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Демократизация языков: факторы, коллизии и альтернативы

Author(s): Nina Mechkovskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: VIII/2006

Democratisation of languages happens commonly and spontaneously. The main process inthe development of language democratisation is the transition from cultural bilinguism, so typicalof the Middle Ages, to national monolinguism. That kind of language conversion was a linguisticcomponent of the powerful historical trend towards the intensification of being social and towardshomogeneousation of human communities. Language policy has trivial results in lexicographicand grammatical codification and a few serious results in the degree of freedom in mass media andpublic communication as also in the linguistic ideology of community (in deontological andaxiological modalities towards language).

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Критерии демократизации языка

Author(s): Michał Łabaszczuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: VIII/2006

In the present paper aspects of lexical meaning of the term ‘democratization of language’ areanalyzed - positive and negative peculiarity of the meaning of that term. The methodologicalproblem of ontology of language is discussed with the special attention to forms of individual andsocial language as well as the category of censorship (from the perspective of necessity of differentiationbetween the aspects of censorship: individual and social).

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Экономные, как немцы. Национальные стереотипы и их отражение в коннотациях этнонимов в русском и других языках

Author(s): Björn Hansen / Language(s): Russian Issue: VIII/2006

The contribution deals with ethnonyms and their relationship to ethnic stereotypes withspecial focus on Russian and some other European languages. It addresses both methodologicaland theoretical questions. First, it advocates the use of large electronic corpora for the study ofstereotypical usages of ethnonyms and demonstrates how a corpus of linguistic data can enhancethe study of stereotypes encoded in linguistic structures. Second, it addresses the relationshipbetween mental stereotypes in the sense of Adam Schaff and semantic associations (connotations)encoded in polysemy, derivates and idiomatic expressions. It is argued that although many connotationsindeed do reflect ethnic stereotypes, we can find other cases where the connection is onlyindirect or has faded away completely. The author comes to the conclusion that notwithstandinga considerable overlap connotations and tereotypes are not identical and, therefore, should be keptapart.

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РОЛЬ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ В НАВЧАННІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ

Author(s): Oxana Baranivska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the analysis of the role of translation in the process of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. The results are based on intervewing students who study Ukrainian in Jagiellonian University, and Higher State East-European School in Pshemys’l. Certain questions have been analyzed: 1) how does translation help in mastering a language? 2) translation of what texts helps to get the best results?

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POCHODZENIE, BUDOWA I FUNKCJONOWANIE UKRAINSKICH NAZW PODZESPOLÓW KOMPUTEROWYCH

Author(s): Przemysław Jóźwikiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the problems of origin, functioning and structure of Ukrainian names of computer terms. The main attention has been paid to the genesis of Ukrainian computer terms, borrowings and peculiarities of their functioning in modern speech of the Ukrainians.

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РИТОРИКА УКРАЇНЦІВ: ПОРУШЕННЯ НОРМИ ЯК МОВНА ГРА

Author(s): Tatiana Kosmeda / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2013

The article deals with rhetoric way of language game that has its tradition of use and is spread in modern speech. The status of image means, the mechanism of its creation, its types have been analyzed.

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МОВНА СИТУАЦІЯ В ПРИДНІСТРОВ’Ї (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ)

Author(s): Oksana Popchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the analysis of the main aspects of the theory of the language situation in the works of native and foreign linguists, the analysis of the degree of functioning and spreading of the Ukrainian language in Transnistria has been made, the characteristic features of modern linguistic situation have been determined in the republic.

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Alice u Ukrajini ili o ukrajinskim prijevodima djela Lewisa Carrolla

Author(s): Liudmyla Vasylyeva / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2015

The aims of this paper are to introduce existing Ukrainian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and their respective translators; to discuss some reasons for recent retranslations of Lewis Carroll’s works; and to show some aspects of translators’ work which are characteristic of translations into Ukrainian and which primarily serve as a means of transferring the equivalent of the creative attributes of Lewis Carroll’s text for Ukrainian readers. The book is gaining in popularity in Ukraine and has been published four times in the last 10 to 15 years. Although it may be said that recent retranslations of Alice in Wonderland show the translators’ response to the demands from the publishers, these retranslations also expand the communication chain of literary reception which continues to cross linguistic boundaries, bringing new readers to the circle of Carroll’s admirers and opening up to them the boundless meaningful perspective of the Alice story. Preserving general equivalence to the original, each translator has tried to make use of the creative arsenal of language resources that exist in the Ukrainian language, bearing in mind – much like Lewis Carroll himself – different groups of readers.

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Wtręty rosyjskojęzyczne w relacjach polskich korespondentów zagranicznych

Author(s): Alicja Pstyga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 156/2016

This paper deals with one of the aspects of contemporary media communication: the work of the correspondents whose task is to present, interpret and evaluate events in the foreign country. The author of this article raises a question of Russian reality described to the Polish reader. The linguistic devices, especially Russian inclusions, employed in such texts should be thoroughly investigated. The problems which need special attention include decoding, double coding of information, expressing thoughts in another language as well as describing and interpreting the foreign reality. These phenomena are identified and analyzed in the reports written by Wacław Radziwinowicz, a foreign correspondent of the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza in Moscow until December 2015.

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Wizerunek Rosji w rosyjskich mediach w świetle kryzysu ukraińskiego.

Author(s): Adam Jaskulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 156/2016

The main goal of this paper is to analyze utterances that were published by the Russian website “Odnako.org” in the period from March 1st of 2014 to May 15th of 2016. These utterances are concerned with the Ukrainian crisis. The starting point for the analisys is the opposition “We–They”. The existence of this opposition determines the necessity to characterize one’s own camp positively and to describe the opponent negatively. The author attempts to depict the image of Russia created in its mass media during the Ukrainian crisis. The author proposes a structural description of linguistic expressions as well as a determination of the rules of their functioning in analyzed utterances. The analysed linguistic expressions were grouped according to their belongingness to a specific semantic field or their systemic function. Attention was devoted to the linguistic expressions which name properties ascribed to Russia.

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„The Fall of Byzantine Empire” by Fr. Tikhon and its Chinese Translation

Author(s): Lina Ye / Language(s): English Issue: 157/2017

Publicystyczny film "Upadek imperium". Lekcja Bizancjum wywołał burzliwą reakcję społeczną. Mówiący o określonej historycznej lekcji, film ten wyraźnie odsyła do współczesnej sytuacji Rosji, przeciwstawiając ten kraj reszcie cywilizowanego świata. W artykule została przeprowadzona porównawcza analiza oryginalnego scenariusza filmu i jego chińskiego przekładu, zmierzająca do ukazania kontekstualnego charakteru relacji między przekładem i oryginalnym tekstem. Wykorzystując teorię przekładu wypracowaną przez Michela Foucaulta, autorka opisuje przekład jako proces produkcji dyskursu. Badając nacechowanie stylistyczne wypowiedzi narratora oraz wprowadzonych przez tłumacza zmiany w zakresie zjawisk językowych i kulturowych, autorka dochodzi do wniosku, że chiński przekład jest daleki od neutralności i odgrywa wyraźną rolę polityczną. Świadomie zaciera on aluzja do współczesnej polityki Rosji, zmierzając do tego, by chińscy widzowie wyciągnęli „własne” wnioski wynikające z upadku Bizancjum, czy dokładniej: z upadku Związku Radzieckiego. Przekład wysuwa na pierwszy plan te elementy, które odpowiadają oficjalnej chińskiej ideologii państwowej, redukując te, które nie byłyby tolerowane przez chińską cenzurę.

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НЕОЛОГІЗМИ В СУЧАСНИХ ДРУКОВАНИХ ЗМІ (на прикладі британських мас-медіа)

Author(s): Oksana Bilets’ka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2015

English neologisms are described according to their function in society. Material research obtained by continuous sampling of the print media, which are the source of the names fixing new concepts. Mass media language is rich in prefix- and suffix- neologisms, compounding and acronyms, most of them having entered the every-day consumption and are not recorded in the dictionary of neologisms.

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УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ АСПЕКТ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРИХОПЕРСЬКОГО КОЗАЦЬКОГО ГОВОРУ

Author(s): Valentina Sinelnikova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2015

The article deals with the history and present existence of dialects Ukrainisms Don Cossacks. The author analyzes Ukrainisms, which is an integral part of the lexicon Cossack named the region, and provides examples disclose the contents of Ukrainian proverbs and idiomatic phrases are stored in Don dialects and raises questions levelling Cossack and Ukrainian dialects Lower Volga, which in the future may lead to the loss of their identity.

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Базична опозиция дїєсловного вида

Author(s): Mihajlo P. Fejsa / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

After a critical review of the standpoints of Ruthenian grammarians who considered that the basic opposition of verbal aspect is between perfectivity (completeness) and imperfectivity (in-completeness) author argues for the establishment of new verbal category – aktionsart and consideres that the basic opposition of the verbal aspect is between totivity and atotivity. Aspect has been defined as a grammaticalised expression of viewing the realization of a verb situation as totive or non-totive. The totive mode conveys the realization of a verb situation as a whole; the non-totive mode conveys the realization of a verb situation as a structure, comprising several meanings concerning structure such as ”process”, ”on going activity”, ”duration”, ”unlimitedness”, ”incompletness”, etc. In the paper the author discusses the category of aktionsart as well and points to the distinction between aktionsart meanings and aspectual meanings. The introduction of the category of aktionsart proves to be quite useful for explaining the resistance of stative verbs to form aspectual pairs in Ruthenian. The stative verbs present an exception in Ruthenian aspectual because of their semantic features +stativity and -telicity.

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Русиньско-словацькый білінґвізм на фонї сучасного русиньского языка

Author(s): Anna Plišková,Zdenka Citriaková,Kvetoslava Koporová / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

This contribution deals with the issue of Rusyn-Slovak bilingualism in contemporary Slovakia. The development of the Rusyn language in the context of minority-majority bilingualism is characterized by specific tendencies which we discuss here based on an analysis of audiotaped material. Our recordings offer a limited sample of the speech of a young generation of Rusyns representing Rusyn dialects of the Snina district in the region of eastern Zemplín County. The Rusyn spoken vernacular in its present condition has been significantly inf luenced by Slovak. The lexicon has been most strongly “attacked” by foreign-language lexemes which have spontaneously found their way to the center of the vocabulary of the Rusyn-speaking population and have stamped out older native words of East Slavic origin. A great part of the lexicon in the spoken language largely of the younger generation of Rusyns is taken from Slovak and Czech. Penetrating into their vocabulary in a dynamic way are various foreign-language words, as well as entire linguistic constructions which are either adapted into a particular dialect or are simply adopted in their original form. Linguists define several types of bilingualism. In the Rusyn language context in Slovakia we can, for the most part, speak of social bilingualism because communication in both languages is carried on here over a large geographical territory. Present in this landscape is also diagonal bilingualism based on a typical mastery of a non-literary and dialectal form of the language. Confusion of codes and linguistic borrowings on the part of Rusyn-Slovak bilingual speakers are most frequent in those spheres of language use in which Rusyn does not have a sufficiently developed vocabulary. The environment in which Rusyns live and the everyday situations in which they are immersed simply demand the adoption, mastery, and use of two languages and thus bilingual education here often is not managed with conscious deliberation on the part of parents. There exist, however, several methods for achieving bilingual education from which there are many benefits for children. In practice, though, we encounter negative opinions and even prejudices toward bilingual education of children which insist that bilingualism negatively impacts their communicative, mental, and psychic development. In our view, practical experience supports exactly the opposite.

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Теоријске поставке истраживања традиционалне пољопривредне лексике (ратарске и повртарске лексике војвођанских Русина)

Author(s): Aleksandar Mudri / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

This paper presents theoretical aspects of researching traditional material culture (crop science lexicon) of Ruthenians in Vojvodina, Serbia. The corpus was gathered through field research method. Presenting methodology of a fieldwork researching and analizing crop science lexicon as a part of Ruthenian traditional material culture could contribut to development of future researching in this field.

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Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowo- -Metodyczna z cyklu Nauczanie języka rosyjskiego na neofilologii i innych kierunkach

Author(s): Joanna Darda-Gramatyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 153/2016

The report of a conference (International Scientific-Methodic Conference "Russian language teaching in neophilological and other faculties", held in Lublin 16.10.2015).

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Types of Appositive Relative Clauses in Polish

Author(s): Barbara Citko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

While there has been a lot of research on the differences between restrictive and appositive relative clauses as well as on different types of restrictive relatives, distinctions within the class of appositive relatives have not been studied to the same extent till relatively recently (see, for example, Cinque (2008), Citko (2008b), Del Gobbo (2003, 2007, 2010)). My main goal in this paper is to add to this growing body of research on appositive relatives, by first reviewing the distinctions that have been pointed out to exist within this class, focusing on the distinction between what Cinque (2008) refers to as integrated and non-integrated appositives, and, second, by applying Cinque’s diagnostics to Polish, to show that Polish appositives are non-integrated. I then examine the structures Cinque assigns to the two types, pointing out some problems with assimilating non-integrated appositive relatives either to coordinate structures or to parentheticals in general. Drawing on recent views of labeling in syntax (Hornstein 2009 and Citko 2008c), I conclude by offering an alternative structure for non-integrated appositives relatives, on which the appositive CP starts out as a unlabeled DP adjunct, which forces it to move and adjoin to the root clause, thus deriving the main insight behind the so-called Main Clause Hypothesis for appositive relatives.

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Le Charme Discret of Remnant Movement: Crossing and Nesting in Polish OVS Sentences

Author(s): Bartosz Wiland / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Remnant movement, once believed not to be a part of grammar at all, has since become a tool of analyzing phenomena like verb fronting, word order alternations, or covert movement. What has been largely missing from the discussion of remnant movement are the effects a remnant constituent has on the nodes in the clause it has crossed. This paper argues that remnant movement has particular consequences for clausal syntax since it gives rise to crossing and nesting movement dependencies. This point is illustrated on the example of certain robust asymmetries in the Polish OVS syntax. The analysis of Polish OVS sentences has a broader benefit, namely that the proper identification of crossing and nesting paths provides convergent evidence for the existence of remnant movement in the first place.

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Nazwy części twarzy w językach słowiańskich

Author(s): Grażyna Rytter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

Etymological sketch presents 19 words, in the majority of all-Slavonic range. They are thematically connected with Slavic *tvarь. The article also contains comments about Slavs’ cultural tradition, which ascribes attribute “lucky” to the right eye and “ill-fated” to the left one. To the oldest and most popular beliefs preserved in the Slavonic folklore belongs conviction that human eye has a power of casting a spell or a curse on somebody.

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