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Review of the books Janata, Michal (2020): Zrod české terminologie. Praha: Malvern and Nejedlý, Petr et al. (2019): Slovotvorný vývoj deverbálních substantiv ve staré a střední češtině.Praha: Academia – Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR, v. v. i.
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Standard Czech has only one specific name for a knife scale (střenka); dialect lexicon is much varied.There are lexical dialectisms (střenka, čálka, krňa, okladina), phonetic dialectisms (třenka, křenka,křemcha; krňa, grňa, etc.), and morphological dialectisms (střenka as a feminine form, střenek as a masculine form, střenko as a neuter form). The aim is to describe the origin of these terms, their motivation, their phonetic and morphological variability, their distribution in the area of the Czech language, and their relation to other geolinguistic areas.
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The inflection of Japanese names such as Masaharu or Čikamacu might prove difficult for some Czech speakers. Grammars of Czech state that Japanese masculine personal names ending with -u should belong to the “pán” declension paradigm and that the final -u should be preserved in all cases. Using the data from the corpus SYN v7 and a corpus of websites focusing on Japanese comics and cartoons, the presented paper draws a comparison between the usage represented by published written texts, and by texts unaffected by editorial adjustments and produced by speakers who are active users of the names in question. The data from SYN v7 shows a strong preference for preserving the final -u (in accordance with the codification), while the data from websites displays the opposite tendency.
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The Langue Consulting Centre (LCC) has been providing its regular services for more than eighty years. The LCC improves its activities in the area of language consultation by using new technologies. The most recent outcome of the LCC is The Linguistically Structured Database of Enquiries (LSDE). The LSDE enables searching through user enquiries and the LCC’s replies. This paper analyses users’ needs connected with language resources and tools, based on enquiries related to their use. First, we examine the need for language resources, including the question of which of them users actually (want to) use, and why, and what they expect of them. Second, we focus on the enquirers’ need to be able to use the appropriate language resources and tools properly, focusing on their interpretation of how the resources and tools are designed. Subsequently, the information about enquirers’ needs is used to formulate specific proposals for language education activities,belonging to the field of language cultivation as well as lexicography.
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The research into the use of verbal tenses in Czech subordinate clauses is based on the notions of relative and absolute tenses, and on the distinction between content and adjunct clauses. While the relative tense is expected to be expressed in content clauses and the absolute tense in adjunct clauses, there are some counterexamples to this generalization. Although it is typical for content clauses to rely on relative tenses, it appears that in some cases absolute tenses are applied in these subordinate clauses as well. I focused on this phenomenon in content clauses with imperfective verbs in the past tense expressing the present in the past. Based on the data from the Czech National Corpus, I found out that several interrelated factors play a key role in the use of the past tense expressing the present in the past in content clauses. These are discussed in detail in this paper.
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Review of the book Výbor z díla Ludmily Uhlířové: O pravidelném, mnohotvárném a inspirativním promýšlení jazyka, Praha: Akropolis 2020
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The article describes the Czech section of the crowdsourced audio dictionary available on the website forvo.com (2008–2021), which is remarkable for several reasons: for its scope, reach, linguistic diversity, and the very unique variability of pronunciation recorded. We compare the website with some other open multilingual databases of audio recordings and touch on the dichotomous relationship between the intended concept of the website and its actual form. We also briefly characterize the list of Czech entries and summarize the advantages and weaknesses of the available data for scientific purposes. Finally, we consider the typical user of the website, either a provider of audio data (speaker), whose speech behaviour is obviously influenced by the specific speech situation during the recording, or a non-native lay recipient (listener), who is fully dependent on the confidence in the representativeness of the specific pronunciation variants. Finally, we define the notion of representativeness, which will later, in our further study, serve as an evaluation framework for the phonetic analysis of the recordings.
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The article discusses the process of codification of oikonyms in the Internet Language Reference Book. It focuses on the use of corpus data, which have not been taken into consideration yet. The example of the adjectives derived from the oikonyms ended by a consonant and the suffix -ky,-ka, or -ko is used to verify the assumption that central onomastic phenomena can be studied onthe basis of corpus data well. It is shown that the the present investigation of the frequent adjectives enables more precise statements regarding the distribution of changes in the base of the adjective. The new findings can also be applied to less frequent adjectives.
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The study presents a linguistic and discourse analysis of a selected corpus of media texts concerning the communication on new tobacco products with the focus on heated tobacco products (IQOS, glo). The analysis shows how the products are signified in the media (if, for example, journalists discriminate between heated tobacco products and e-cigarettes), how labelling in the media can influence perception of the products by the public, and if (and how) the marketing discourse is reflected in the media communication. The data were analysed in Prospéro, a quantitative-qualitativeprogram for linguistic analysis. The results show that the media discourse concerning HTPs is heavily influenced by marketing communication strategies and framed as a part of healthy, attractive lifestyle, with connotations of a healthier option, health, and personal benefits, as opposed to the use of cigarettes. Media present HTPs as a part of aspirational, trendy lifestyle, which can be attractive especially to young people, including non-smokers. The health risks and addictive behaviour risks are almost absent in the media discourse.
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Review of the book Cvrček, Václav – Laubeová, Zuzana – Lukeš, David – Poukarová, Petra – Řehořková, Anna –Zasina, Adrian Jan (2020): Registry v češtině. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny.
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On the 90th birthday of Czech prominent dialectologist Jan Balhar
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This article shows the answers of the language counselling center of the Institute of the Czech language of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic on the question on the syntax analysis of particular administrative sentence.
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The paper focuses on relative clauses introduced by jak ‘how’ in spoken Czech, relying on corpus data. It argues that these clauses, in contrast to relative clauses introduced by co ‘what’, are functionally specialized, in that they are based on propositions that form a part of the shared knowledge of the speaker and their interlocutor(s), i.e., they have what could be described as a recognitional function. This is supported mainly with arguments based on the distribution of determiners of the head noun, the use of verbal mood and tense in co- and jak-clauses, and the use of recognitional demonstratives in co- and jak-clauses. Previous claims about the use of resumptive pronouns in co- and jak-clauses, based on written language, are revised, and it is illustrated that most of the previous generalizations do not square well with the data from spoken Czech.
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Texas Czech, a highly endangered diasporic variety of the Czech language, has roots in the dialects of Moravian and Bohemian immigrants from Austria and later Austria-Hungary who began arriving in Texas in the 1850s. “Taking stock”, the paper situates this variety’s development in the context of literature on language contact and borrowing, heritage languages, and community language endangerment and loss in order to examine its main contact features. “Looking forward”, the article(1) demonstrates the need for a corpus-based approach to this and other diasporic varieties of Czech to help us better understand the intersection of incomplete acquisition and attrition, typological characteristics of languages in contact, and internally vs. externally induced language change under different sociolinguistic constraints, and (2) references the Texas Czech Legacy Project,whose main objective is to build a searchable corpus of Texas Czech speech to serve the community and aid scholarly research on Czech varieties in the diaspora.
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The aim of this paper is to introduce Czech immigrants’ dialects spoken in several villages in the Northern Caucasus and Western Siberia, compared to those still remaining in the Ukraine. All of the examined dialects appeared as a result of different waves of Czech rural migration at the end of the 1860s and at the start of the 20th century. Up to the present day they show surprisingly good preservation of their original dialectal systems, and at the same time they have been strongly influenced by their language surroundings. In some aspects of their systems, however, certain innovations are observed. The author traces the specific development of the verb imperfectivation with the non-iterative suffix -va- (končívat) and of noun animacy (nominative and accusative plural ďedečki), typical of all these dialects. In addition, the regionally limited spread of the ending-oj in the locative singular of inanimate nouns (v Novoros’ijskoj) and of the idiolectal purpose conjunction aďbi is taken into consideration. Despite the fact that we are dealing with disappearing dialects, those innovations give evidence of a relatively high linguistic creativity of their speakers,stabilized as varietal innovations.
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Detailed research of the Czech language in the Czech minority in Croatia has so far been focused mainly on dialectology or sociolinguistics. This paper deals with this group of speakers from the perspective of the concept of heritage language. The first part briefly outlines the current language situation in Daruvar and the historical and social factors that influenced or still influence it, with emphasis on Czech schools in this part of Croatia. The theory of heritage languages and the three linguistic processes that shape them are also described: divergent attainment, language attrition,and transfer from the dominant language. The second part deals in more detail with the transfer from the dominant language (Croatian) in epenthetic vowels. The description of these phenomena is based on the online questionnaire survey in which participated Czechs in Croatia and Czechs in the Czech Republic as a control group. This is a pilot study that has to be verified with further research.
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