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FOREIGN TRADE NETWORK

Author(s): Zagorka Pivarski-Stojičević / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1969

Legislation was passed in July 1966 to amend the Foreign Trade Act as part of efforts to adjust the organization of foreign trade to the objectives of the Social and Economic Reform. The amendments meant a considerable liberalization of registration requirements for firms wishing to engage in foreign trade operations, especially with regard to productive organizations. The idea was to enable manufacturers, as the principal factors responsible for the successful implementation of the Economic Reform, to establish direct contact with foreign trading partners. The most important liberalizing measure was a slackening of registration requirements. This in effect meant that administrative approval for registration was no longer needed, and that the restriction whereby a business organization could only engage in one kind of foreign trade activities had been waived.

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PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF FRUIT, 1959—1968 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Aleksandar Mišev / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1969

Yugoslavia’s rapid postwar development has had a far-reaching influence on the structure of personal consumption. The steady rise in personal incomes and living standards has resulted in increased demand for a better diet (protein, vitamins, etc.), including fruit and fruit products.

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PROTECTIVE TARIFFS AND OTHER MEASURES OF PROTECTION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Milorad Savičević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1970

The switch to a market economy and freer action of market laws, especially notable since the beginning of the Economic Reform, mean that protectionism has begun to play an increasingly important role in the Yugoslav economy. The rate of exchange of the national currency, free relations and prices on the domestic market, and particularly the gradual liberalization of imports, or rather, of the foreign exchange system and external trade, all demand an efficient system of protection of the domestic economy from possible adverse influences of foreign economies, but only to an extent which will not jeopardize what has been achieved in efforts to make the national economy more accessible to world commerce.

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CREDITING EXPORTS OF CAPITAL GOODS (IN YUGOSLAVIA FROM 1959-1968)

Author(s): Slavko Baum / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1970

Exports of capital goods and construction of capital projects abroad against credit arrangements has been a regular practice in Yugoslavia ever since 1959. Up to 1968, the bulk of credits was extended on the basis of inter-state credit arrangements concluded between foreign governments and the Yugoslav Government. Federal allocations earmarked for the purpose were placed at the disposal of the Yugoslav Foreign Trade Bank, which was until 1967 the only agency authorized to conclude such arrangements.

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THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY, 1962— 1968 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Viktor Lazarević,Jevrosima Terzić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1970

Between 1962—19681, there was a steady rise in output in the textile industry, and from 1965 onwards, i.e. from the beginning of the implementation of the Economic Reform, there were intense changes in the structure of production, primarily due to an expansion of the range of products. In 1968, the textile industry’s total output exceeded the 1962 figure by over 50 per cent. There were especially high gains in the output, quality and range of finished articles, i.e. ready-made clothes and knitwear. In 1968, the textile industry took second place in value of total output among all industrial branches (after the metal-using industry), contributing in that year 11 per cent of the social product generated by industry as a whole.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1945-1970 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Džemal Drače / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1970

Agriculture in prewar Yugoslavia was mainly subsistence farming characterized by very extensive methods of cultivation. Even large estates were farmed with minimum outlays. The low level of productivity in agriculture strongly affected the entire economic structure of prewar Yugoslavia. Scientific advances were virtually never made use of and modern means of production were practically unknown, so that the volume of production was very small in relation to natural conditions and available manpower. The low level of the economic and social development of the country did not provide the necessary incentives for agriculture to develop faster. However, the relatively large supply and small demand, and the low prices of agricultural products created a fictitious picture of large production and consumption of these articles. Under such circumstances there were also relatively large surpluses left for export.

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PRODUCTIVE FIXED ASSETS IN THE SOCIALIST SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY, 1952—1969 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Julija Živadinović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1971

The present survey of the value, composition, effectiveness and capital intensity of productive fixed assets in the socialist sector of the economy in the period 1952—1969 is based on processed data for the underappreciated value (in constant 1966 prices) of the productive fixed assets of business organizations in the socialist sector for respective years. The data cover active productive fixed assets of business organizations as per end-of-year situation, exclusive of farm land and other land serving economy purposes, afforested areas, and roads. They have been classified according to the predominant activities of independent organizational units obliged to submit separate annual balance sheets.

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NEGOTIATION AND CONCLUSION OF AGREEMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS AMONG BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AS MEANS OF PROMOTING FOREIGN TRADE (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Milan Vasović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1971

In Yugoslav external trade there is a special system of negotiation and conclusion of agreements and arrangements among business enterprises concerning exports and imports of specific products and regarding specific markets. The basic purpose of such agreements and arrangements is to ensure the domestic economy well organized joint operation abroad at a time when Yugoslav business organizations are becoming increasingly independent and the Yugoslav economy increasingly outward-looking, and when efforts are being made to ensure Yugoslavia a greater share in international commerce and adjust her foreign trade to the conditions and requirements of the domestic and foreign markets. Because of this, such agreements and arrangements are becoming an increasingly important factor in the adjustment of mutual interests of business organizations and the regulation of their joint operation on foreign markets.

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THE WORKING CAPITAL OF BUSINESS (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Radoslav Vuksanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1971

Up to 1950, i.e. in the period of administrative management of the economy, working capital (obrtna sredstva) was supplied through credit plans worked out on the basis of production and financial plans of individual enterprises. In extending credits for working capital to individual enterprises the guiding criterion was their output targets in terms of value, divided by the turnover coefficient, less the amount of their working capital. Credit plans were laid down by the financial departments of the people’s committees and by ministries of finance. Banks were only in charge of the credit service and did not exercise any influence on the kind and amount of credits.

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FRONTIER COOPERATION BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES

Author(s): Gojko Mandić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1971

The favorable development of political, economic and other relations between Yugoslavia and neighbouring countries has contributed to the establishment of various kinds of frontier cooperation. This cooperation is regulated by 58 agreements and covers: traffic of persons, tourists and excursionists in the frontier zones, frontier trade; determination and settlement of boundary incidents and violations; joint supervision of frontier crossing in rail passenger traffic, crossing of and movement along the boundary for the purpose of maintenance and renewal of the boundary line and in connection with water management; railway and postal traffic, passenger traffic between seaports; mutual visits by inhabitants of the frontier zones; navigation on boundary rivers; delimitation of the continental shelf; and fishing rights in boundary waters and territorial seas.

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THE ORGANIZATION OF SELF-MANAGEMENT IN ENTERPRISES (MANAGING BODIES AND THEIR RIGHTS) - IN YUGOSLAVIA

Author(s): Ivan Paj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1971

Workers’ self-management in the generation and distribution of the social product at enterprise level (in work organizations) is one of the main foundations on which the socio-economic system in Yugoslavia is based. After factory management had been handed over to worker-producers work collectives (work communities) assumed responsibility for running their enterprises. The content and scope of self-management in enterprises are laid down by the Constitution: “Self-management in work organizations shall include in particular the right and duty of the working people: (1) To manage their work organizations directly or through bodies of management elected by themselves;

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SOME INDICATORS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY (IN YUGOSLAVIA FROM 1952-1969)

Author(s): Milenko Nikolić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1971

From 1952 to 1969, notable progress was made in the expansion of industry in Yugoslavia, with output increasing 5.6 times, the labor force 2.5 times, and the productivity of labor more than 2 times. As a result industry took a substantially different place in the Yugoslav economy. These changes were noted in all constituent republics. A rise in output, employment and labor productivity was a general feature of industrial development in each constituent republic. Industrial production and the labor force grew fastest in the least developed republics, while the rise in productivity was more even. (Table I).

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FOREIGN TRADE ENTERPRISES (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Zagorka Pivarski-Stojičević,Jovan Radanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1972

Under the Foreign Trade Act foreign trade is understood to include: exports and imports of goods, international forwarding, international carriage of goods and passengers, agency in international transport, foreign tourism, contractual goods inspection in international trade, construction of capital projects abroad, agency in international trade, brokerage in international trade, and other commercial services connected with international trade (harbor services, warehousing, international fairs, etc.).

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ARTISAN SUPPLY AND TRADE COOPERATIVES (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Elvira Mandić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1972

Performance of economic activities, including trades, by private individuals with their own means of production is regulated by the Federal Constitution, especially amendment XXIV. Private work is also discussed in the Resolution pertaining to private work with private means of production passed by the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, and in the Resolution on Employment Policy adopted at the Second Congress of Self-Managers of Yugoslavia. Since the passage of the constitutional amendments the socialist sector of the economy has found it increasingly interesting; to cooperate with private artisans. This cooperation, cannot, however, adequately prosper without some intermediary agency because of the great fragmentation and heterogeneity of private trades. This has, inter alia, been confirmed by the experience of the developed European countries in which trades are much less fragmented.

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PRICE SYSTEM AND POLICY (IN YUGOSLAVIA FROM 1966-1971)

Author(s): Stevan Govedarica / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1972

A price formation system is essential to any economy. The price level and price relations exercise a decisive influence on the economic position of individual activities, development trends and the economic structure of a country. They are also a factor of economic stability. In a modern economy characterized by large-scale investment in new plant and technology it is impossible to gain an insight into the effects of outlays without an objectivization of conditions under which price relations are formed. Stable prices are, therefore, an essential precondition for any long-term business policy, economic planning and rational investment.

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CHANGES IN THE REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTIONS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCES, 1971 AND 1972 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Lazar Labačevski,Đorđe Miljević,Nikola Stefanović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1972

At the end of 19711 and the beginning of 1972 all socialist republics and socialist autonomous provinces passed amendments to their own constitutions and fundamental laws, in conformity with the amendments to the Federal Constitution adopted in July 1971. The only exception was the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, which immediately started to work on a new integral text of its constitution. These constitutional amendments at the level of republics and autonomous provinces are a further step in developing the socio-economic and political system according to the principles of self-management. They ensure more direct influence and responsibility for working people and organizations of associated labor, a fuller assertion of the peoples and nationalities of Yugoslavia and their sovereignty and equality, and the strengthening of the statehood of the republics and of the autonomy of the provinces. These basic points of departure are a common feature to all constitutional amendments in the Federation, republics and autonomous provinces.

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THE OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY IN 1972 AND MEASURES FOR THEIR REALIZATION (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Stevan Govedarica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1973

The basic aim of socio-economic development in 1972 was to achieve a certain degree of economic stability and to alleviate the unfavorable development trends. Many development problems which had accumulated over years began to be acutely felt in 1971. Economic equilibrium was to a great extent upset because of the failure of economic policy to ensure the fulfillment of medium- and long-term development targets. There were considerable discrepancies in commodity-monetary relations, both globally and structurally, resulting in a still steeper inflationary spiral in 1971. Structural incongruities in the economy and in investments were thus further aggravated and business efficiency slackened. However, in 1971 there were some positive trends in foreign trade and in the growth of economic activity, especially in industry, and the financial position of the economy as a whole improved. But at the same time, economic movements in that year were marked by unstable economic flows, especially in the market and price sectors, a considerable balance-of-payments deficit, and an unfavorable structure of investments.

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CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1952—1972 (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Miodrag Nikolić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1973

The expansion of industrial production in the postwar period has been accompanied by important changes in the structure of Yugoslav industry. Structural changes are long-term processes. New industrial branches and new lines of production create conditions for steady industrial expansion. Different growth rates of production lead to changes in the relative significance of individual branches. Structural changes are, therefore, just as important for assessing the results of development as are the growth rates of industrial production.

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PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Dušan Tomić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1973

In the postwar period agricultural price policy has gone through two stages, each with its own different characteristics resulting from the general policy of economic development, demand for agricultural products, and institutional regulations concerning agriculture. In the period up to 1956, the basic aim of agricultural price policy was the redistribution of values generated in agriculture, so as to ensure the development of non-agricultural activities, primarily industry. The unequal terms of trade between agricultural and non-agricultural activities made it possible to accelerate industrialization and thus to increase capital formation in society as a whole. Until 1951, earnings generated by agriculture were taxed away through compulsory deliveries and low prices of agricultural produce in order to protect the standard of living. As a result of its unfavorable socio-economic position and some other reasons, agriculture developed in that period very slowly.

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PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF WHEAT (IN YUGOSLAVIA)

Author(s): Nenad Vujanić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1973

In Yugoslavia very great importance is given to wheat production. The rise in the population, changes in the national diet, the development of the food industry, and growing requirements for raw materials have all resulted in increasing needs for wheat. Various measures of economic policy have been taken since the war to intensify agricultural production and improve its financial position. Thus, agricultural production as a whole, and especially wheat growing, have been stimulated by a system of subsidies, guaranteed prices, premiums, credit and investment policy, and privileged rates of interests.

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