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Zacharijaus Liackio pranešimas IX Rusijos archeologų suvažiavime Vilniuje (1893)

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 11/2009

Zakharij Liatskij (~1836–1899) was a military engineer by training and worked as a treasurer of the Panevėžys District (today Lithuania). Simultaneously for 22 years Liatskij worked as a teacher of Lithuanian at the Panevėžys Teacher Training Seminary (1873– 1895). He was the only official teacher of Lithuanian in the entire Kaunas province. Among other things Liatskij was an important “expert” of the Lithuanian language for the administrators of the Vilnius Educational District. In 1893 Liatskij presented his research on the etymology of certain Russian historical proper names in the Ninth Congress of Archeologists of all Russia in Vilnius. Liatskij considered Lithuanians to be a tribe of Russians, and Lithuanian—a dialect of (old) Russian. This approach enabled him to give Lithuanian etymologies for words like Руссъ ‘Russian’, варягъ, Рюрикъ, etc. Besides, Liatskij considered etymologies for quite a few Lithuanian words and names too: lenkas, Lietuva, Nemunas, Nevėžis, Žemaičiai, etc. At the Congress Liatskij was severely criticized for his “childish” linguistics and was not allowed to even finish his report. This failure at the Congress must have influenced his resignation two years later in 1895 from the position of the teacher of Lithuanian.

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КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЕ СИМВОЛЫ В МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОМ (ПОЛЬСКО-РУССКОМ) ВОСПРИЯТИИ. ОПЫТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

Author(s): Izabela Nowak / Language(s): Russian Issue: 159/2017

Linguistic research with its rational and cultural background has a powerful tradition (linguistic relativism, linguistic picture of the world). In this respect the crucial issue here are the words that are significant in a particular culture. The article analyses collective symbols i.e. signs that become a manifestation of culture and value system present in this culture, as well as this, they also reveal strong positive or negative marking (evaluation) that is binding for each culture. The purpose of this research is to determine whether people speaking both languages (Polish and Russian) and for whom Russian or Polish is the first language, differentiate the evaluation of collective symbols in each language or if the people transfer their native evaluation into a foreign language and their native culture determines their perception of the world regardless of the language they use. Thus the article contributes both to comparative research into culture (cultural comparatistics) and teaching foreign languages in the area of developing intercultural competence.

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ROSYJSKIE CZASOWNIKI MENTALNE JAKO KLASA SEMANTYCZNA

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 158/2017

The subject of this article is the subcategorization of Russian mental verbs (verbs of knowledge, understanding and thinking) according to information about the mental (intellectual) functions and internal temporality coded into their form and structure. The author refers to the extensive literature on this subject, above all, the publications of Russian researchers, such as L.M. Vasiliev, G.A. Zolotova, N.J. Shvedova and others. The presented analysis of the empirical material includes 547 units of modern Russian language. The conclusion concerns the division of verbs into semantic classes, as well as according to the degree of representation of each class.

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MODERN TRENDS IN MOTIVATIONS FOR LEARNING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH DATA FROM 2010–2014)

Author(s): Natalia Getmanenko / Language(s): English Issue: 158/2017

One of the primary tasks for a teacher of a foreign language is building strong motivational skills within her students. Maintaining proper motivation amongst students reinforces a high incentive to learn the language in question, not only while the student is attending school, but also later in life. This thesis is currently under discussion in academic forums in Europe, Asia, and North America. For example, a college in the US reports the following lamentable statistics: after the first semester [of studying Russian], interest in continuing to learn the language is reduced by 40%. The number of second-year students is significantly reduced, and by the third and fourth year, the number of students who are studying Russian as a foreign language is a mere 20%; a large number of these students are those with Russian roots — new generation “heritage speakers” (Polinsky, Kagan, 2007). As interest in studying Russian dissipates for a large number of students, so too does the students’ motivation to learn the language. Master’s programs are partially filled, and few students go on to pursue post-graduate education. A sample survey among students of the US and Canada showed that the primary reason for these effects is the reduction of motivation due to the opinion of students that Russian is “a difficult language with a complicated grammar,” that “the sphere of utility of Russian is shrinking,”1 and therefore that “it is inconvenient to use [Russian] for future professions.”2 Preceding pedagogy, there exists a complex, methodological task — to convince students that Russian grammar is not more complicated than the grammar of any other language (e.g. Chinese, Arabic, Finnish, etc.), and that the cultivation of a language system is beneficial not only to the actual using of the language, but also to the intellectual development of the student in general. Two vital tasks for teachers of foreign languages are as follows: 1) to understand which stage of studying Russian as a foreign language ought to actively support students’ motivation, and 2) to adjust (if necessary) the learning process in order to maintain a high level of motivation.

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Труднощі перекладу лексичної складової комп’ютерного дискурсу

Author(s): Maya Sergienko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 11/2017

The study is devoted to enlightening the difficulties of translation of the computer discourse vocabulary into the Ukrainian language. The work describes the main problems encountered by translators, users of the PC or the Internet, and identifies the appropriate ways to solve the problem, depending on the area of the taxonomy using.

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Егзистенцијалне реченице у староруском језику

Author(s): Višnja B. Višnjevac / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

U radu se razmatraju staroruske egzistencijalne rečenice sa glagolom byti, kao i njegovom varijantom byvati u predikatu. Analizirani glagol ima značenje glagola postojati/ne postojati, imati/nemati, nalaziti se/ne nalaziti se, živeti, dogoditi se, trajati, nastupiti, a glagol byvati i glagola događati se. Glagol byti u navedenom značenju javlja se u formi aorista, imperfekta, imperfektivnog aorista, punog perfekta, krnjeg perfekta, prezenta i 6upućeg vremena, a glagol byvati - imperfekta, punog perfekta i prezenta. Pošto je savremeni srpski jezik sačuvao složeni sistem prošlih vremena, a staroruski glagol byti u analiziranim primerima sreće se u različitim formama prošlih vremena, srpski jezik nam, za razliku op savremenog ruskog, omogućava odgovarajuću rekonstrukciju, čime se ističe važnost porep6enog proučavanja staroruskog i savremenog srpskog jezika.

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Of Slaveholders and Renegades: Semantic Uncertainties in Volodymyr Antonovych’s Conversion to Ukrainianness

Author(s): Jens Herlth / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2017

In an article published in the St. Petersburg-based Ukrainian language journal Osnova (Foundation) in 1862, Włodzimierz Antonowicz, formally the descendant of a Polish family from the landed gentry in Ukraine, declared that from then on he would consider himself a Ukrainian. In the present essay, I analyze the polemics around what can be called Antonovych’s conversion from Polishness to Ukrainianness. Antonovych as well as his adversaries brought into play various concepts of nationality and national identity, switching quite freely between various frames of references (political thought of the Enlightenment and the Romantic era, contemporary historical fiction, and historiography).

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Tekstynais paremti vertimų kalbos tyrimai ir šaltiniai

Author(s): Jurgita Vaičenonienė,Jolanta Kovalevskaitė,Teresė Ringailienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 30/2017

In Corpus Based Translation Studies, it is claimed that there are certain features common to all translated texts which make them different from the originals. The majority of investigations on the features of translations deal with the dominant languages, such as English (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996; Laviosa, 1997, 1998), German (Kenny, 2001) or Chinese (Xiao et al., 2010). However, it remains unclear whether these features are common to the translations of other typologically different or minor languages. Despite the prevalence of translations, there has been a lack of language resources representative of translated Lithuanian. The aim of this article is to overview major research and resources in Corpus Based Translation Studies and to present a compiled comparable corpus of original and translated Lithuanian. The 4 million word corpus includes fiction and popular science texts, and consists of four sub-corpora (original and translated fiction; original and translated popular science literature). It is believed that the created comparable corpus of original and translated Lithuanian will contribute to further research on translations and have a practical value for trainee and professional translators, lecturers and language editors, who will be able to use the publicly available corpus for a comparable search of the language use in original and translated Lithuanian.

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Функционирование сложных претеритов в памятниках древнейшей поры

Author(s): Oleg Feofanovich Zholobov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper deals with certain issues of the preterite history in the Old Russian language, which is still unclear and, thus, of high importance. The so-called perfect forms occupy the central place in the history of past tense forms. The purpose of the paper is to consider certain issues related to the perfect status and semantics in the Old Russian language of the early period. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks have been fulfilled: a) historiographic analysis of the term “perfect” in palaeoslavistics and Indo-European linguistics has been carried out; b) critical review of the researchers’ opinions on the Old Slavonic perfect functional-semantic nature has been given; c) the perfect functioning in some Old Russian sources has been considered; d) a new hypothesis of the Slavonic perfect formation and the nature of its original semantics has been given. The study uses the descriptive, diachronic, and pragmatic-discursive methods. The term “Perfect” was first introduced by Franz Miklosich

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Особенности употребления форм перфекта в Сказании о Борисе и Глебе

Author(s): Anna Igorevna Kuzovenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper deals with some results of the analysis of the perfect tense forms functioning in the copies of the Narration of the Holy Martyrs Boris and Gleb created in the 12th – 15th centuries. The relevance and urgency of this problem are determined by the ongoing debates on the semantic and functional status of this preterite. New data on representation of this verbal category in the above mentioned manuscript have been provided. The following texts have been in the focus of attention: the earliest extant copy of the Narration from the Assumption Collection of the 12th – 13th centuries; the copy of the second half of the 14th century from the Sylvester Codex; and the copy of the 15th century from the Book of Degrees of the Royal Genealogy. The complete set of examples of the perfect tense forms functioning has shown that the verbal form appeared in this literary manuscript due to the following reasons: 1) usage, as a rule, in the direct (or indirect) discourse; 2) intention to avoid the homonymous forms of 2 and 3 person singular that occurred in the aorist paradigm; 3) interaction with present, imperative forms in the context. The later copies of the Narration reveal the expansion of the perfect tense forms usage, their penetration into the monologic narrative context. The conclusion on the stylistic nature of perfect tense forms as of an oral speech phenomenon has been made on the basis of the copies of the Narration” that occurred at different times and the scientific literature on this problem.

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Формы субстантивного словообразования в языке «Слова о законе и благодати» Илариона

Author(s): Gennadiy Alekseyevich Nikolaev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper is devoted to the study of the system of derived words in the Sermon on Law and Grace created by the Kiev Metropolitan Hilarion in the first half of the 11th century. The main objective of the study is to show the initial language basis and principles of its use in creating virtually the first works of the Old Russian literature. As the genre-stylistic specificity of these works is largely revealed by the presence of a certain range of derivative suffix substantives in their language; the main purpose of this paper is to consider the system of substantive word formation in the language of Hilarion’s work. For this purpose, the methodology of synchronic analysis of the system of forms of derivative sub-stantives has been used against the background of historical development of the major categories of Russian word formation, which allows to show the functioning of linguistic facts in a particular text along with their development in the language. Based on the fact that it is important for the language text specifics to have a certain system of word-formation types (WFT), the number of derivatives of each WFT and the word-formative semantics of derived entities, it has been found that the most productive and regular types of derivative substantives in the text of the work created by Hilarion are null suffixation derivatives with syncretic semantics, abstract nouns with the -(е)ние (-(e)nie) suffix, composites, and substantivates.

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Исследование языковой семантики с помощью формализации запросов к корпусным данным

Author(s): Alfia Makarimovna Galieva,Olga Avenirovna Nevzorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The advantages of using linguistic corpus data in education and research are obvious and well covered in specialized literature. This tool considerably simplifies acquisition of linguistic data and their processing. Two main corpora have been built for the Tatar language by now, each in open access: the Corpus of Written Tatar compiled in Kazan Federal University, (http://search.corpus.tatar/en) and the Tatar National Corpus (http://corpus.antat.ru/?lang=en) developed by researchers of the Institute of Applied Semiotics, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russia. These corpora are being hourly replenished; the update of textual collections is mainly carried out through the use of media texts, which provides constant flow of fresh linguistic material. The Tatar language has complicated syntax and intricate agglutinative morphology, and corpus data is a reliable tool for enriching and deepening linguistic descriptions of Tatar. This paper is the first attempt to describe examples of complex queries to the search system of “Tugam Tel” Tatar National Corpus, these queries are aimed at studying complicated phenomena of Tatar linguistic semantics.

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Убери руки, а то протянешь ноги: свободные словосочетания vs идиомы

Author(s): Pavel Dronov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The article deals with a corpus-based case study of two somatic/gesture/movement idioms containing the constituent legs, namely Russian protânut’ nogi (to die) and English to stretch one’s legs (to walk around and loosen one’s leg muscles after sitting down or lying down for a time). Using the Russian National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, and British National Corpora, the author has studied the idiom modifications, variations of their figurative meanings, as well as has raised the question of cultural specificity regarding the choice of their underlying metaphors. The author has arrived at a number of conclusions, most notably at the following: the more transparent and obvious the connection between the two and the original gesture is, the more often homonymous free wordgroups occur, being virtually identical for the two languages in spite of the differences between the original metaphors. One has to bear in mind, however, that despite the presence of a connection between a somatic/ gesture/movement idiom and its original gesture or movement, this connection sometimes may not seem obvious to a speaker. The data of text corpora have revealed that the idiom to stretch one’s legs is more common in British English rather than in its American counterpart; however, the homonymous free word-group is more frequent in the corpora regardless of the language variety.

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О функциональном анализе морфем, или сколько в русском языке суффиксов -ушк-

Author(s): Vera Alekseyevna Kosova,Elena Aleksandrovna Makleeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper is devoted to the important linguistic problem – the search of criteria to differentiate between homonymic morphemes. This problem is associated with the need to reveal the features of the evaluative suffix -ушк- (-ushk-) as one of the striking means of expression of the category of subjective evaluation in the Russian language, as well as to substantiate its differentiation from similar elements of the system – homonymic suffixes. The functional nature of morphemes, which was disclosed by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, calls for using functional methods to analyze them, but there are currently no universally accepted methods to describe the functions of word-building affixes. The existing investigations in the field of word building and morphemics have been analyzed from the perspective of the functional approach; the hierarchy of functions performed by word-building morphemes has been created; among the functions, those being system- and language-relevant, thereby being important for differentiation between homo-nymic morphemes, have been identified.

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Фоносимволизм и мотивированность слова в художественном тексте

Author(s): T.V. Buzanova,L.V. Vladimirova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper considers the role of phonosemantics in the process of adaptation of loan words and proper names in the Russian language. The authors have aimed to trace what factors – proper linguistic and extralinguistic – influence the development of the Russian language vocabulary. Special attention has been paid to the phenomenon of “folk etymology” (“reetymologization”) described at the time by representatives of the Kazan linguistic school. The conditions necessary for the loan word to assimilate in the target language and to successfully function in it have also been considered. The importance of phonetic motivation for loan words due to the absence of any other types of motivation during the transition from language to language has been emphasized. The paper focuses on studying of the relativeness of sound and meaning in the language consciousness. Currently, this relativeness has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved by both foreign and Russian researchers (N.I. Gorelov, A.P. Zhuravlev, S.V. Voronin, et al.).

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Українські переклади текстів світової вокальної музики в контексті сучасної культури

Author(s): Tetiana Borisivna Kablova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2017

The purpose of the work. The research is devoted to the study of the problem of the translation text of vocal works. In particular, the article deals with the tendency of translation on Ukrainian language opera and vocal-song masterpieces of the world. The vocal music ensures better perception of the work. The same dialogue of music and culture is possible which allows to bring the world music culture closer, in particular the European to a wide circle of the Ukrainian community. It is the verbal side of such music demands the existence of Ukrainian translation and the consideration of the present state of existence of such translations in modern realities. The methodology of the research consists in application of comparative, historical-cultural, historical-logical and art-study methods. The indicated methodological approaches allow to reveal and analyze certain situations with respect to the verbal component of vocal music, to study the attitude to translations in the historical context and to consider the importance of translations into Ukrainian of texts of vocal works of foreign classics in the context of contemporary cultural outgrowth. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the affirmation of the importance of Ukrainian translations of the world musical heritage in the context of modern realities of life and the proclamation of the language values of the nation in the art of singing. For the first time the article highlights the project "The World Classics in Ukrainian" as an important component of the contemporary development of the Ukrainian vocal culture. Conclusions. The introduction of Ukrainian translation into vocal culture of Ukraine provides opportunities for the development of a new vocal school, a new reading and mastering of world musical masterpieces. The question of the functioning of the Ukrainian word in music is a factor that can stimulate the development of the national vocal culture, its further elevation and adoption in the cultural space, and, in the context of modern realities of life, direct and stimulate the entry of the Ukrainian language into the global context of art.

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О способах и средствах выражения гнева в русской языковой картине мира

Author(s): Andrey Evgenyevich Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

This paper explores the ways of displaying anger in the Russian linguistic image of the world. According to the National Corpus of the Russian Language, anger dims eyes, makes blind and mad. In metaphorical projections, anger is defined in relation to the structural elements of other subject areas, including fluid, wild animals, natural disasters, fire, lightning, or thunderstorm. By analogy with some resources, anger is collected, wasted, and exhausted; by analogy with water, anger overflows and boils; by analogy with fire, inflames, and fades, anger can flare up and fade; by analogy with wild animals, it can be curbed, tamed, or subdue. It is quite common that speakers do not pay attention to metaphorical expressions but take them almost for the objective characteristic of anger.

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ON SOME ORIENTAL ELEMENTS IN OLD NOVGORODIAN AND OTHER OLD RUSSIAN DIALECTS

Author(s): Klára Agyagási / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The author is aiming to interpret the historical connection between Old Russian kamka and Old Novgorodian õàìú ‘textile of silk damask’. She comes to the conclusion that the former is a borrowing from East Old Turkic qamqï, while the latter is a loan from West Old Turkic χamï. Both Old Turkic words are of Chinese origin.

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Персонажи Книги книг в сравнениях белорусов и украинцев (на фоне других языков)

Author(s): Irina Vladimirovna Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The paper studies the presentation of Belarusian and Ukrainian biblical similes in dictionaries as well as their use by native speakers. Some of the examples are supplied with etymological commentaries.

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Із спостережень над особливостями лексики, що пов’язана з традиційним харчуванням, у говірках Криворіжжя

Author(s): Mykola Werbowyj / Language(s): Russian Issue: 64/2017

The article deals with the similarities and differences in the dialects of villages in the Kryvyi Rih region and the general Ukrainian language.The article presents a description of the system analysis of the peculiarities of lexicon which are closely related with the traditional way of baking homemade bread in the steppe dialects of the Kryvyi Rih region. A certain amount of these words as a rule becomes obsolete and vanishes. The work has been compiled from original sources of dialect texts collected in five villages founded in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries in the Kryvyi Rih region. The analysis of collected dialect material is made in the accordance with corresponding dictionaries and writings of ethnographical material of 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries collected on the areas closed to the Kryvyi Rih region.The analyzed material makes it possible to determine which lexicon is closely related to food in the dialects of the Kryvyi Rih region. This lexicon possesses main features coincided with local peculiarities of steppe dialects in general and exposes its local phonetical, grammatical and semantic peculiarities.

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