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Interference, borrowing, influence – these are those concepts which, from the linguistic perspective, determine the description of the language (varieties, dialects, jargons) with its distinguishing feature being the proximity to another language (variation, dialect, jargon).
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Introduction. The process of information coding, which is caused both technically and socially, has already become obligatory for modern virtual communication. The purpose of the article is to analyse the reasons and ways of directive lexical reductions use in the process of virtual communication. Materials and methods. The research is based on the illustrative examples of English and German abbreviations taken from Twitter and Facebook. The authors analyzed 1872 English and German lexical units relying on the method of continuous sampling it. Results. The use of abbreviations demonstrates the economy of the communicants’ speech efforts. In the present research the reduced lexical units are treated from the position of speech acts theory. The reduced lexemes are classified according to the following main classes: di-rective abbreviation, commissive abbreviation, declarative abbreviation, expressive abbreviation, assertive abbreviation and questetive abbreviation. The class of directive abbreviations in virtual communication and the process of texting, where an essential feature is the transformation of communicants’ interaction at the language level, are considered in detail. The authors emphasize the obliquity of directive abbreviations in virtual communication. The group of directive abbreviations is divided into such subclasses as preventive, requestive and regulatory abbreviations.The results of the research showed that participants frequently use regulatory abbreviations in virtual communication (in English and German). Frequent use of regulatory abbreviations by communicants is explained by their coding and obliquity. The high percentage of regulatory abbreviations is explained by the need of bilateral management of communication. Such prevalence of regulatory abbreviations in German-speaking virtual space is explained by national and cultural specifics of instructions (the bans and permissions) which regulate behavior of communicants in the German-speaking environment. Conclusion. In conclusion the authors state that texting is a special type of virtual communication where speech efforts of communicants are economized.
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Introduction. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the onomastic space of integrative functioning in the regional version of the Russian language under conditions of the Chechen-Russian bilingualism. The diversity of objectives of the study is determined by the relevance of theoretical and applied research in the field of regional onomastics. The Objectives of the study were formulated as follows: 1) to compile a card index of names used in the Russian speech of bilinguals; 2) to conduct a sociolinguistic experiment in order to identify the prob-lems in the design of names in various genres of official-business style; 3) to identify the most significant linguistic and cultural formation of the onomastic vocabulary, allowing the use of research results in both scientific and educational space of the Republic.The objectives of the study were refined, differentiated, and it provided an opportunity to consider both theoretical and applied problems. Special attention was paid to the zone of maxi-mum interaction of the Russian and the Chechen languages in the aspect of integrative onomastic space. Therefore, the author studied the main groups of proper names: native, borrowed from the Chechen and other idioms, interacting in the language space of the Republic. The author reviewed the use of anthroponyms, hydronyms, drymonema, zoonyms, idiosomal, microtoponyms, place names, urbanity, etc., imported in the regional version of the Russian language from the linguistic culture of native bilingualism and embodied in various documents. Materials and Methods. In the research process-invariant variation used methodology, through which linguistic research materials were processed (2015-2016).Results. The most significant results of the study include: 1) development of a theory based on the integrative description of the onomastic space as a layered, multidimensional dynamic structure characterized by the presence of a large body of loanwords in the Russian language from the Chechen language, representing a native language of the given language, and more than early loans from Arabic, the languages of the peoples of the North Caucasus, the Caucasus, the Turkish languages; 2) prepared the "Dictionary of onomastic terms", the publication of which will create the theoretical and practical basis for a deeper integrative study of the onomastic space; 3) mapped the linguistic material, which can be used in scientific, educational, cultural purposes. Conclusions. The problem is identified as one of the significant interdisciplinary issues which requires further investigation.
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The present article offers a review of works by Polish specialists in Russian linguistics, who use in their research theories and ideas developed by Galina Zolotova, a founder of the Moscow school of functional and communicative grammar. The attention is concentrated on such notions as a principle of a binomial sentence, concept of a model of the sentence and its modifications, typology of syntactic forms of words in Russian, semantico-syntactical classification of verbs and types of predicates, and also so-called communicative registers
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The paper addresses the issues of diachronic description genetically related vocabulary East Slavonic languages based on a study of its origin and semantics in accordance with the actual problems of the historical word formation lexicology and lexicography Slavonic languages. To study involved pre-Slavic vocabulary, of ancient and modern East languages, united in the genetic paradigm, which consists of etymological families with vertices *Dati, *Bьrati, *Imati//Imѣti, *Nesti.
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The paper describes the Soviet reality on the material of the texts of anecdotes. The author presents the thematic diversity of situational contexts in anecdotes as well as some specific lexical, grammatical and stylistic aspects of anecdote as the characteristic features of the epoch. Cross-cultural parallels shown in the article emphasize the specific aspects of Russian mentality of that time.
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The paper presents the mono graphic study of Beata Rycielska, devoted to the nouns of common gender in Russian in comparison to the Polish language. The author of the book analyses selected lexical and grammatical phenomena from the perspective of cognitive grammar, in particular – the ideas of one of the founders of the cognitive linguistics movement and the creator of cognitive grammar – Ronald W. Langacker. In her work Beata Rycielska explains many linguistic aspects such as similarities and differences in the categorization of people assessment. However, the main value of the book is the logical discussion on selected phenomena in compared languages.
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The article focuses on different ways of expressing iterative or durative action in Russian and Estonian. Comparing original Russian texts to their translation in Estonian, it is noticeable that in Estonian one has to use more linguistic features to express iterative or durative action than in Russian. In order to express those meanings in Russian, it is very often enough to use a verb in the imperfect tense, while all other possible instruments (such as adverbs, reduplication of verbs, whole context, etc.) just have a supporting function. Meanwhile in Estonian, for example, adverbs can play the most significant role in expressing iterative or durative action and without them, the sentence can be understood in more than one way. In the article, numerous examples of iterative or durative action are presented and analyzed. It is shown that both languages have some similar ways of expressing those meanings: for example, adverbials, context, reduplication of verbs, tenses, semantics of the verb etc. But there are also some tools that remain specific to one language; for Russian this is mainly verb tense, and for Estonian one can point to the object case and a construction of the verb to be (olema) + inessive form of the supine. The results of this analysis could be used in teaching Russian and Estonian, but also in the theory and practice of translation.
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The article deals with polite forms in Estonian and Russian when addressing an unfamiliar person interested in the acquisition of socially important information. The main object of analysis consists in personal pronouns in the function of polite addressing, but other accompanying forms of politeness realization are also considered: forms of verbs-predicates, etiquette nouns-addresses, proper names. Written business language implemented by means of the paper channel of communication served as the source of language material. Printed matter from various agencies, institutions, and companies (booklets, "years, etc.) was considered. The study covers business texts of informative, explanatory, instructional, and (to some extent) promotional character, in parallel in Estonian and Russian. The purpose of comparing original documents in Estonian and Russian translations thereof consists in the identification of the similarities and differences upon realization of the politeness principle in primary and secondary texts. The analyzed language material indicates that both Russian and Estonian business etiquette is currently subject to innovation, for which reason the speech etiquette means turn out to be partly variation. The article systematizes the identified translation concordance options. Comparing of the original documents in Estonian and Russian translations thereof suggests that different translation approaches exist with respect to contemporary socially oriented commercial texts: incl. direct translations of the type Sina – Ты and Teie – Вы, as well as the translation Sina – Вы. In secondary texts, translation of singular verb forms in Estonian using plural verb forms in Russian is also typical.
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The article outlines the methodical guidance o f studying Ukrainian as a foreign language in the socio-cultural aspect. A particular attention has been paid to the use of phraseological units, the words-symbols, the texts, which help to learn more about the Ukrainian national character, the nature o f the Ukrainian soul.
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The article presents the basic issues related to the use of mycological terminology in Ukrainian and Polish. Mycology, a branch of biology which deals with the study of fungi (taxonomy, structure, physiology, significance for people) is a study which has its own terminological apparatus. The linguistic studies on the terminology derived from this branch of biology are not common and this refers to both — the Ukrainian language as well as the Polish language. The goal of this paper is thus to present the literature on the subject, to sketch the research issues related to mycological terminology and to offer the planes for comparing those lexical areas. This paper offers an insight which has not been given so far; moreover, it seems that it may generate interesting results especially due to the fact that the research material is very rich and varied.
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Fear is positioned in the article as a limitation of freedom — a base fragment of the axiological worldview of the Ukrainian. Description of fear is implemented with the help of the method of parametric analysis of the phraseme’s semantic structure with accentuation of the appraisive macro-component and the method of thematic fields. Fear in Ukrainian Studies presents the phrasemic axiological opposition of “psychological freedom — manifestation of fear” of the universal human value of “freedom” and is formed in sixteen semantic subgroups.
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The first part of this article is an attempt to outline the educational situation of the Ukrainian language in Poland not only as the language of a national minority, but also as a foreign language. The Polish like to learn foreign languages, including the languages of their neighbours, the Russian and Ukrainian languages. Does a close genetic relationship help or rather it is an obstacle to an effective language acquisition? In the second part of the article, based on the most common errors made by the students, the factors conditioning the process of acquisition have been highlighted.
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The article covers historical aspects of the settlement of the Ukrainians in the Republic of Bashkortostan (the Russian Federation) during the XIXth - XXth centuries. The Ukrainian settlements were formed by people who spoke Ukrainian in everyday life before the end of the twentieth century. The main causes and factors that forced the Ukrainians to leave their homes such as: political, socio-economic etc. have been analyzed.
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The article presents an analysis of the discussion about borrowing the Latin alphabet and replacing the Cyrillic alphabet with it, in which Ukrainian linguists were engaged in the 19th century. It is stated in the article that the debates regarding the status and form of the Ukrainian-Latin alphabet still continue at present, since Latin letters are frequently used to actualize nominations from other languages and create linguistic play on words in the Ukrainian discourse.
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The article focuses on the functioning of the term a norm in linguistics (the grammar standard and custom). Regarding to the geographical names of the modern Ukraine territory, the problem of a local usus has been described as a quite different from the toponymic (i.e. referred to the local names) grammar rules.
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The article focuses on the contracted pieces of information on the influence of the Russian literature on the formation of I. Franko’s outlook, his esthetic style. The contacts between I. Franko and Russian writers have been analyzed. The points of view of I. Franko on the works and the activity of the Russian authors have been characterized. I. Franko’s interpretation of the role of the Russian literature in the world context has been highlighted. The actualization of the intertextuality phenomenon, that is projected on the Russian literature in the works of I. Franko, has been analyzed. The translation activity of I. Franko, concerning the transformation of Russian works in the Ukrainian language and the transformation of his fiction works in the Russian linguistic culture, has been characterized.
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Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian dictionaries of linguistic terms (DLT) are considered in the article. General and specific elements in register, micro-, macro-, and megastructural characteristics of the most significant explanatory DLT of Eastern Slavic languages are singled out. The perspectives of further development of Eastern Slavic explanatory lexicography of linguistic terminology are defined. It is concluded that a much higher informational level of analysis of the metalanguage of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian linguistics can only be reached if a combined explanatory dictionary of Eastern Slavic linguistic terminology is created by mutual efforts of lexicographers and terminologists of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
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The article deals with the system of parts of speech (nouns and adjectives) with respect to syncretic phenomena in language. The main reason and goal of this approach to parts of speech system description is the premise that there are always some of them which are very difficult to be classified definitely. Using the theory of syncretism, analyzed parts of speech are divided into typical and syncretic, according to their particular syntactic positions and specific semantic conditions. The author focuses on the syncretic lexis found on the scale between nouns and adjectives: substantivized adjectives, fulfilling the function of nouns. The phenomena of substantivization (also called substantivation) of adjectives is described in Russian language in comparison with Czech language.
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This paper is the result of the work on Lexical Minimum of Russian Language for bachelors of Russian philology within the context of Task-Based Language Teaching. The text provides a definition of the lexical minimum, an overview of the existing minima, compares proficiency testing systems: CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) and TORFL (Testing of Russian as a Foreign Language), presents the main principles of the method Task Based Language Teaching. The main part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of the principles of selection and organization of language material included in the proposed Lexical Minimum.
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