Kiev in 1631. Thanks to their typographic realisation, these two lines seem to have been mainly considered „an ornament“ or a „cryptographic“ element of the text in older literature. The article presents the Glagolitic text in standard Unicode encoding, so it becomes electronically searchable as such, along with a transliteration and a translation. It turns out that the Glagolitic text is nearly identical to the self-descriptions famout printer Pamvo Berynda had used before (although in Cyrillic). Another question put forth in the paper is the provenience of the actual printing types used in Kiev in 1631. A comparision shows that the letters look similar – but not identical – to printing type used around the same time Italy (Rome, Venice) or by Primož Trubar in the century before. The typographic quality of the Kievan types is, however, inferior.

A Slavonic etymology of Hung. ocsúdik ‘to come to, to awake’ and the question of the morphological adaptation of Slavonic loan verbs in Hungarian

Author(s): Michal Németh / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

The two Turkic etymologies of Hung. ocsúdik (1508) ‘to awake, to come to, to regain consciousness’ proposed, on the one hand, in the late 19th century by Vámbéry (1870) and, on the other, by K. Palló in 1976 and 1982, have been rightly rejected by the authors of TLH. At the same time, the explanation for the origin of this word found in the etymological dictionaries of Hungarian (TESz, EWUng, Zaicz 2006), namely, that it is a derivative of an unknown unproductive stem, is not entirely convincing for morphological reasons. The present paper offers a new etymology for this word, explaining it as a loanword from East Slavonic очюдитися ‘to regain consciousness, to awake’ attested in 16th- and 17th-century Russian. The starting point for the discussion is M. Stachowski’s (2014) article, in which he compared Hung. ocsúdik with Polish dialectal ocudzić ‘to revive’.

A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska: „Dziewczę przędzie, Pan Bóg nitki daje”. O spójności ludowej wizji świata.

Author(s): Eliza Malek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

The review of: "Girl spins, Lord of the thread gives." About the coherence of the folk vision of the world by A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska; Bydgoszcz 2011, 256 pp.

Absolutely Modifying Adjectives In British And Bulgarian Newspapers In Comparison With The British National Corpus

Author(s): Irina Stoyanova-Georgieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

The paper studies the collocations formed by ‘absolutely’ used as an adverbial intensifier for modifying adjectives in a corpus of Letters to the Editor, published in British and Bulgarian newspapers, and the BNC. The results of the study show the similarities between the collocations of ‘absolutely’ in English and Bulgarian as well as the resemblances in the choice of a syntactic position of the modified adjectives in both languages.

Acknowledgment patterns in English and Lithuanian research writing

Author(s): Jolanta Šinkuniene,Gabriele? Dudzinskaite? / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The paper focuses on the features of acknowledgments in scientific texts written by British and Lithuanian authors in the Humanities. The data comes from a self-compiled corpus of acknowledgments in scientific books written by British and Lithuanian researchers in their native languages, and from doctoral dissertations written by Lithuanian doctoral students in Lithuanian. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis suggest that the British scholars place more importance on acknowledgments as they single out their thanks as separate sections, make them longer and express gratitude for a larger number of individuals and institutions than the Lithuanian scholars. Generally the same moves and steps are employed in the three data sets, but the distribution of some moves and steps is different.

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOWELS PRODUCED BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS AND HIGHLY COMPETENT SERBIAN L2 SPEAKERS

Author(s): Dušan Nikolic / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The paper submits the findings of the research which explored the acoustic properties of highly competent Serbian L2 speakers’ vowels and the vowels produced by American native speakers in two reading tasks. The study involved four participants: two female native speakers of English and two highly proficient female Serbian speakers of English. The participants were instructed to read a dialogue and a story, after which the duration and the quality of the vowels produced were measured. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the results showed that there were differences in the production of vowels between the two groups of speakers, but it was concluded that, despite these differences, the Serbian participants did not have any major issues with the production of vowels that would significantly, or at all, afflict their intelligibility. Neither the vowel quality nor the vowel duration was critical for the Serbian participants compared to that of the American speakers. What the research instead inferred was that the American participants displayed a strong tendency to reduce their vowels, while the Serbian participants did not reveal such a marked tendency to do the same.