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As a basic dimension of personality, self esteem is related to the relation that each human subject has with himself, the confidence in one’s own ability to think and act independently, autonomously, to take decisions in order to reach goals, to assert one’s needs,aspirations, to aspire to and fight for their accomplishment.
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During the past two decades self-help literature has become a publishing success in Hungary – much like in the rest of the world. While books on personal success, and the idea that one’s life can be improved by cumulating suffi cient information on how to improve it, have become an integral part of popular culture, phrases describing the genre still seem to have a negative overtone: the category of self-help is virtually non-existent in the Hungarian book publishing and trading industry. This paper aims to: First, present diff erent approaches of a number of scholars to defi ning the genre. Second, using distant reading as a research method, analyzing a sample of 133 self-help books regarding book titles and subjects (subject categories) implied by said titles, the characters of book series included in the sample, and the mission statements of included publishing houses. Third, by examining the self-help book display strategies in one of the branches of the biggest Hungarian book distributor chain, spot anomalies and inconsistencies as a result of self-help not existing as an individual genre in book stores or in the mind of readers.
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James Flynn, a political scientist from the University of Otago, New Zealand, analyzed intelligence test scores from industrially developed countries and concluded that there were cross-generational gains on the scores of every conducted test. The population gain was named the Flynn effect. The cross-generational gains were higher on fluid intelligence tests than on crystallized intelligence tests. The explanatory contextual factors for the Flynn effect can be biological, psychological and sociological.Understanding the Flynn effect enriches our knowledge of the nature of intelligence, especially about the role the interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays in the ontogenetic development of intelligence. In this paper we present some of the most prominent explanations of the Flynn effect.
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This paper presents the most important psychological insights concerning laughter.Laughter is a product of complicated cognitive, affective and motivational processes. Its function is manifold. Laughter reduces tension and arousal in the body, contributing to psychological well-being. In addition, laughter serves a defensive role in the face of stimuli perceived as threatening. It also makes interpersonal interaction meaningful and productive bringing people together in the most direct and natural way.The three dominant approaches which explain the occurrence of laughter – physiological, cognitive-developmental and psychoanalytic – are presented. With the goal of gaining full insight into the complex issues of laughter, the paper summarizes the most important findings of developmental psychologists on the on to genesis of laughter and presents the development of laughter, which begins as a smile and smiling. Actually,smile, smiling and laughter are manifest reactions to different stimuli (not necessarily humorous). Which of these technically called products are going to be activated depends on several factors surrounding a particular interaction: the type of stimulus, the capability of understanding the stimulus, situational factors, individual traits, state of being, mood and the actors involved.
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The article presents the latest version of Françoys Gagné´s Differentiating Model of Giftedness and Talent. The components of the model include giftedness, talent, talent development process, intrapersonal catalystsand environmental catalysts. The model’s complex structure clearly identifies every etiological factor of talent emergence, especially those located within the intrapersonal and environmental catalyst components. Contrary to many theoretical conceptualizations, the catalysts are clearly positioned as external to the conceptions of giftedness and talent. Gagné model has important practical values for teachers/instructors and practitioners since it offers solid ground for understanding talent development.The model is an effective explanatory tool in both nomothetic and idiographic approaches to giftedness and talent.
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If one’s attitude towards oneself is positive, one’s self-esteem described as high; if negative, self-esteem is considered low. In the language learning, low self-esteem affects the process negatively because students with low self-esteem do not take the necessary risks to acquire communication ability. Students possessing high self-esteem are more open to learning and more successful in language learning. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the level of self-esteem and language learning through a sample of 91 students learning French as a foreign language. Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and French Placement Test were implemented at the beginning of the term to determine language and self-esteem levels of students and the same test was applied again at the end of the term to analyze whether students having high self-esteem became more successful. According to the results, a majority of the students have high self-esteem and a minority of the student, low self-esteem. A significant difference among students with low, normal, high self-esteem and their language levels is seen. It is also observed that there is a significant difference between the scores of the placement tests and that the students who improved their language levels are the ones with high self-esteem levels.
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The purpose of this study is to adapt Self-Awareness Scale (SAS) developed by Concon (2011) into Turkish with a view to investigating self-awareness levels of sports managers. Validity and reliability analysis of the scale has been conducted on a group of sports managers. The study group is formed of 133 sports managers. There are 104 male and 29 female participants who work as provincial directors, district directors, departmental directors and in other managerial positions (chief, youth center manager, etc.) in the Provincial and Districts Directorates of Youth Services and Sports which arethe provincial organizations of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses have been conducted to confirm the structural validity of the scale. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients have been calculated in order to establish the reliability of the scale. Following the analyses, a scale composed of a total of 48 items and four factors have been obtained. Cronbach Alpha coefficients of the sub-scales have been found to range between .77 and .93. It has been concluded that the Turkish version of the scale is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in determining the self-awareness levels of sports managers.
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The aim of this research was to validate two aspects of fragile high self-esteem: a combination of contingent and high (explicit) self-esteem and a combination of high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (i.e. incongruent high self-esteem), as well as to examine the relationship between these aspects of fragile self-esteem and narcissism. No convergence was found between contingent high and incongruent high self-esteem. The result was consistent regardless of the technique of measurement of implicit self-esteem. There was a limited evidence that individuals with narcissistic personality characteristics were characterized by high self-esteem contingent upon competences, but not by a combination of high explicit and low implicit self-esteem, as an aspect of fragile self-esteem. Also, individuals with low self-esteem more contingent upon competences showed higher levels of narcissistic characteristics than those who were not contingent in this domain.
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Psychoanalysts have suggested that a mentalization process is required for the transformation of drives and affects into mental representations of self and others. Meanwhile, neuroscientists suggest that episodic memory, through autonoetic consciousness, is crucially involved in the elaboration of the Self and subjective experience. This research empirically investigates the relationship between the quality of mentalization and the efficacy of autobiographical recall, and considers childhood trauma and psychopathology as possible related factors. Thirty participants presenting with either high or low mentalization profiles according to the Mental States Rating Systems (MSRS) were submitted to the TEMPau, a semi-structured interview designed to assess the quality of autobiographical recall from several criteria (episodicity, self-perspective and consciousness). Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Symptom Checklist (SCL– 90-R) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) were used to assess global symptomatology and Axis-II disorders respectively. As expected, levels of mentalization are related to higher levels of childhood abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) and symptomatology (SCL–90-R Global Severity Index). However, contrary to our expectation, better autobiographical memory is associated with poor mentalization profiles, although spontaneity of recall is less efficient in those subjects. No significant relation was found between Axis-II disorders and traits, and other clinical variables.
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Aim. The aim of the paper is to present the results of research on the types of emotional self-regulation of women who have suffered from psychological abuse in family relations. Methods. 140 Ukrainian women who suffered from psychological abuse in the family were interviewed. For the analysis of the obtained results, methods of statistical processing of data were used. Results. It has been established that women who were victims of psychological abuse from members of their family may have different types of emotional self-regulation: "Emotionally unstable," "Adaptive," "Spontaneous." It is shown that women with emotionally unstable types of emotional self-regulation are emotionally unstable during psychological abuse in the family, which is manifested in their anxiety, tension, depression, self-criticism. It is said that women who are referred to as having the adaptive type of emotional self-regulation possess a sufficient level of neuropsychic stability and self-control and it has been established that women who are characterized by a spontaneous type of emotional self-regulation, when exposed to psychological abuse, have a low level of self-control, which indicates spontaneity and impulsivity in relationships with others. Conclusions. Еmotional self-regulation does not act as a tool to cancel negative experiences, but it is a change in these experiences for other that helps to optimize their condition. Еmotional self-regulation and the ability to manage one's own psychical state for the preservation of mental health are important in the context of psychological abuse in the family. Furthermore, it is emphasised on different types of emotional self-regulation of women in situations of psychological abuse in the family.
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The main aim of the article is to present the model of psychological flexibility and to describe how can it be useful for purpose of understanding psychological mechanisms of living value-based life or resisting one’s dreams. The paper depicts basic assumptions of psychological flexibility model and its six core processes. The article presents also original research (N = 111) on relationship between psychological flexibility (AAQ-II), value-based life (VQ), committed action (CAQ), motivation (GMS), and creativity (SPTO). Data suggest that psychological flexibility is strongly positively correlated with committed action, progress in values, internal motivation and creativity, while negatively correlated with values obstruction and external motivation.
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In the ancient Hindu philosophy known as Vedanta, the mind — understood as an accumulation of memories, desires, emotions, thoughts, etc., including the self, that is, the ‘I’-thought present in every conscious experience — is said to be a sense like any other physical sense: see, hear, touch, taste, or smell. The implication is that mind is also instrumental in creating our conscious experiences but it is not awareness itself. One may ask: if mind is also a sense, then similarly to a sensory experience which need not involve all the five physical senses, do we ever have a conscious experience with no ‘I’ in it? Indeed, Vedanta elaborately describes such a state of consciousness called Samadhi, which lies beyond waking, dreaming, or deep sleep. Vedanta also affirms the existence of a state in which one’s self does not see itself as belonging to only one’s own body/brain and mind but one sees nobody and nothing in the universe as different from oneself; in other words, this awareness (called Universal Self) identifies itself with everything in the universe, whether living or lifeless. Vedanta claims that in our ordinary lives, in those moments when we express love and sympathy towards others, we are indeed in that state of infinite oneness whether we know it or not, and that the expression of love is a manifestation of nothing but the Universal Self.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ self-efficacy factors according to several variables. The study was designed as a survey study, and 249 teachers from various fields participated in the study. “The Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale” which was developed by Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk-Hoy (2001), and adapted by Çapa, Çakıroğlu and Sarıkaya (2005) was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using an arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, and one way ANOVA. The kurtosis and skewness values were found to be between -1 and +1, and the data were assumed as having normal distribution. According to the results of the study, the level of teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy was determined as “high”. In addition, it was revealed that the teachers’ self-efficacy perceptions did not show a significant difference based on the gender variable, but a significant difference was found in the variables of field of education, the region in which they work, and work experience. In this respect, the self-efficacy perception levels of teachers who work in the city center were found to be higher compared to the teachers who work in rural regions. The teachers in the field of basic education (preschool and classroom teachers) had higher self-efficacy perceptions compared to teachers from other fields. Finally, the self-efficacy perceptions of teachers’ increase as their level of experience increases.
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Očaranost predmetima. Našu je očaranost sjajem materijalnih dobara i ugodnostima koja ona pružaju teško prenaglasiti. To je sila kojoj se izgleda svatko potčinjava i u kojoj se svatko gubi; ako ne stalno i potpuno, onda bar ponekad i djelomično. Radi se o fascinaciji baš predmetima, produktima ljudske civilizacije - ali ne i predmetima prirode! – štoviše, usudio bih se reći da se na trenutke (koji se redovito ponavljaju) radi o opčinjenosti tom predmetnom stvarnošću. U te proizvode ljudske stvarnosti prosječan čovjek ostavlja dojam slijepe zaljubljenosti, i - pri tom, da čitava stvar za nj bude teža po posljedicama - uvijek vidi samo njihovu “sjajnu” stranu: besprijekorno čiste/uredne, zgodne (dizajn), nove/svježe i korisne, – a nikada prljave, nezgrapne, stare i nekorisne (potrošene) - predmete.
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The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between advertising viewing and compulsive buying in young consumers. The study will also examine the moderating effect of state self-esteem on the advertising viewing and compulsive buying relationship. The study was conducted on 266 valid questionnaires applied to 18-30 year-old young consumer sample in Ankara, Turkey. According to the results of the regression analysis, compulsive buying increases as the level of advertising viewing increases. While performance self-esteem has no moderating effect on the advertising viewing and compulsive buying relationship, social self-esteem and appearance self-esteem moderate the relationship between advertising viewing and compulsive buying.
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Contemporary adolescents are subjected to two opposing forces: consumer culture characterized by subordination and revolt against controlled activity. Youth fosters self-improvement, which requires intentional and conscious changes in behaviors and personalities conforming to accepted standards as well as an orientation toward faraway pro-social goals. Both are difficult. This article addresses the following questions: Are contemporary adolescents interested in self-improvement, and – if so – how do they express this interest? Answers come from the analysis of young readers’ letters to the editor in selected youth magazines. The results suggest that, despite the lack of the term “work on oneself” in the letters, young readers discuss three important types of activity: self-knowledge, self-improvement and self education. In this way young people express their interest in self-improvement.
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The article is intended to analyze reconstruction of an image related to two categories of disabled persons: those physically active and passive. On the one hand, I focus on the way, which the disable individuals perceive their own situation in, considering their status as persons who practice or do not practice sport. On the other, I attempt to determine how the said individuals reconstruct their image subject to assessment by others, depending on whether they are physically active or passive. For that purpose, I make references to the disabled individuals’ opinions on their own (subjective self), and their evaluation of how they are seen by the fully capable persons (reflected self). In other words, it is confrontation of an image of physically active and passive persons with opinions and feelings experienced directly by the respondents, with their image arising from other people’s opinions.
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The paper highlights the most significant aspects related to one of important, if not the most important, competence that should be possessed by every person who cares about her or his personal and professional development, family life, education or lifelong learning. The most significant determinants, key for rational, wise and effective planning of person’s goals and intentions, both in short and long term, were indicated. It requires deep wisdom, understanding, and most of all balance between intellectual, physical, emotional and spiritual spheres.
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Motivational messages combining images andtexts represent a signifi cant portion of content shared on Facebook. Typically, these image-text combinations comprise a quotation and an appropriate picture,and their declared aim is to inspire contemplation in the reader or provide spiritual support for them (and thus propagate content in social media). The studyis primarily concerned with three hypotheses and set out to test them by means of a survey and content analysis. (1) The veracity and original source of suchmessages are diffi cult, if not impossible, to check. This asymmetry in information, which could well be regarded as a manipulative strategy, puts the userwho creates the image-text into a dominant or even opinion-leader position. The poster thus becomes an infl uencer who may use this power to infl uencethe thoughts, opinion, emotions, behaviour of others in a way that the target person is not aware of the infl uence. This hypothesis has been proven. (2) Theexperts of online content production always underline that verbal and visual storytelling is key to success. This examination, however, showed that postingverbal and visual banalities online can also be an eff ective strategy with a viral outcome under certain circumstances or in a specifi c target group, which clearlybreaches a fundamental principle of creating online content. This is evidently a novelty in web content creation. (3) It was assumed that the image componentof motivational messages has an equally strong impact on the audience as the quoted/created text. This assumption has also proven false: the audience ofmotivational messages only expect the images to be aesthetically pleasing and partly relevant for the text.
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Neel Doff is a writer from Holland with French background. In her autobiographical trilogy, she narrates her appalling exile in Belgium. She relates how she has managed to escape poverty thanks to learning French, which represents the beginning of her social promotion associated to a loss of identity and references. The author tells what she has endured, suffered and lost. In this article, we’ll try to answer these problematic questions which are still burning issues: how can a migrant reconstruct himself in a foreign country? Is he irreparably torn between his native land and his adoptive country or, on the contrary, does he choose one of his identities to the detriment of the other one? Is the exile inevitably related to adversity and misfortune? Is it possible to forget deliberately our mother tongue? We’ll try to find out the answers comparing Neel Doff’s history to other writers’ experiences like Abdelkebir, Kristof, Green, or Popescu.
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