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Parallax: Looking at the Medieval through the Modern Lens

Author(s): Magdalena Charzyńska-Wójcik / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The objective of the paper was to articulate the gap between the medieval manuscript and its modern editions. It emphasises the need to study medieval texts in their natural context, i.e. against the manuscript codex as only then do they speak in full voice. While the usefulness of electronic editions is indisputable, a linguist working with a modern edition of a medieval text must be aware of how far it departs from the text it intends to represent. Therefore, wherever possible, it is advisable to examine manuscript scans which are now widely accessible on internet sites of the libraries housing manuscript resources. It is of paramount importance not only as a way of verifying corpus examinations but also because manuscript examinations complement the findings based on electronic data by offering invaluable clues encoded in the materiality of the manuscript. This postulate is relevant both for historical linguistic analyses and translation studies, and is equally valid for literary studies.

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Херменевтични бележки за библейските псалми

Author(s): Regina Koycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The article examines two difficult to interpret verses from the Book of Psalms. The analysis compares the Hebrew text, the Septuagint, the Old Bulgarian text (along with its Church Slavonic version) and the Modern Bulgarian synodical translation of the psalms. The proposed reading is based on linguistic, literary and theological observations. In the first analysed verse (Ps. 4:2), semantic illegibility is interpreted as a result of the implicit presence of a specific Hebraism in the translations. In the other case (Ps. 5:9), verbal expression is highly elliptical because of the preference given to the phonetic structure of the verse in the Hebrew original.

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Biblia w kulturze Rusi polsko-litewskiej w XVI wieku

Author(s): Aleksander Naumow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

Rus’ in the Sixteenth Century Beginning in the mid-fourteenth century, the East Slavic citizens of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (“Ruthenians,” the “Rutheni”) took active part in a process of multicultural integration. The increase of interests in the biblical text that took place in Europe in that period was not without influence on Ruthenians – both those who remained Orthodox and those who became followers of the Reformation. The article discusses two outstanding figures: Matvej Ioannovič Desjatyj (the biblical codex of Vilnius and Supraśl, 1502–1507) and Francisk Skorina (Prague edition of 23 Books of the Slavonic Bible – Bivlija ruska of 1517–1520, the Vilnius edition of Malaja podorožnaja knižka – The little traveller’s book, 1522, and the Apostolos of 1525). The article also examines how the circle of the Ostroh Academy approached the task of preparing a print edition of the Slavonic Bible (1580–1581) and investigates the viewpoint of those who were influenced by Reformation ideas as well as that of those promoting the usage of prosta/rus’ka mova. This biblical production, which is only a part of the literary activity undertaken in Rus’, testifies to the high level of Ruthenian culture in the Polish-Lithuanian state and shows how Ruthenians were able to match their traditional spirituality with the philologia sacra of the Renaissance.

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Парадоксалната българска рецепция на Библията през епохата на Възраждането

Author(s): Nikolay Aretov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

This paper is focused on the difficulties that Bulgarian reception of the Bible encountered in nineteenth century – the lack of older canonical translations and the opposition of the Ecumenical Patriarchate against new translations, which were associated with Protestantism. Some instances that illustrate the ideas of the Bulgarians from that period are presented. One of them is from Two Brothers (Dvama bratya; 1888–1889) by Iliya Blaskov – a semi-documental novel dealing with the fates of the author’s family. The author concludes that the image of the Holy Scripture that even pious teachers had at that time was vague and closer to folk-lore than to modern biblical notions.

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Небесният симпозиум. Коментарите към Йов 1:6 във византийската и славянската традиция

Author(s): Iskra Hristova Shomova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

Job 1:6 is one of several places in the Bible where God’s sons (celestial beings) are mentioned: “One day the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also came among them.” Numerous commentaries of the Church Fathers were included in the Greek catena to the Book of Job. Some of these were not written specially as commentaries to this passage but are extracts from works commenting the nature of the angels, their place in God’s providence and their role in human life. The author then goes on to discuss the two Slavic translations that were made of the catena. The first one comprises the majority of the texts included in the Greek catena, while the second one contains only two small passages from commentaries of Saint John Chrysostom and Olympiodoros. The article provides a comparison between Slavic texts, which were translated from Greek in the Balkans at the same time: in the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century. Several miniatures from medieval Greek manuscripts, which illustrate the Celestial symposium, are represented at the end of the article.

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Неизвестен славянски текст на катена към Псалтира в два ръкописа от Хилендар

Author(s): Ivona Karachorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

This article presents a hitherto unknown catena to the Psalter. It is divided in two parts, placed in two manuscripts: in Manuscript No. 116 (psalms 1 through 76), and in Manuscript No. 117 (the remaining psalms). The catena contains commentaries of more than 15 Byzantine authors. The article then goes on to compare the Psalter text accompanying the catena with texts of other editions. It becomes clear that the text of the Hilandar manuscripts is very close to the texts of the Mount Athos edition and of Cyprian’s edition, although it has its own characteristics. The newly found catena is the most voluminous catena translated into a Slavic language. The discovery of the text will lead to new researches into the history of the Slavic Psalter and the Slavic translations of the Bible.

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Някои особени лексеми в старобългарския превод на Иполитовото тълкувание на Книга на пророк Даниил

Author(s): Ivan I. Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The object of the current research is Talkovanie na Kniga na propok Daniil – the Slavonic version of the Commentaries on the Book of Prophet Daniel (Commentarii in Danielem, CPG 1873) by Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170–235), the earliest and most profound commentaries on this Old Testament book. They were written round 204 and their translation into Old Bulgarian can be counted among the earliest works of Bulgarian literature. The time of the Commentaries’ translation is under discussion, its dating ranging from the last decades of the ninth to the middle of the tenth century. Some linguistic facts of the Commentaries have sporadically been compared with the partial translation of the Book of the Prophet Daniel, included in the Prophetologion. Also, some comparisons have been made between the Slavonic translation of the Commentaries and the so-called Talkovni proroci – a translation of Old Testament books of prophets with commentaries. The analysis is based on a 1519 manuscript of the Commentaries (No. 486 from the Volokolamsk Collection, Russian State Library, Moscow), which follows the tradition of the earlier copies and most profoundly keeps the content of the Commentaries. In addition to morphological particularities, in the text there are many lexical idiosyncrasies, which can facilitate the dating and localization of the translation. Among these lexical markers can be singled out which show more interesting data. Many lexemes can be found which are particular to the early written codices and testify to the antiquity of the translation. For instance, some specific lexemes match with words, used in the Codex Suprasliensis and the First Miscellany of Tsar Simeon (Izbornik of 1073), which shows that the Commentaries are one of the earliest translated works of the Old Bulgarian literature.

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Коментарите към библейските четива от Теофилакт Охридски в ръкописните сбирки в Полша

Author(s): Jan Stradomski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

In the Church Slavonic literary tradition, Theophylact of Ohrid is mostly associated with his exegeses to the Bible. The collections of Cyrillic manuscripts in Poland include only a single copy of his annotated Book of Gospels (BN 12431 III, beginning of the sixteenth century), which has not yet been the subject of a separate study. The book is particularly interesting and valuable, as it contains archaic linguistic features, proving that it is an extremely old copy of the first Slavonic translation of the work. This is an important example of the presence of manuscripts related to Old East Slavonic, and also indirectly – Old Church Slavonic literary tradition in the former Polish-Lithuanian state. The article gives a codicological and linguistic characteristic of this manuscript, and its primary aim is to draw attention to the manuscript from researchers of the works of Theophylact of Ohrid, the Church Slavonic literature, and the Bible.

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O dwóch słowiańskich przekładach dialogu Ofiara Abrahama

Author(s): Małgorzata Skowronek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

The paper’s main aim is to present two South-Slavonic translations of the Renaissance Greek drama Abraham’s sacrifice (I Thysía toú Avraám) by Vincenzo Cornaro; the first one was made by the Serbian man of letters Vikentije Rakić (1750–1818) at the end of the eighteenth century, the second one – by Andrey Pop-Doynov Robovski (1801–1858), a Bulgarian priest, teacher and activist for autocephaly of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The different reception and spread of the two translation was probably due to their various cultural contexts and literary value. Rakić’s translation was widely disseminated in both printed editions and manuscript copies, two of which are described in detail in the present article.

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St Maxim the Greek (Преп. Максим Грек, 1470–1556): Some Notes on His Understanding of the Sacred Time

Author(s): Neža Zajc / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

Based on a manuscript by St Maxim the Greek, this article explores his specific understanding of the relationship between language and biblical tradition. It gives some answers to questions concerning his theology, which are posed by his liturgical experience of the sacred time, which is based not on repeating the excerptions from the patristic authors, but is primarily founded on his accurate reading and in-depth perception of the Holy Bible. Maxim the Greek, who in his personal writings showed a detailed knowledge of both the Old Testament and Slavonic biblical texts, was thus not only able to separate the canonical from the non-canonical sacred texts, but also successfully classified the Christian teachings according to ethical value, from the Old Testament prophets to the apostles and the Church Fathers. With his hierarchy he also gave meaning to the ontological-eschatological dimension (three levels – appropriate to the Holy Trinity) of their spiritual efforts. His knowledge, which also reflects the precise understanding of dogmatic theological decisions of the first ecumenical church councils, ranks highest the learning that comes directly from the Son of God, which Maxim the Greek experienced through his theological-liturgical prayer practice. Maxim found theologically unambiguous formulations which most profoundly determined the specific nature of his personal theology in the Byzantine hymnography dedicated to the Mother of God. All the mentioned facts lead the author to the further explore his specific Old Church Slavonic language, in which he managed to preserve not only the early Christian mentality but also the theological-liturgical characteristics of the ascetic and later monastic discipline that he learned in the monastery of Vatopedi at the Holy Mount Athos. The article concludes with the proposition that only through detailed study of the personal language of St Maxim the Greek can we arrive at a definition of his Theology.

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Композитите като маркери за святост в „Похвална беседа за софийските мъченици“ от XVI в.

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The Eulogy is an original Bulgarian work of an as of yet unidentified man of letters connected to the sixteenth-century Sofia Literary School. It is preserved in only one copy from the collection of Slavonic manuscripts of the Institute of Church History and Archives in Sofia. The work is dedicated to the martyrdom of three martyrs against Islam: George the New Martyr of Sofia, George the Newest Martyr of Sofia and Nicolas of Sofia. The article aims at analysing the whole inventory of composite words, their structural features and semantic profile, used to express the basic concepts of the Biblical paradigm, as well as holiness and martyrdom.

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Предмети на културата (музикални инструменти) и музиката в Библията. Към въпроса за музикалността на поетическото слово, за химнографията и лириката на Николай Лилиев

Author(s): Galia Simeonova-Konach / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The present paper is dedicated to the symbols of musical culture in semiotic and cultural discourse, as reflected by the category “cultural artefacts” (musical instruments) in the Bible. At the same time, it is as an attempt to demonstrate the literary critical and musicological potential of the problem. The category “musical instruments” in biblical texts has been discussed in a historical perspective. Another issue analysed in the paper are the rhythmic and metric structures of Byzantine and Bulgarian hymnography. Both these questions are viewed from the perspective of musical and poetical homology in Bulgarian symbolist poetry, specifically in the lyric poetry of Nikolay Liliev, and of the connections of Orthodox hymnography with broadly understood musicality of poetry.

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Адам и Ева, единосъщите – модел и мит на първата библейска двойка в българския междувоенен роман

Author(s): Aglika Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2016

The article examines the first biblical couple as a tool for comparative analysis of the modernist tendencies of Bulgarian novel in the period between the two World Wars. The research focuses on works by Chavdar Mutafov, Anna Kamenova, and Dimitar Dimov, along with examples taken from French and Romanian literary pieces as representatives of the wider, European history of ideas. In the image of Creation, but also the image of the original sin, Adam and Eve are of interest because of their unity, which eventually becomes the basis of the Christian family after they leave the Garden of Eden. The borders of the model given in the Bible are breached with the introduction of a new reading – the figures of Creation can now also be seen as figures of salvation. The knowledge gained by the existing studies of myth in European literature thus becomes the foundation for a revision of the hitherto selective interpretation of works by the Bulgarian novelists. The point of intersection between the different approaches towards the first couple is their arduous integration into the surrounding world, and adaptation to the passage of time. Another prominent feature is the discussion about the possible development of the model; the newly introduced definition of salvation that comes after Creation and the fall of man.

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Philip Rieff’s Typology of Culture and Its Applicability to the Literary Hybridization of the Theological Ideas of Humanity and Spiritual Progress (A Bulgarian Case Study)

Author(s): Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

The twentieth century has become in a special way a time of reflection on the theological roots of human thinking, including thinking in political terms; suffice it to mention such names as Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt and Erich Voegelin. One of the thinkers who joined the ongoing disputes was Philip Rieff, who in his book My Life Among the Deathworks (2006), took on the task of a controversial (according to many) revitalization of the Judeo-Christian paradigm. Reflecting on the subject of art works over several centuries, he abstracted typological criteria allowing him to build a dichotomous model of art, as dedicated either to death (the non-Judeo-Christian variety) or to life (the Judeo-Christian variety). The paper attempts to verify his reasoning by reflecting on the theological models of humanity and spiritual progress in Teodora Dimova’s novel The Train to Emmaus (Vlakat za Emaus, 2014).

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Kompleks Wanga w Rupite jako sanktuarium religijne

Author(s): Ida Ciesielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

The article addresses the Vanga complex that has been developed since 1994 in a Bulgarian village called Rupite. Due to its unique spatial arrangement as well as the ambiguity of the religious practises engaged at the complex, it at the same time effortlessly serves as an Orthodox, an esoteric and a folk sanctuary. The fact that its creators were influenced by the Marxist and esoteric system established in the twentieth century by Lyudmila Zhivkova as well as spatial categories of the centre and axis mundi, resulted in the occult tenor of this place. Simultaneously, mystification used by the originators together with ambivalent approach of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church towards syncretic religious phenomena, enabled St. Petka Church – constituting the axis of the complex being discussed – to become an official Orthodox church. Furthermore, the Rupite complex can justifiably be interpreted as an institutionalisation of the cult of the local seer Vanga, dynamically developing in the south-west of Bulgaria. Binding psychic and healing spiritual gifts of Vanga with folk beliefs about St. Petka, made it possible to inscribe the seer into the paradigm of a Christian martyr and a prophetess. Moreover, it also allowed Vanga to enter the pantheon of saint healers, who are particularly popular in these areas.

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Роль интеллигенции в этнокультурном развитии ингерманландских финнов и особенности ее формирования

Author(s): Dimitri P. Karanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

The work covers the major period in the history of the IngermanlandFinns living in the surburbs of Petersburg — the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. The reasons and features of formation of the own intelligentsia of this ethnic community are analyzed. The most important role of intelligentsia members in ethno-cultural development of the tribespeople is revealed. Thus the author allocates two interconnected groups of the Ingermanlandian intelligentsia groups — Lutheran priests and the teachers. The attention is paid to characteristic features of both groups of intelligentsia and expressed in their vigorous activity. Emphasized is the importance of cultural institutes, and other organized forms of the social relations, in genesis of intelligentsia belonging to Ingermanlandian ethno-cultural community.

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БЕСПРАВНОЕ УЧЕНИЕ. РАССУЖДЕНИЕ О ФИЛОСОФИИ ПРАВА В. С. СОЛОВЬЕВА

Author(s): Sergey Shevtsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article considers the existing issues of Vladimir Solovyov’s law philosophy. The author uses a recent monograph by Y. Pribytkova on the same subject as a starting point. In this monograph its author attempts to show the historical and philosophical aspects of the doctrine of this great Russian philosopher, while her denial of the basic Solovyov’s arguments significantly lessen the value of the overall inference. The present writer suggests an alternative approach: instead of picking out individual points of the doctrine or keeping it as a whole, I prefer to start from the current legal issues and isolate those elements of Vladimir Solovyov’s doctrines that could become the foundation on a modern philosophy of law. The author concludes that such elements are of high importance for both law and the connection between law and personality.

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Peace Science: Orientation and Reorientation

Author(s): Liu Cheng,Egon Spiegel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Peace is non–violence and there is only one way to achieve it: peace as structural and interpersonal non–violence. The daily non–violence is as instructive as the spectacular actions of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Peace education is better based on demonstration what we “can” than to postulate of what we should do. The Peace Studies prefer a resource–oriented approach to education instead of a deficit–oriented. Our central thesis is that the youth is living in a kind of transculturality, the best conditions for peacebuilding. Considering the increasing sensitivity we expected that latest in 2075 we will make the war a taboo. The central key to solve conflicts nonviolently is conflict transformation in trusting a spiritual third power in between the opponents, even secularized people. The peace education has to help us to discover the third in nonviolent activities. There is a lot of difficult issues that the non–violence has to reflect in future, including elimination of the extreme violence, reconciliation, an impact of economy, the peacebuilding’s relevance of structural measures.

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Księga Rodzaju i wzory porządków politycznych. Przyczynek do problemu tożsamości europejskiej

Author(s): Ryszard Paradowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2009

W artykule sformułowano twierdzenie, że Stary Testament niesie podwójne przesłanie – autorytetu (despotyzmu) i przymierza, z których każde staje się(na skutek wyborów dokonywanych przez jednostki) podstawą odmiennego porządku moralnego, kulturowego i politycznego. W szczególności tożsamość europejska jest rezultatem wyboru między związanym z chrześcijaństwem wyborem autorytetu i związana z tradycją grecką oraz nowożytną walką o demokrację i wolność, wyborem przymierza, zwanego we współczesnej myśli polityczne j umową społeczną.

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ЯЗЫК И СТИЛЬ СЛОВА «O ЗАКОНЕ И БЛАГОДАТИ»

Author(s): Giorgio Ziffer / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The author treats the “literary artistry” of the work written in the earliest period of Old East Slavic literature. At a linguistic level, the author analyzes certain lexical phenomena and points out that the lexical units used in the monument is not fully presented in the dictionaries of Old East Slavic. From a stylistic standpoint, particular attention is devoted to diverse figures of repetition and, in a broader perspective, to biblical rhetoric. Linguistic and stylistic phenomena are considered using different copies. The author also emphasizes the need for a simultaneous examination of both the language and style of the work and the philological aspects of its entire manuscript tradition.

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