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Morfološko označavanje živosti: različito označavanje objekta u usvajanju hrvatskoga jezika

Author(s): Andrea Poljak,Gordana Hržica,Diana Arapović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 79/2015

Language acquisition is a topic that has preoccupied researchers for years. Acquisition of morphology is very demanding for children, so they may use different strategies for simplifying complex segments of language morphology. The most frequent strategy is overregularization. The main goal of this research was to explain the acquisition of differential object marking (DOM) in Croatian. DOM in Croatian refers to the different marking of the accusative case regarding the animacy status of the object. Acquisition of DOM has been observed through three idioms: child language, child directed speech and adult to adult speech. It was expected that overregularizations will be formed by adding the morpheme –a in accusative case of inanimate masculine nouns. The study is based on the data from the Croatian corpus of child language (Kova~evi}, 2002) and the Croatian corpus of spoken language (Kuva~ Kraljevi}, Hr`ica, in preparation). Overregularizations were found in all three idioms. In child language, overregularizations are evidence of language acquisition strategies. In child directed speech, they might represent one of the strategies that adults use to aid the child in acquiring language. Overregularizations found in adult speech are sparse and restricted to the Kajkavian dialect.

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Prozodijske karakteristike u govorima učenika Behram-begove medrese

Author(s): Admir Muratović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

Accent or stress means to emphasize a single syllable in a word with the strength and height in relation to other syllables, while the accentuation or prosody (<Greek prosodia = emphasis) is the part of the science of language that represents all the characteristics of accented syllables, but also non-accented, and relationships between them. In the modern Bosnian language, there are four types of accent: short-falling, short-rising, long-falling and long-rising. In this work, we analyzed the most prominent prosodic features in speeches of Behram-begova medresa’s students, who come from different areas of our Canton and beyond. Therefore, using their speech, they mainly represent speech characteristics of the entire population of places from which they come. A certain number of errors registered in their speeches is related to almost our entire Canton, especially its rural area; while some errors are related only to some places. It is noted that an accentual errors, and generally a language errors, are more represented in speeches of lower grade students than in speeches of older grade students. Special credit for this belongs to the quality of classes in the subject Bosnian language and literature, and to the successful work of multiple sections within the extracurricular activities: Journalism section, Poetry section, Translation section, Debate section, etc.

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POČECI SLUŽBENE UPOTREBE BOSANSKOG JEZIKA

Author(s): Alen Kalajdžija / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2016

This article discusses the issue related to beginning of the formal use of the official language in the Ottoman Bosnia in the second half of the 19th century. Based on that, following the scientific data and historiographical sources, the focus is shifting from the so-called Kallay language policy and the reforms of the Austro-Hungarian period’s school system to the previous period of Ottoman governance in Bosnia, in the context of Tanzimat reforms. Thus, the focus of attention turns from the ingrained attitudes about the political inferiority of the Bosnian language in the Austro-Hungarian period. It is concluded that the Austro-Hungarian government continued implementing systemic reform language policy that was preceded.

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Realizacija naglasaka na Radiju Herceg-Bosne

Author(s): Josip Zelenika / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 22/2016

The Radio Herzeg–Bosnia is an important factor in preserving the Croatian Language and speech among the Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and at the moment it is the only radio medium in Croatian in Bosnia and Heregovina at the state level. Since the speech in the electronic media is public and subject to constant criticism of linguists and audience, it is an interesting field for investigating the real situation, for the verification of successful realization of the standard language. The research covered the subject matter consisting of the daily news recordings of the Radio Herzeg–Bosnia lasting for five minutes at different times of the day. By the auditory method, the pronounced accents were identified and compared with the accents prescribed by the accent standard of the Croatian Language. The results show the degree of accentuation correctness, in other words the departure from the prosodic standard in the speech of the speakers at the Radio Herzeg–Bosnia. So, even those who are considered as language professionals do not adhere to the standard accentuation.

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STRUKTURNI MODELI NEKONGRUENTNIH SINTAGMI S KVALITATIVNIM ZNAČENJEM U BOSANSKOME JEZIKU

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2014

This paper deals with different grammatical models of incongruous noun phrases with qualitative meaning, their mutual meaning relations and the parallel usage of these models in certain contexts. Therefore this paper is centered on grammatical structures with or without prepositions in the genitive,accusative, instrumental and locative cases. Also discussed are noun phrases which have a tied noun phrase with undeclined numbers in the position of dependent articles. All the above-mentioned structural models are marked with specific meaning characteristics according to the essential meanings of the cases, to characteristics of the governing and dependent elements of a phrase, the meaning characteristics of the prepositions in prepositional-case constructions and appearance of complements or adjuncts in such structures. Every single constructional model is marked with specific shades of meaning; hence the purpose of this paper is to offer their morphological-syntactic and semantic comparisons.

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Zašto nam je potreban novi pravopis bosanskog jezika

Author(s): Hasnija Muratagić-Tuna / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2017

The first Bosnian language orthography book, known as orthography textbook by Halilović, was met with both delight and numerous criticisms. However, it has to be said that most of the criticism were unfounded. Without the diminishing the value of orthography textbook by Halilović, we still need a now orthography textbook, given the fact of numerous changes happening in language, especially given the great influx of foreign words that have rooted in and became common part of speech and language. Many people are uncertain on how to write and spell those words properly. We believe that the loanwords have to be registered in and their spelling regulated by the orthography. The contemporary orthography textbook is also needed for the fact that the existing one contains numerous “not-learnable” rules which need to be tackled and resolved. We believe that the rules should get simplified but also brought down to reasonable measure and scope. It must be taken in consideration that the orthography textbooks are in use by wider population and not limited to the utilisation by the niche of language explorers only. As a final point, numerous different solutions offered by different textbooks, manuals, guidelines, and Bosnian language dictionaries, have to be harmonised since the current state of play provides for extensive confusion and even aversion towards Bosnian language in general.

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Българският възрожденски пуризъм

Author(s): Nadka Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The paper provides a synthetic exposure ofa broader and in-depth study on the idea ofpurity of the emerging new Bulgarian literary language during the Renaissance. The purizm is interpreted as an accepted language doctrine expressed in the struggle for the emancipation of the Bulgarian language in the active action of cleaning of foreign grammatical and lexical resources.

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Bedeutsame Defäkation, unbedeutende Kopulation. Semantische und pragmatische Unterschiede zwischen südslawischen und deutschen Maledikta

Author(s): Bojan Perić / Language(s): German Issue: 27/2018

Swearwords are an important part of spoken language. This paper compares German and South-Slav swearwords by resorting to literature and a survey conducted on bilingual persons. In so doing, it establishes structural as well as semantic differences: Whereas pejorative expressions in German are structurally stiff and, for the most part, have a scatological semantics,South-Slav swearwords exhibit a high level of flexibility and mostly resort to sexual vocabulary. It is therefore fair to assume that their use differs as well: While German expressions are in principle used as real swearwords,South-Slav expressions (apart from a secondary, pejorative function), are used to bring to the fore otherwise tabooed sexual topics.

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Neka istraživanja u oblasti prozodije srpskohrvatskog jezika

Author(s): Asim Peco / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1987

In dieser Arbeit werden die bisherigen Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der serbokroatischen Akzentlehre dargestellt, und zwar auf drei Ebenen: a) der phonetischen Untersuchungen, b) der Erklärung des Akzentwechsels und c) des phonologischen Werts des Akzents.

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Pasivne konstrukcije za iskazivanje referencijalne i nereferencijalne prošlosti

Author(s): Sreto Tanasić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/1986

Die referenzielle Vergangenheit wird durch die COP + SE-Konstnuktion ausgedrückt. Durch diese Konstruktion kann auch die nichtreferenzielle Vergangenheit zum Ausdruck gebracht werden. Die perfektiven Verben werden dabei jedoch fast immer ausgeschlossen. Ausser dieser Konstruktionen kann COP+SE-Potenzialis die niehtreferenzielle Vergangenheit ausdrücken. Sie kann auch durch die Konstruktion: Perfekt des Verbs bivati + Partizip Perfekt ausgedrückt werden. Diese Konstruktion hat weder unter den Passivkonstruktionen zur Bezeichnung der referenziellen Vergangenheit noch unter den aktiven Konstruktionen eine Entsprechung. Alle drei erwähnten Konstruktionen erlauben auch die Verwendung von imperfektiven Verben. Der perfektive Aspekt ist also beim Ausdrücken der nichtreferenziellen Vergangenheit durch Passivkonstruktionen nicht völlig ausgeschlossen.

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Књижевнојезичка политика и језичке норме

Author(s): Ismet Smailović / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/1980

Закључци о књижевном језику и књижевнојезичкој политици у Босни и Херцеговини дио су опће политике Босне и Херцеговине, њених друштвених напора, дио су културне политике која je формулисана и у закључцима двију сједница Централног комитета Савеза комуниста Босне и Херцеговине, и у законским и другим актима Скупштине Босне и Херцеговине, и у педагошким и другим напорима образовних и културних институција. Због тога они нити могу нити смију имати привремени карактер, због тога се не смију схватити као вербална декларација, због тога они нису обавеза само политичких активиста већ и научних, културних и просвјетних радника у Босни и Херцеговини, због тога не могу бита краткотрајна и факултативна теорија, већ стална и обавезна пракса, због тога су сигуран путоказ који нас неће упућивата на странпутице, него усмјеравати на најбоље и најсигурниje путеве у области научног, културног, проевјетног и педагошког рада.

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O nekim problemima srpskohrvatske fonologije

Author(s): Radoje Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1980

Der Autor erörtert Probleme, die sich aus den bisherigen Untersuchungen zu phonologischen Fragen in der in- und ausländischen Linguistik ergeben. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Feststellung des Phoneminventars der serbokroatischen Schriftsprache. Wesentlich sind ausserdem einige Probleme der experimentellen Phonetik wie röntgenographische Untersuchungen der Konsonantenphysiologie, ausserdem die akustische Analyse der Tonalitätsmerkmale der Konsonanten, namentlich der Affrikaten, u. a.

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Iz problematike veza „enklitičkih“ oblika ličnih zamjenica sa prijedlozima

Author(s): Josip Baotić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/1979

В своей статье автор освещает два вопроса связанных с проблематикой сочетаний предлогов с краткими формами личных местоимений: а) адекватность термина энклитические формы местоимений для кратких форм личных местоимений, которые вместе с предлогами создают падежные синтагмы, б) происхождение различий в ударении в формах сочетаний односложных и двусложных предлогов с местоименными формами те, te, se. Касаясь первого вопроса автор подчёркивает, что термен энклитические формы, личных местоимений для форм me, te, se а в особенности для nj не адекватный, потому что первые появляются и с предлогами как целое, обь единённое одним ударением; в то время как последняя форма nj никогда не может оказаться в чистом энклитическом положении. При рассмотрении типологических различий природы ударения в сочетаниях односложных и двусложных предлогов с краткими формами местоимений zâ mе и prëdâ mе, автор не считает, что они происходят из циркумфлексной и акутовой интонаций старых местоимений mе, te, se в прошлом. Он также ставит под вопрос развитие фром zâ mе, prëdâ mе как результат новоштокавского перенесения акутовых ударений на предлог. При этом автор уверен, что аргументы идут на пользу утверждения о развитии этих форм под влиянием формф ударения в со четаниях предлогов с полными формами местоимений: zà mene.

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О писању приједлога уз замјеничке и прилошке сложенице с ријечцама "ни" и "и"

Author(s): Milan Šipka / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1975

Замјеничке и прилошке сложенице с ријечцама ни и и: нико (нитко), ништа, никоји, ничији, никакав, николики, ико (итко), ишта, икоји, ичији, икакав, иколики, затим ниједан, иjedan, никуда и сл. често долазе у везу с приједлозима.

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Jezički savjeti

Author(s): S. M. / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1974

U našoj štampi i u drugim tekstovima, ne tako rijetko, susrećemo ovakvu, pogrešnu upotrebu zareza ispred enklitike, tj. ispred riječi bez akcenta. Pravilo je našeg jezika da se eklitike, s obzirom na to da su nenaglašene, akcenatski naslanjaju na riječ ispred sebe, da s njom čine akcenatsku cjelinu. Bez one umetnute rečenice (»koja traje 5 godina«) enklitika je mogla bi stajati tamo gdje ju je postavio autor: »... baterija od legure hroma je uzgredni proizvod...« Međutim, u ovakvoj rečeničnoj konstrukciji kako je u naslovu citirana zarez joj sprečava da se nasloni na prethodnu riječ. U takvom slučaju mora se mijenjati red riječi, odnosno, enklitika mora doći na drugo mjesto u završnom dijelu rečenice. Cijela navedena (složena) rečenica korektno bi glasila: Svjetlosna baterija od legure hroma, koja traje 5 godina, uzgredni je proizvod američkog svemirskog programa.

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The Impact of English on Bosnian: Anglicisms in Bosnian Press

Author(s): Berina Šijerkić,Eldin Milak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This study is mainly concerned with the presence of Anglicisms in and their influence on the Bosnian language, with a greater focus on Anglicisms in the media and web portals. The study investigates several local web portals in an attempt to determine which sections of the portals and are adapting English words the most, and in what way the adaptation occurs. The study also explores the way in which journalists use Anglicisms in their work. The main goal of this research was to determine at what level Anglicisms are adapted into the Bosnian language the most, and what aspects of language contain most Anglicisms in use. This research helps us understand the importance of the English language in general, and particularly its impact on the Bosnian language.

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ЈЕЗИЧКИ КРАЈОЛИК СРБИЈЕ (ДРУГИ ДЕО): ЖАНРОВСКА ДИГРАФИЈА И СЕМИОТИЗАЦИЈА ПИСAМА

Author(s): Dejan Ivković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2015

This paper presents the second part of the study of the linguistic landscape (LL) of Serbia and digraphia as its main characteristic. In the first part, the study is concerned with perceptions and awareness of alphabet presence in the public sphere among residents of Serbia, that is, the 'subjective' dimension of Serbia's LL. This paper explores its 'objective' dimension, by documenting, analyzing and explaining the processes underlying the use of the two scripts across a range of contexts and situations that sets Serbia's speech community apart from those in other polities in Europe and beyond. The workings of digraphia processes are here described as genre digraphia. More specifically, genre digraphia is defined as a tendency of use of one or the other alphabet in a particular domain/subdomain of language use, or genre: context, content, agency, activity, as well as within a particular spatial and temporal frame. Accordingly, one or the other alphabet would more likely be associated with a particular religious denomenation, political party and/or its ideological proponent(s), setting or type of everyday activity, locale, and historical event or period. Given a range of contexs in which the genre-driven alphabet split is enacted, a multimethodical approach is used (Wodak, 2006), which relies on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of the analysis indicate a high degree of agreement between the perceptions of alphabet presence in selected domains and subdomains of language use and actual presence, thus confirming the main thesis of the study that genre digraphia is the defining feature of the LL of Serbia. In addition, the linkage with the particular domain of language use gives rise to script semiotization: alphabet becomes an index – a type of semiotic sign which points to the location, relation, etc. of signifieds. Alphabet indexicality is thus instantiated in a specific context, both the immediate context of situation and the broader context of culture. In this regard, an alphabet becomes an index of religion, identity and nationhood, commodification, presss tabloidization, and internetization, to name a few.

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ЈЕЗИЧКИ КРАЈОЛИК СРБИЈЕ (ПРВИ ДЕО): ПЕРЦЕПЦИЈА ПРИСУСТВА ЋИРИЛИЦЕ И ЛАТИНИЦЕ У ЈАВНОЈ СФЕРИ

Author(s): Dejan Ivković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

Digraphia – the use of more than one writing system by the same speech community for the same language – is perhaps the most intriguing feature related to the modern Serbian usage. The crux of the phenomenon lies in a repertoire of ways modalities of alphabet use are embedded in almost every pore of the quotidian life of a Serbian speaker, where the choice of one or the other alphabet is not arbitrary but rather motivated, depending on the function of language use. With consequences that stretch beyond a mere alphabet preference, the functional split affects perce ptions, attitudes and ultimately influences orthographic behavior, depending on the context of use (Ivković, 2013, 2015). The purpose of the study is to explore awareness of the speakers of Serbian about the presence of the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets in Serbia’s linguistic landscape, including traditional and new media. An online survey, with versions in both scripts, was conducted from November 2014 to January 2015. In total, 377 respondents, from different parts of Serbia, answered 32 multiple-choice questions examining associations between alphabet choice and a particular domain of language use: context, situation, agency or discourse. The respondents had the option to select one of the following answers: “I have associations mostly with Cyrillic,” “I have associations mostly with the Latin alphabet,” “I have associations with both alphabets, equally,” and “I have no such associations.” The respondents also had the option to write a comment expressing their thoughts on digraphia. The participants responded to survey calls distributed across various social media, including several webpages and forums of “Cyrillic activists,” that is, groups of citizens who advocate the use of Cyrillic as the only script in official use in Serbia. This group, constituting approximately one third of the respondents, comprise the Activist sub-corpus. The rest of the respondents comprise the Latin and Cyrillic sub-corpora, named after the alphabet they used to complete the survey, respectively. The results of the study indicate that there is awareness about the dominance of one or the other alphabet across different domains of use, with the Cyrillic alphabet primarily being associated with the context of use of the Serbian Orthodox Church, tradition, national identity, and rural Serbia, whilst the Latin alphabet is associated primarily with consumerism, pro-Western groups and policies, entertainment, urban contexts, and the Yugoslav era, as illustrated in the graphs showing the continua of digraphia and alphabet choice across domains of language use.

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Mirela Omerović, Instrumental s prijedlozima u bosanskome jeziku

Author(s): Elmira Resić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

Review of: Omerović, Mirela, 2019. Instrumental s prijedlozima u bosanskome jeziku. Edicija Radovi, knjiga XXII. Sarajevo: Institut za jezik

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FRAZEMI S BIBLIJSKIM OSOBNIM IMENIMA U NJEMAČKIM I HRVATSKIM RJEČNICIMA

Author(s): Senka Marinčić,Magdalena Ramljak,Darija Glibić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2019

The paper analyzes phrasemes with Biblical proper names as a component in German as the source language and Croatian as the target language, relying on the equivalence typology in the framework of contrastive phraseology. The aim of the paper is to analyze Biblical origin of phrasemes, explain their background, motivation and meaning as well as to determine the level of their equivalence. For collecting materials we used monolingual and bilingual phraseological dictionaries and monolingual and bilingual general dictionaries. According to the expectations, the most dominant are the phrasemes with Biblical proper name as the component, which show partial or full correspondence of the lexeme and morfosyntactic structure with equivalence of phraseological meaning. The unexpected result is a big group of phrasemes that are not recorded in Croatian materials, although literal translations can be found very often in Biblical texts.

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