Німецькі назви ремісників друкарського ремесла у польській та східнослов’янських мовах

Author(s): Pyc Taras / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2015

The present paper focuses on the problem of ascertainment of dialectal sources and ways of spread of the handicraft names of the printing trade borrowed from German and their distribution in the Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages (Pol. druckarz/ drukier, zycer/ zecer, Ukr. гисаръ/ гисеръ, друкар(ъ)/ друкарь, зицер/ зицєр, Bel. друкар(ъ), зицеръ). The problem of distribution of compound words is also considered. The German dialectal source is studied on the basis of comparison and analysis of written recollection of German and Slavonic languages.

НОМИНАТИВНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА МОЛОДЕЖНОГО СЛЕНГА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Gennadij Nikolaev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2003

Slang raises the interest of linguists because of its realization of the possibilities which are not used as a rule in the literary language but are placed in the language system. This paper concerns both traditional and specific nominative means in the contemporary Russian youth slang.

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ФОРМЫ БЕЗЛИЧНОСТИ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Andrej Petrov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2003

The semantic-grammatical category of impersonality in Russian has synthetic and analytical forms of expression - impersonal words and impersonal constructions. In the article functioning of analytical forms of impersonality is considered. The author distinguishes and describes three types of impersonal modal phrases-schemes, namely: nie + Nom, niet + Gen, nie do + Gen.

ИМЕНА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ С СУФФИКСОМ -СТВИЕ В РУССКИХ НАРОДНЫХ ГОВОРАХ

Author(s): Tatʹjana Popova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2003

The article is devoted to one of the aspects of Russian nominal dialect word formation, and namely - semantic and derivative peculiarities of substantives featuring bookish- Slavonic suffix -stviye in Russian dialects. Analytical work is carried out in diachronically aspectminded stylistic and territorial nuances.

АКРОНИМЫ В КОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ КОРРЕСПОНДЕНЦИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Author(s): Stanisław Szadyko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2003

The article contains the analysis of the acronyms without the usage of periods, created from the initial letters of multi-word names, and which are used in written commercial contacts in Russian language of the present time. These are mainly borrowings from English language.

RUSÇADA DARALMA SÜRECİ

Author(s): Zulfiya Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The acquisition of phonetic competence in the process of foreign language learning is very important, because communication, the main purpose of learning any language, can be achieved only through correct pronunciation. Phonological processes that exist in the phonetic systems of languages are natural and inevitable facts of pronunciation. The majority of phonetic processes are developed on the basis of the least effort law, and phonetic competence, reflecting these processes, significantly increases the effectiveness of foreign language usage. This study is devoted to the vowel reduction phenomenon, one of the most specific characteristics of the Contemporary Russian. One of the most prominent features of vowel reduction in Russian is its two-stage process. The fact that the reduction is two-staged, various- in terms of positional and combinatorial context, and not reflected in the written language make this phenomenon a complex point in learning Russian as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to describe and systemize Russian vowel reduction phenomenon. Study also contains some suggestions on how to overcome problems in building phonetic competence of reduction. The reduction patterns described in the paper concern Contemporary Standard Russian, which is based on the Moscow Dialect. The reduction phenomenon is described within the framework of the Russian phonetic tradition.

Об изменениях в лексике русской лирической поэзии

Author(s): Mihály Péter / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The paper intends to present the general tendency of lexical change in Russian lyrical po- etry during the last two hundred years on some arbitrarily selected examples. The odes of Lomonosov were accomplished in the lofty style based on Slavonic, rhetorical, and other “poetical” devices. In Derzhavin’s ode Felica, enthusiastic and ironical elements, pathos and everyday talk are combined. In Zhukovski’s romantic poetry the objective sense of words is overshadowed by their emotive overtones. In avoiding the grandiloquent romantic lexis, Nekrasov describes the hopeless hard life of Russian peasantry with deep sympathy, and reliably reproduces the popular speech. In the cited poem of Akhmatova, the psychic drama of the heroine is expressed by a peculiar connection of words belonging to different stylistic layers. The entirely prosaic lexis and syntax of Blok’s short poem suggests the poet’s feeling about the hopeless immobility of life in a condensed metaphoric shape. Vino- kurov’s poem relates an imagined accidental meeting of former lovers after thirty years of their separating in an entirely colloquial style. Since a poem of genuine aesthetic value appears as a complex artistic work, its components mutually strengthen, supplement, or compensate each other. Thus, the increase of colloquial elements in the poetic vocabulary does not necessarily indicate a process of “depoetization”.

Using wiki in the design of bilingual online course

Author(s): Andrew V. Danilo,Rinata R. Zaripova,Nnamdi Anyameluhor / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The aim of the study was to develop the web-based teaching course for use in the process of Information and communication technology learning by the Tatar-speaking students. The first-year students of Higher School of Tatar Philology and Intercultural Communication of Kazan Federal University took part in the experiment. They were divided into two groups. The experimental group consisted of 25 trainees and control group included 25 students. The educational experiment was carried out during one semester of the academic year 2015/16 and 2016/17. In teaching of the subject 'Computer Science' (36 hours), the technology CLIL K1 and Web 2.0-based training materials were used in the experimental group. Processing of the results with the help of statistical methods led to the conclusion that the positive changes in the experimental group were due to CLIL-assisted training, using teaching materials, developed on the basis of Web 2.0 technologies K1.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ СВОЙ В АСПЕКТЕ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА КАК ИНОСТРАННОГО

Author(s): Natalia Sergeevna Shubina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2021

The aim of the article is to investigate the specific functioning of the pronoun svoy (own), which in most cases has no analogues in other languages, namely the semantic, grammatical and pragmatic features of the lexeme in the context of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The need for a systematic review of this category is determined by the existence of mistakes and doubts of both foreigners and native speakers of the Russian language when using the reflexive possessive pronoun. The article analyzes the techniques and stages of introducing language material aimed at learning the rules of using the pronoun svoy through the examples of various textbooks for teaching Russian as a foreign language. The practical value of the article is in presenting recommendations for using the lexeme svoy: the author draws conclusions about when it is possible or impossible to replace it with the possessive pronouns my, your,etc., and notes the limited syntactic functions of the pronoun svoy in connection with the polysemy of the lexeme and the conditions of the speech act.

З історії лінгвоукраїністики в Угорщині (мовознавча діяльність Ласлова Чопея)

Author(s): Erzsébet Bárány / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The investigation of Ukrainian linguistics in Hungary has a long history. The researchers in this field have focused mainly on issues of synchronic and diachronic dialectology, in particular Transcarpathian, as well as the problems of Ukrainian–Hungarian interlingual contacts. László Csopey’s name is first known in Ukrainian lexicography as the compiler of the Ruthenian–Hungarian Dictionary (Budapest, 1883). We have analyzed the paper Hungarian words in the Ruthenian language and the register of the Ruthenian–Hungarian dictionary in order to present the etymology of words that are controversial in terms of their origin and aimed to compare various assessments of the dictionary by linguists from the time of its appearance to the present. László Csopey was a Hungarian teacher, translator, and linguist. In the encyclopaedia of the Ukrainian language, he is described as follows: “László (Vasyl) Csopey – a Ukrainian linguist; he wrote in the language which is very close to the Transcarpathian folk language of the central part of the region”. Yurii Shevelyov adds: “Vasyl Csopey is a teacher, compiler of textbooks for public schools of Transcarpathia (1881–1890)”. In 2004, the Hungarian Slavist Attila Hollós prepared for publication the generalized work László Csopey’s life and works with an introductory paper by István Udvari. At the request of the Ministry of Education, László Csopey compiled and translated eight textbooks for public schools. He began to investigate Hungarian–Slavic language contacts and published the paper Hungarian words in the Ruthenian language in 1881. The paper can be considered the first in the field of investigation of Hungarian lexical borrowings in the Ukrainian dialects on the territory of present-day Transcarpathia. In his paper, the author has listed all the Hungarian lexical elements of the Bereg dialect known to him, pointed out the phonetic changes that took place in the Ukrainian language, and gave a thematic classification indicating, in fact, areas for further research. It is traditionally believed that the Ukrainian–Hungarian dictionary publication dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century with the appearance of Ruthenian–Hungarian Dictionary by László Csopey. The dictionary was highly praised by the Hungarian Royal Academy of Sciences and the author received the Fekésházi Prize. The dictionary register has 20,000 entries and reflects the lexical composition of the Transcarpathian East Slavic dialects well-known to the compiler. Living far from the Ukrainian-speaking area in the late nineteenth century, László Csopey emphasized the independence of the Ukrainian language, defended the right to its development and functioning. We believe that the analyzed dictionary is a valuable lexicographical work, and its author is considered the founder of Ukrainian–Hungarian lexicography. László Csopey’s work is still relevant up to now and it can be used by lexicologists, dialectologists, language historians as well as specialists in interlingual and interdialectical contacts, and its results form the basis for further research in these fields of linguistics.

Phonetic Reduction of Intervocalic [w] in Contemporary Polish

Author(s): Sylwester Jaworski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper reports the results of an acoustic study concerned with deletion of intervocalic [w] in contemporary Polish. The data for analysis were obtained by asking twenty monolingual native speakers of Polish, ten males and ten females, to tell the story of a film or a book whose protagonist was female. The results revealed that approximately 25% of the sound combinations in question were reduced phonetically to a vowel geminate. In cases of deletion, the formant trajectories of the examined sound sequences either did not show any signs of the glide or the expected drop in formant frequencies throughout the glide section is so slight that it is rather unlikely to produce an auditory impression of a [w] sound. Importantly, in the analysed recordings, w-dropping affects only the glide elements found in various verb forms, while intervocalic [w] appears to be resistant to deletion in the few cases where the glide constitutes an element of the stem, e.g. in the nouns skała ‘rock’and szkoła ‘school’. [Przedstawione w artykule wyniki analizy akustycznej opisują częstotliwość, z jaką międzywokaliczna głoska [w] jest usuwana ze strumienia mowy. Analizie poddano wypowiedzi 20 rodzimych użytkowników języka polskiego, których poproszono o opowiedzenie fabuły filmu, w którym główną postacią jest kobieta. Wyniki analizy akustycznej wskazują, że w ok. 25% przypadków międzywokaliczne [w] nie jest wymawiane, jeśli stanowi element końcówki fleksyjnej czasownika, np. -ała, -iła, -yła. W takich przypadkach trajektorie formantów, jak również ich intensywność, nie wskazywały na obecność półsamogłoski [w] pomiędzy samogłoskami lub zmiany te były tak niewielkie, że nie wywoływały akustycznego wrażenia głoski [w]. W badaniu nie stwierdzono przypadków usunięcia [w], jeśli dźwięk ten znajdował się w podstawie słowotwórczej, np. w słowach skała, szkoła.]

ПІДХОДИ ДО ОПИСУ ІННОВАЦІЙ У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ НЕОГРАФІЇ

Author(s): Yevheniia Karpilovs’ka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

The intensive development of the Ukrainian language at the turn of the 21st century due to its new status as the official language of independent Ukraine, the essential changes in Ukrainian society and Ukraine’s openness to globalisation have led to the forming of new disciplines in Ukrainian linguistics – neology and neography. They present two interconnected approaches to the analysis and lexicographic description of new language units (innovations) – the differential and the integral approach. The first approach involves the study of innovations in comparison with the existing units of the language, the search of criteria for determining their types by the features of their novelty in the language system and in text. The second approach focuses on the degree of stability of innovations in modern Ukrainian, i.e. the importance of concepts they verbalise in the conceptual and the linguistic worldview of the modern Ukrainians. The functional potential of a certain innovation in the linguistic activity of a society is an indicator of the degree of its stability in the language. It is a set of units consisting of innovation by paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic (derivational) relations. The analysis of the word as the basic unit of Ukrainian nomination, prediction and evaluation enable the identification of other types of language innovations. The modern Ukrainian lexicon presents the following types of neologisms: new derivatives, new borrowings, neosemanticisms, neographisms, actualised and returned words. The application of the differential approach is advisable when gathering new language material, whereas the integrated approach is necessary when identifying the stabilised linguistic innovations, as it can be a resource for replenishing the general lexicon of a language. The results of the analysis of this new lexicon are presented in the differential and integral neological dictionaries.

Славянская историческая лексикология и лексикография: сб. научных трудов. Вып. 2. В. Н. Калиновская, И. А. Малышева (отв. ред.). СПб.: Институт лингвистических исследований РАН, 2019, 317 стр.

Author(s): Dragana M. Kerkez / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

ИТОГИ 45-ЛЕТНЕГО ИЗДАНИЯ «СЛОВАРЯ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА XI–XVII ВВ.»

Author(s): Margarita Ivanovna Chernysheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The author demonstrates the forty-five-year development process of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries (DRL 11–17). With the revision of the original concept and the implementation of the various scientific researchers taking into account the latest scientific achievements, this publication has become a fundamental contemporary academic dictionary. The author gives her own observation results concerning the lexicographic improvement of the DRL 11–17.

УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ШРИФТ: ВИТОКИ, ЕТАПИ ФОРМУВАННЯ, СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

Author(s): Dubrivna Antonina,Sofiia Doronina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 40/2021

The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the establishment of the Ukrainian font and analysis of the interaction of formative and figurative features in the retrieval system of national style. The methodology is built according to the general principles of art history of scientific knowledge based on system analytical, complex-historical, formal approaches, and generalization. The scientific novelty lies in the revelation of visual and communicative aspects and artistic and stylistic features of the Ukrainian font within the context of a comprehensive definition of the factors of its formation and development. Conclusion. The perspective of the development of the modern Ukrainian font is outlined, which lies in the assertion of the national component based on the stable foundation of the past, the contradictions of evolution, and the formation of its new forms and models. The special role of the Ukrainian font as a means of visual communication with a high level of perception by native speakers of the Ukrainian language is determined. The positive effect of using accidental fonts in order to embody Ukrainian authentic folk traditions has been revealed.

АКТИВНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Author(s): Aleksandar Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

Том 1, А–Б, В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, И. В. Галактионова, М. Я. Гловинская, Б. Л. Иомдин, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. В. Урысон; Отв. ред. Ю. Д. Апресян, Москва: Языки славянской культуры, 2014. – 408 стр.; Том 2, В–Г, В. Ю. Апресян, Ю. Д. Апресян, Е. Э. Бабаева, О. Ю. Богуславская, И. В. Галактионова, М. Я. Гловинская, Б. Л. Иомдин, Т. В. Крылова, И. Б. Левонтина, А. А. Лопухина, А. В. Птенцова, А. В. Санников, Е. В. Урысон; Отв. ред. Ю. Д. Апресян, Москва: Языки славянской культуры, 2014. – 736 стр.

Diminutive Contronyms in Ukrainian

Author(s): Natalia Ruda / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the paper, the phenomenon of diminutive contronymy in the Ukrainian language is investigated. Being a type of polysemy, the contronymy is assumed as a universal semantic category with peculiarities in expressive means and in pragmatic functioning across languages. Contronymy is a defining attribute of diminutives in numerous languages. The present paper highlights the main causes for the occurrence of opposite meanings in the semantic structure of Ukrainian diminutives and reveals the range of potential ‘positive’ / ‘negative’ connotative semes within a single diminutivized word. Axiological ambiguity of the concept ‘smallness’ is considered to be the main cause for the occurrence of diminutive contronymy. The phenomenon of contradictory meanings within the category of diminutiveness is explained first of all by the fact that the notion ‘smallness’ potentially may be regarded with endearment, affection, tenderness, etc., on the one hand, and with disrespect, derogation, depreciation, etc., on the other hand. Other factors of the occurrence of opposite meanings in the semantics of Ukrainian diminutives are determined as well: a) contextual pejorization or meliorization of the meaning of the diminutive, b) euphemization, c) social inconsistency in the assessment of an object marked with a certain diminutive, d) pragmatic goals of the addresser.

Валентнісні характеристики акціональних та процесуальних дієслів у мові та мовленні (порівняльний аспект)

Author(s): Olesia Sulyma / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

The paper deals with the specificity of the valence characteristics of the action and procedural verbs in language and speech. Modern linguistic research is aimed primarily at the functioning of language units at different levels. However, the valence characteristics of lexical and grammatical categories of words, in particular verbs, are studied in terms of formal and semantic features, often without distinguishing the specifics of the manifestation of this category in language and speech. The proposed study is based on the results of questionnaires of respondents, which allows us to draw conclusions about the specifics of the valence of verbs in language and speech. The purpose of the study is to establish the differences between the perception of valence characteristics of verbs in language and speech, and to outline the specifics of the influence of the semantics of the subject syntaxeme or the absence of this syntaxeme on the establishment of the number of obligatory components in the structure of a simple sentence. The following methods were used in the research: questionnaire (to obtain the actual research material); unattended observation (to establish the specifics of valence characteristics of impersonal verbs); descriptive (to inventory the results of the questionnaire, in particular the description of individual groups of verbs and their valence in context and outside it); contextual analysis (to establish seme, actualized by a narrow context), and statistical analysis (to establish the relationship between the valence characteristics of verb forms in the context and outside it). The valence of verbs in the context and outside it is distinguished by a) the number of open valence positions; b) the quality of obligatory components for the formation of the general meaning of the sentence. The number of open positions is influenced by the specifics of the use of the verb in the personal or impersonal utterance. Personal verbs used in the impersonal sense lose part of the open valence positions, acquiring the semantics of the actual procedurality. At the same time, the majority of respondents defined such verbs as actionality out of the context. The semantics of the subject, particularly in the aspect of the category “being / non-being”, has less effect on the number of open valence positions but has a greater effect on the quality of the required components. In particular, the subject-non-being actualizes mainly the circumstantial semantics of the distributors in terms of the specifics of the process, in particular its course, time constraints, the space where the process takes place, and so on.

Неологизмы эпохи пандемии: маркеры квалификации

Author(s): Zifa Kakbaevna Temirgazina,Uldanai Bakhtikireeva,Nadezhda Konstantinovna Khan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

In the present paper, the intensive beginning stage of the formation of a “newspeak” is observed in the era of pandemics, when native speakers form new words for denoting realia that are new both for them and their experience acquired in extraordinary conditions. The “pandemic” discourse formed by these speakers primarily includes changes in the lexicosemantic system of the Russian language. The aim of this paper is to describe new words (both semantic and lexical neologisms) and define the markers of the novelty of words in the minds of native speakers, which is of certain interest in the active stage of the formation of a “newspeak” in the era of pandemics. The development of pandemics is denoted by the notion of scenario, which in combination with relative adjectives like Italian, Swiss, Chinese, etc. present the specificity of pandemics in various countries. The borrowing Covid, quickly adopted by Russian speakers, becomes a derivative base for many lexical neologisms formed by the addition of word stems and affixation (Covid centre, Covid taxi, anti-Covid). Lexical neologisms form the majority of new words. In the paper, some individual author’s neologisms are also studied, which are based on a pun and serve an expressive function in the language (covidimo-nevidimo). During the analysis of special literature and the survey of native speakers, it was revealed that the markers of novelty have both a logical (“an unusual meaning”) and a visual perceptive character (“an odd-sounding”, “Latin script in spelling”, or “words in inverted commas”). As the survey shows, in the minds of native speakers who do not have any special knowledge, visual markers play a leading role in defining words as new ones. The intuitively perceived marker “an unusual meaning” is supported by visual markers: the spelling and the sounding. In the active period of the functioning of a neologism, its important feature of identification for ordinary speakers of Russian is the metagraphemics (the Latin script and the inverted commas) and the sounding form of a neologism. After some time, a part of external visual markers of the novelty of words is lost, for instance, inverted commas are not used, the Latin script is substituted by the Cyrillic script, and the sounding form of the word becomes usual. This means that the word loses its novelty for Russian native speakers and becomes a common word.

Z lokalnych zapożyczeń wschodniosłowiańskich w gwarach polskich – dryhle ‘galareta’

Author(s): Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 74/2019

Names of dishes occur frequently as loanwords/borrowings on territories where various languages co-occur. Some of those are of a wider range, other are confi ned to a small territory. The article presents an interpretation of a potential borrowing of an East-Slavic word „drahle” („dryhle”) ‘aspic’, which is characteristic to the Polish-Slavic frontier and takes a considerable area in the borderline dialects. The occurrence of this name in the central part of Poland makes it impossible to indicate the source of borrowing unambiguously.