Offer, Receive and Share: How to Measure Proposers in fMRI Ultimatum and Dictator Game

Author(s): Lenka Kopečková,Jan ŘEZÁČ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ultimatum game is in fMRI tested overwhelmingly from the responder's point of view. We assessed experimental designs which would allow for simultaneous testing of a proposer and a receiver under hyperscanning protocol. Our final laboratory designs use a specific set of choice sets and enables an iterated ultimatum game combined with control condition and dictator game. We run two pilots with different settings.

Love and sex

Author(s): Lenka Lacinová,Radka Michalčáková,Anna Ševčíková,Štěpán Konečný / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are not many issues that hold such a prestigious position in fiction or lyrics as being in love and love in all its forms. This can be also viewed as a proof of how significant this experience is in human life. Romantic relationships in adulthood represent a deeply embedded and fairly frequent topic in counselling and clinical practice, as well as in empirical research in psychology of intimate relationships. As opposed to that, adolescent romantic relationships represent a relatively new topic in research (Brown, Feiring, & Furman, 1999); the development of its examination follows the developmental line of interest in adolescent intimate relationships in the direction away from relationships with parents, over peer relationships in a group, to the phenomenon of friendship and first platonic relationships.

Development of adolescents‟ worldviews: perceptions of justice and politics

Author(s): Jiří Dalajka,Jan Šerek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As young people become capable of abstract thought and the scope of their social relationships broadens, general beliefs about the world emerge during the course of adolescence. This chapter will focus on two aspects of adolescents‟ views on the world. We will give an account of adolescents‟ perceptions of justice in the first section and of their perceptions of politics in the second section. In addition, the third section will examine the interrelations between these two areas.

Risk behaviour in adolescence: Two perspectives

Author(s): Eva Beranová,Stanislav Ježek,Jan Širůček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Risk, problem or antisocial behaviour or risk-taking in general are in their various forms arelatively common and frequently examined phenomena in adolescence. Risk behaviour was traditionally perceived as an undesirable phenomenon affected by a wide range of well described risk factors (e.g. Jessor, 1977, 1991, 1995; Kandel, Simcha-Fagan, & Davies,1986; Baumrind, 1991; Kaplan, Martina & Robbins, 1984). According to the concept of risk factors, adolescents are shaped during their development by many internal and external factors that make them more or less susceptible to various types of risk behaviour. Risk behaviour is regarded as a negative phenomenon from which adolescents must be protected.

How Can Economist Contribute to the Research of Charitable Giving?

Author(s): Marie Hladká / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of philanthropy has been receiving attention internationally for several decades. Like other areas of non-profit studies, charitable giving and volunteering are attracting more and more attention from researchers in a wide variety of disciplines including economics. Even though philanthropy tends to be considered a sociological theme rather than an economic one, it poses a lot of questions that challenge economists too.

Strong local press versus weak local press in local relations. A comparative case study of two weeklies in Poland

Author(s): Sylwia Męcfal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The local media market in Poland developed in very particular social conditions, conditions which Nowak (1979, 1981) described as a social void. As a result, it might be presumed that it was more likely that the new forms of society (including local media) were formed on the basis of the bonding type of social capital rather than the bridging type. This might be one of the reasons why tight and complex relationships between the local media and other social actors still exist. This chapter is focused upon the local press, more precisely on the relations between the local press and other local institutions and local actors. The main aim of my research was to recreate a specific local setting (Lofland, Snow, Anderson, & Lofland, 2009) and to interpret the observed links between subjects.

The Consumption of Drugs in Romanian Schools and its Effects over the Health and Development of the Individual

Author(s): Cristian Dan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The consumption of drugs has remained a long term issue of a significant importance, due to the fact that the substances which accelerate the production of endorphins at the neocortex level present an extended effect or even a definitive one in regards of the cognitive-emotional capacity of the consumer. This kind of practice is not absent in Romania, the number of persons taking in these type of elements showing a significant growth in the last 20 years. The current paperwork will largely focus on analyzing the factors which bring contribution to the distribution and consumption of drugs, especially in schools, and how they affect the social, cultural, cognitive and psychological evolution of the normal person. In the same manner, the article will bring into attention the current legislation of Romania in accordance with this subject, the methods used for prevention and tackling with the phenomenon of illegal substances and the support brought by the dispositions applied at the European Union level. At the end, a series of conclusions will have the main goals of correlating the Romanian legislation with the European one and to shed light upon the methods offered by the educational system in order to stop the accelerated spread of this vice between the students and the sanctions applied.

Reprezentarea identităţii psihosociale la moldoveni

Author(s): Luminiţa Secrieru / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Cette investigation utilise la méthode IMIS (l’investigateur multistade de l’identité sociale). Elle permet d’accéder au système identitaire à partir de l’analyse du discours. En d’autres termes, elle permet d’observer concrètement comment des représentations sociales – celles qui touchent au domaine du Soi, d’Alter et de la Société – deviennent des mots identitaires.

Reprezentările sociale ale bătrâneței: diferențe de gen

Author(s): Daniela Cazacu,Ştefan Hriţcu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In our paper that we set out to investigate the social representations of old age from the gender perspective, mentioning that by identifying the social representations of old age we will know the significant differences between the genders and what are the perceptions regarding the term inductive old age. We investigated which are the social social representations of old age. the elderly from the gender perspective because the specialized literature knows a very narrow range of researches of the social representations of the old age at the present stage and it is a strict necessity to investigate the social representations of the old age in the Republic of Moldova, where they find out what is identified and what cognitive assemblies are based on the elaboration of the social representations of the elderly in the population of the Republic of Moldova.

Rolul strategiilor cognitiv-comportamentale în ameliorarea agresivității la copii din familii vulnerabile

Author(s): Maria Corcevoi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Current research and statistics report a spectacular increase in the phenomenon of aggression in the last three decades in the Republic of Moldova. From this point of view, this study describes the subject of aggression, especially in pre-adolescents, and proposes the implementation and testing of a program to improve the level of aggression in children from vulnerable families. The use of techniques and methods from the cognitive-behavioral approach aimed to reduce aggression, by teaching people to identify, evaluate, control and modify negative thoughts as well as the behaviors associated with them.

On the Collective Moods of Booms and Busts: Socio-Psychological Foundations in External Shock Communication and Social Volatility in the COVID-19 Economic Fallout

Author(s): Julia M. Puaschunder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The currently ongoing novel Coronavirus-crisis is an external shock coming down on society with direct impact on societal moods and subsequently connected economic changes. With growing digitalization and quickening of transfer speed, information exchange in the individual involvement to break trends online on a global scale may impose unknown systemic risks in causing social volatility in international economics. Research may explore how human beings’ communication and interaction results in socially constructed volatility that echoes in economic correlates. This paper proposes to explore the role of communication and temporal foci in pandemic communication to create social volatility underlying economic downturns with attention to international differences. Comparing the economic consequence of the endogenous crunch of the 2008 World Financial Recession with the external economic shock of the COVID-19 pandemic could aid to retrieve crisis-specific recovery recommendations. Understanding how the social compound forms economic outcomes promises to explain how market outcomes are developed in society and can be shaped by strategic communication with special attention to new media technologies.

COMUNICAREA INTERPERSONALĂ – ELEMENT FUNDAMENTAL AL EXISTENȚEI UMANE

Author(s): Constantin-Cătălin Ifrim / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Since ancient times, communication has been perceived as a fundamental element of human existence. The very etymology of the term suggests this: the word “communication” comes from Latin, “communis” means “to agree”, “to be in touch with” or “to be in a relationship”, although the term circulates in the vocabulary of the ancients with the meaning to “pass on to others”, “to share something with others”. The communication process is one of the indispensable conditions for the functioning and organization of society. The individual is called a social being and relates to the other insofar as he communicates with the other. Interpersonal communication is the most important and most frequently used form of communication. People cannot avoid this type of communication; their social existence depends on the ability with which they can engage in discussions with others. Family life, relationships with friends, professional activity, all depend on this quality. Interpersonal communication refers to face-to-face communication. This type of communication is important to understand yourself and to build your relationships with others. To achieve this, the capacity for self-analysis, selfknowledge, self-exposure and knowledge of barriers and disruptive factors that hinder the communication process must be developed. Not every relationship with a person is interpersonal. Most of the relationships we have with our peers are impersonal. In these interactions, the interlocutor is approached exclusively in terms of his social status or the role he plays in the given situation, without taking into account his individual features that give him uniqueness.

Autorstwo własnego życia studenta z niepełnosprawnością a doświadczenia edukacyjne i społeczne

Author(s): Magda Lejzerowicz,Katarzyna Podstawka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Introduction. Being an author/subject by person with disability is a complex process. In analyzes interdisciplinary research of pedagogical, sociological, psychological and philosophical perspectives were used. Aim. The aim of the research in action is to stimulate the critical reflection of participants on the co-creation of scientific reality, their own practice, and raising research and professional competences. The next aim is to demonstrate the importance of educational and social activity in the process of becoming the subject/author of the own’s life of student with disability. Materials and methods. The research used the methodology of participatory research in action (Denzin, Linkoln 2009, Glaser, Strauss 2009, Charmaz 2009, Reason, Torbert 2010, Cervinkova, Gołębniak 2010, Czerepaniak-Walczak 2014) and the autoetnographic method was used (Geertz 2005, Wolcott 2008, Chang 2007, Freeman 2004, Anderson 2014). Results. The analysis of the experiences of a student with disability in the academic environment indicates significant deficiencies in supporting the areas of authorship: subjective experiences, well-being, independence, implementation of development tasks, social contacts. Conclusions. Autoethnographic-enhanced action research is a useful tool in the process of improving research and professional competences of both students and academic teachers. The participation of students with diversed needs in academic education may enable an increase in the level of inclusion in the academic community and affect the quality of education for all.

EVENTUALE STRATEGII DE EDUCAȚIE A COPIILOR CU CES ÎN INSTITUŢIILE DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT GENERAL

Author(s): Valentina Stratan,Victoria Plămădeală / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The issue of education of children with special educational needs (SEN) is of interest not only to specialists, researchers, and representatives of special education, but also in the context of educational and social policies promoted equally for those in general education. The increasingly insistent global promotion of inclusive education requires the "resettlement" of education systems on new principles, which should ensure the schooling of all children in common learning environments and maximize their potential. In this way, the need to adapt educational technologies (methods, procedures, forms, means, techniques, etc.) to the principles of education for all / inclusive education becomes inherent

Literatura

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Summary

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The monograph How is it for Mums portrays mothering in the first generation of mothers after the 1989 Velvet Revolution. The female respondents who took part in our research were growing up or born after November 1989, at times of considerable changes in all spheres of society, parenting being no exception.

PREDRASUDE O NASTAVNIČKOM POZIVU

Author(s): Lejla Silajdžić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The teacher's work is determined by a complex system of expectations and direct tasks out of which other related, continuous or occasional activities arise. Some of them are clearly visible and frequent, or more familiar to the wider environment, whereas others occur in specific situations in the educational process, they are not so well known, and they often require an additional burden on an individual or a group. The teacher's work differs, it is adapted to the program aspects, the age of students, and other factors that directly or indirectly determine the mandatory, legally prescribed, or otherwise unwrittten but expected actions in the light of what is usually perceived as the teacher's work. The factors that affect the teacher's role and professional behavior come from a wider socio-cultural environment in which a teacher lives and accomplishes his professional role, such as educational and cultural traditions, the educational structure of the population, the current social, economic and political situation. In this paper, the focus is put on the circumstances that determine teachers' work and the factors that have a daily effect on the teacher and the overall school system, and 490furthermore we want to point out the present beliefs that it is a relatively easy job, with short working hours and many benefits. The lack of information, the lack of interest, the avoidance of having an objective approach and analysis, or sometimes the misinterpretation of the teacher's role and importance in the society can lead to prejudices that may in return cause harm to all those who are included in the educational process.

Ako je komu „sveta žiť“: poznámky k psychológii chudoby

Author(s): Jozef Výrost / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Actual analyses of development of poverty in the world (e.g. N ASA, O ECD, O FFAM, Red Cross) show, that in consequence of oversized exploit of sources and their disproportioned distribution the scissors are more and more opened between richer and poorer parts of population. Representation of middle class, from the period of industrial revolution the basic pillar of society, significantly weakened. The profile of poverty is influenced by several factors, in most developed countries mainly by economic activity, structure and size of households, age, and regional disparities. Social psychology can enrich the complex view on this phenomenon also by study of development of attitudes to poverty in different countries: as illustration the data of Special Eurobarometer No. 321 (2009). Or also by analysis of poorer part of society perceptions of themselves, their life situation and environment/society: as illustration the data of the European Social Survey Round 1.-6. (291 686 respondents) are used. As conclusion the reflections about possibilities of fulfillment of humanistic mission of psychology in practical access to the problem of poverty are discussed.

Vývoj metody pro posouzení sociální kognice

Author(s): Kristína Czekóová,Zuzana Pokorná,Beáta Špiláková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Conducting ourselves accordingly in varying social situations demands sophisticated socio-cognitive capacities. Developing our understanding of such faculties demands tools that allow us to delineate them into their constituent social and emotional components. This is true particularly of empathy, believed to comprise a cognitive and affective component. The Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) is used increasingly to investigate empathic awareness and expression. It is a picture-based measure designed to measure the dissociable cognitive and affective components of empathy independently. Currently, however, there exists no formal validation of the MET in the Czech Republic. To address this gap, this presentation describes the process behind stimulus selection, item development, and validation according to the subjective evaluations of Czech and Slovak sample. We believe that the resulting stimulus set will prove useful for future socio-cognitive and -emotion research.

Emocje jako źródło i skutek komunikowania

Author(s): Zbigniew Nęcki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article contains an overview of the situations and linguistic contexts that shape emotions as an element of social communication processes, and not just a private, individually experienced mental state dependent on the neurophysiology of the brain and the play of hormones. Emotions are the reason for interaction and are the result of interacting with others. Negotiating the meanings of the behavior of people, all social and physical objects through emotional expressions is essential for social contacts, emotions result from relationships and shape these relationships. They are a phenomenon of social life expected in typical situations of everyday life and in situations of specific cultural rituals in which participants are obliged to appropriate emotional expressions.