TRANSPARENTNOST PARLAMENTA CRNE GORE

Author(s): Nataša Ružić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Istorija je pokazala da su već prvi vladari pokušavali upravljati građanima koristeći različita komunikaciona sredstva. Shvatajući značaj komunikacije, Gaius Julius Caesar osnovao je prvu zidnu novinu Acta Senatus sa ciljem obavje- štavanja javnosti o radu i odlukama Senata. Potreba za informisanjem građana i kontrolom rada političkih institucija vremenom se samo pojačavala. Tako su se sredinom XVII vijeka u Engleskoj pojavili prvi politički nedjeljnici, koji su ne samo izvještavali o radu parlamenta, već i kritikovali parlamentarne rasprave. Tačnije, od novembra 1641. godine objavljuju se izvještaji o raspravama u parlamentu koji, u zavisnosti od teme rasprave, dobijaju naziv Diurnall Occurrences, A Perfect Diurnall of the Passages in Parliament. Diurnall su zapravo objavljivali nezvaničnu informaciju dobijenu od članova parlamenta. Novina se ogledala u tome da su se u nedjeljnicima mogle pročitati međupartijske rasprave skupštinskih domova (Gocini, 2001:51). John Birkenhead je otišao korak dalje i osnovao nedeljnik Mercurius Aulicus radi napada na lidere parlamentarnog pokreta. U želji da se obračuna sa političkim neistomišljenicima, ponekad je koristio čak i klevete. Kasnije su osnivani politički listovi koji su se prvenstveno borili protiv vlasti i za slobodu štampe.

Vystúpenie Vojtecha Tkáča, poslanca Národnej rady SR za Hnutie za demokratické Slovensko

Author(s): Vojtech Tkáč / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Efektivita procesu aproximácie práva Slovenskej republiky s právom ES/EÚ

Author(s): Vlasta Kunová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The transformation of the Slovak Code of Legislation means a complex of legal reforms, which are more or less successfully or less successfully carried out in all fields of law. In this connection we can talk about: - reform and modernization of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic; - harmonization of the Slovak law with the European Union law; - recodification of civil and criminal law; - reform of jurisdiction.

Plnenie medzinárodných záväzkov SR v oblasti ľudských a menšinových práv v roku 2000

Author(s): Miroslav Kusý / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In the year 2000 the half time of existence of the current governmental coalition as such and the Dzurinda's government in particular was balanced. Also those who have presented themselves until now as governmental permanent critics if they do not belong directly to radical political opposition they could not let a whole series of remarkable successes of this government unacknowledged, starting, of course, with foreign policy followed by economy (accepting Slovakia into the OECD) and stabilisation of rule of law by participation policy (presence of the Hungarian minority in the governmental coalition), by rehabilitation of political culture and even by fight against crime - as is for instance praised by Milan Zitny in the article Home in the half time (Domino Forum 44/2000, p. 2). Even some moderate representatives of political opposition admit some undeniable successes of this government. In both cases this positive statement was accompanied by ambiguous but. followed by a fusillade of objections and disappointments, even invectives and offences of honour.

Inštitucionálne zázemie zahraničnej politiky SR

Author(s): Pavol Lukáč / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The objective of my presentation is to reflect on the role of institutions in the process of forming the Slovak foreign policy and their transformation and effectiveness. Almost eight years have passed since the establishment of the sovereign state in 1993 and this is a relatively short term (under normal conditions two regular election periods), in our case a complicated one due to periods of government of V. Meciar directed towards an extraordinary polarization of society what has also effected forming of character of many political institutions. In several of my articles I tried to bring the attention to the influence of four basic actors in the sphere of foreign policy, namely: personalities, elite, institutions and conceptions. I would like to call attention to this model again so that we may understand our discourse on institutions in close connection with the other above-mentioned actors. It goes without saying that in this contribution, which is limited by time and space I cannot offer a deep analysis only a critical glossary. I will focus my attention on the following institutions: the President of the SR, Prime Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, educational institutions and new informal institutional initiatives.

Vystúpenie predsedu Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky Jozefa Migaša

Author(s): Jozef Migaš / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Naším prioritným strategickým cieľom je členstvo v Európskej únii. Už v decembri 1998 Národná rada SR prijala Deklaráciu o vstupe Slovenskej republiky do Európskej únie. Boli sme si vedomí toho, že rok 1999 bude prelomovým rokom. Počas celého hodnoteného obdobia sa Národná rada SR sústreďovala na naplnenie kodanských politických kritérií, na odstránenie deficitu demokracie, ktorý nám tu zanechala predchádzajúca koalícia. Iba pripomeniem, že medzi najdôležitejšie legislatívne kroky patrilo: a) prijatie ústavného zákona o priamej voľbe prezidenta republiky, b) prijatie zákona o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín a c) účasť opozície v or- gánoch parlamentu, osobitne v útvaroch kontroly. Pozitívny význam mala aj ďalšia legislatívna činnosť Národnej rady SR, hoci v nej prevažovalo skrátené legislatívne konanie či už zo subjektívnych alebo objektívnych príčin. Osobne si myslím, že naša práca mohla byť efektívnejšia.

Vystúpenie predsedu vlády Slovenskej republiky Mikuláša Dzurindu

Author(s): Mikuláš Dzurinda / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Tento príspevok má ambíciu predstaviť obraz jednoročného úsilia vlády Slovenskej republiky o dosiahnutie strategických zahraničnopolitických cieľov v oblasti integrácie tak, ako sú uvedené i v programovom vyhlásení vlády SR.

Vystúpenie podpredsedu vlády Slovenskej republiky pre európsku integráciu Pavla Hamžíka

Author(s): Pavol Hamžík / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Som rád, že uplynulý rok zápasu Slovenska so strateným časom môžeme dnes hodnotiť ako úspešný. Na rozdiel od roku 1998, keď bývalá vláda dostala z Luxemburgu negatívnu odpoveď za nedostatok demokracie, minuloročné snahy o integráciu našej krajiny do euroatlantických štruktúr korunovala pozvánka k rokovaciemu stolu. Helsinský verdikt potvrdil správnosť krokov súčasnej slovenskej vlády na poli vnútornej, ale aj zahraničnej politiky. Zároveň vzkriesil šancu dostihnúť krajiny z prvej skupiny uchádzačov o členstvo v Európskej únii a vstúpiť do Únie s partnermi Visegrádskej štvorky.

Vystúpenie ministra zahraničných vecí Slovenskej republiky Eduarda Kukana

Author(s): Eduard Kukan / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Dovolím si v úvode konštatovať, že slovenská zahraničná politika bola v minulom roku úspešná. Uvedomujem si význam Hemingwayovho výroku o tom, že každý má pravdu, pokiaľ sa nemýli. Faktom však je, že Slovensko si získalo medzinárodné uzna- nie svojimi konštruktívnymi postojmi a prístupom k riešeniu problémov. Tých prob- lémov, ktoré ho predtým smerovali skôr do izolácie. Vnútropolitická konsolidácia sa prejavila aj v našej medzinárodnopolitickej aktivizácii, keď sme sa nesústredili len na zlepšenie obrazu Slovenska, ale prispeli sme aj k riešeniu medzinárodných problé- mov. Z tohto pohľadu išlo v roku 1999 o posun prinajmenšom o dva kroky. Ten dru- hý krok bol kvalitatívnym posunom vpred. Nemienim Vás však teraz unavovať výpo- čtom toho, čo sme v roku 1999 dokázali a čo nie. Písalo sa o tom v novinách, v par- lamente je pripravená Správa o plnení úloh zahraničnej politiky SR za rok 1999, ktorú bude plénum prerokúvať v marci t. r. Keďže sa nachádzam na hodnotiacej konferen- cii, skúsim zobrať toto hodnotenie z druhej strany a hovoriť o tom, aké výzvy stoja pred slovenskou diplomaciou po roku 1999. Nebudem teda hovoriť o tom, aké vý- sledky sme dosiahli, ale čo treba urobiť.

Niektoré kritické body vo vývoji zahraničnej politiky Slovenskej republiky a úloha mimovládnych think-tankov pri ich objasňovaní

Author(s): Magda Vášáryová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Nie som si istá, či by sme mali rok 1999 pokladať za skutočne prelom, či to nie je skôr rok návratu na pozície, na ktorých sme už raz boli. Nejde mi len o slovičkárenie. Prelom znamená vstup do dverí, ktoré pre nás ešte nikdy neboli otvorené, prelom znamená možnosť pozerať sa bez strachu dozadu, bez strachu, že sa môžeme znovu vydať falošnou cestou, ako sme sa ňou ako krajina vydali v rokoch 95-98. Z tohto pohľadu preto tvrdím, že sa ešte stále len vraciame, naprávame, ešte stále nám hrozí nebezpečenstvo cesty späť do marazmu izolácie.

Slovensko a medzinárodné organizácie

Author(s): Rastislav Káčer / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Rok 1999 je možné pri dnešnom retrospektívnom zahraničnopolitickom hodnotení považovať za mimoriadne intenzívny a plodný. Inventúra našej zahraničnej politiky na konci roka 1998 poukazovala na neprimerane veľký rozpor medzi realitou a ambíciami Slovenska. Vážnou výzvou pre slovenskú zahraničnú politiku bola potreba znovuetablovať Slovenskú republiku do pozície dôveryhodného partnera pre našich susedov a vážneho kandidáta na členstvo v NATO, OECD a EÚ, obnoviť vnímanie Slovenskej republiky ako vyspelej, demokratickej a pozitívne sa rozvíjajúcej stredoeurópskej krajiny.

LANDSCAPING THE MEDIA MARKET AND IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONING

Author(s): Igor Munteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

News-making is a powerful instrument for shaping public sentiment. We have attempted to map the Moldovan media in order to highlight its variety. Three factors were considered in positioning the various media outlets on the chart: (1) Are the media outlets state owned or privately owned? (2) Do they broadcast in Russian or in Romanian? (3) Do they use cultural/ geopolitical framing? Ownership data is publicly available, but the rest of the information was gleaned by surveying the editorial line of each media outlet.

CASE STUDY: LATE-NIGHT SHOWS ON PERVIY KANAL AND DISCREDITATION OF WESTERN POLITICAL LEADERS

Author(s): Sigita Struberga / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This case study looks at how Russian television uses humour as a support mechanism for strategic communications with its audience, specifically on the issue of Western leaders, and endeavours to determine the essence of the core message. To do this, various Russian Perviy Kanal (Первый Канал/ Channel One) entertainment broadcasts specializing in comedy will be analysed.

CASE STUDY: KVN

Author(s): Solvita Denisa-Liepniece / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This case study examines the KVN (Klub Vesyeliykh i Nakhodchivikh) TV show. This is the “post-1991 version of the Soviet-era show KVN, which achieved cult status among students, spawning a nationwide competition with teams from every Soviet republic competing against each other in leagues, forming panels of experts with socio-political satire skills”. KVN could be considered a phenomenon, having extended beyond being a TV show, it presents concerts in cities and runs local competitions in schools.

USE OF HUMOUR FOR SOLIDARITY, DENIGRATION AND STRESS-RELIEF IN THE UKRAINIAN MEDIA DURING THE RUSSIAN AGGRESSION IN 2014-2016

Author(s): Maksym Kyiak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ukraine is a unique case for study as far as the use of humour as a strategic communication tool is concerned. Russia launched a massive information war against another country. During the first months after the annexation of Crimea and the war in Eastern Ukraine, there was no unified or coordinated approach to countering Russian propaganda. Furthermore, during the first phases of the war, civil and military volunteers, and the Ukrainian diaspora took the place of the official Ukrainian authorities in countering Russia’s information attacks. A horizontally organized, post-Euromaidan Ukrainian civil society had to combat Russia’s vertically constructed propaganda machine. That horizontally structured civil society provided such functions of humour as solidarity (belongingness) and stress-relief. As the information war progressed, Ukraine, a country with no real experience in counterpropaganda and with restricted financial capacity, had to learn how to fight back, literally from square one. That is why Ukraine counterpropaganda and use of humour were and still are more a product of a variety of independent and spontaneous initiatives, rather than a systemic approach. Nevertheless, the diverse landscape of humour in the Ukrainian media provides a rich source of information for the case study.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Author(s): Ivars Austers,Jurģis Škilters,Žaneta Ozoliņa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Humour is a universal concept that has been analysed within different disciplines of social sciences. The study presented by a group of scholars aims to elaborate a multidisciplinary methodological framework that can be applied in the analysis of humour, particularly if researchers or practitioners are confronted with very large sets of data, as well as to the construction of humorous messages for strategic communication purposes. The methodological framework is not a template to follow when generating humorous stories or jokes, but rather a collection of the most relevant attributes of humour that can be combined in different groupings to achieve the initial strategic goal. In order to test the functioning of the methodological framework and identify its strengths and weaknesses, three case studies were conducted. The first case study, on the discrediting of Western political leaders in late-night shows broadcast by the central Russian TV channels, identified humour as a massive propaganda tool aimed at national and international audiences. The second case study dealt with KVN (Klub Vesyeliykh i Nakhodchivikh) which is a TV-show and competition broadcast since the early 1970s. While the third case, focusing on the use of humour by the Ukrainian media, provides rich evidence on humour as a tool of counter-propaganda. The Ukrainian case also serves as an example of the role of humour in a situation of on-going information warfare. The following conclusions and recommendations were identified from the analyses of the three case studies.

FRANCHISING IN POLAND – PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

Author(s): Marta Ziółkowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current franchise model of enterprise development has evolved for centuries. Franchising in its contemporary form was initially developed in the American market, but owing to its universality, this model has gained supporters among entrepreneurs all over the world. Today, it is successfully applied in Poland, where nearly 1,2000 networks, both in the trade and services sectors, follow this model of development. This is so even though franchising is not regulated in detail by law in Poland, and the franchise agreement operates as an innominate contract in the legal order. The legal framework underlying franchise relationships is anchored in various regulations, in particular, those devoted to combating unfair competition.

FRANCHISING IN HUNGARY – THE BEGINNING, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

Author(s): Katalin Mandel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Before the political transition, franchising was an unknown business model, but it became very popular in the ’90s and at the beginning of 21st century. The word franchising also seemed very attractive to Hungarian entrepreneurs, even a book was published with the title: Franchising is the entrepreneurs’ secret weapon? Many experts thought this could be the solution for several problems of our economy. Many networks started to use the word for their systems, without following the real ethical rules of franchising, because they could easily find investors. Even nowadays we can find Google AdWords promotion with the slogan: Join our system, no franchise fees, no royalty! Therefore, education about this business model is still very important. There are many good examples to follow in the franchise sector, not only international, but Hungarian ones as well.

FRANCHISING IN SLOVENIA – IERI, OGGI & DOMANI

Author(s): Igor Pavlin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Foreign franchising emerged in Slovenia during the 1980s. Afterwards, it continued in various forms. The eighties of the twentieth century were the years when the common state began to fall apart. However, these were the years when Slovenia was the most developed republic of the Yugoslav federation, which included high levels of both exports and imports. One may observe three main fields where franchising first appeared. Car rentals, credit cards and hotels can be found in this group of imported franchise companies.

DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCHISING IN SERBIA

Author(s): Marica Vidanović,Tamara Kerković Milenković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) are a significant segment of the Serbian economy: they make up 99.8% of total active enterprises, employ almost 2/3 employees in the non-financial sector and participate with 57.7% in the GDP of Serbia. Every tenth company exports goods or services. Research on this segment of the economy, such as the “1,000 Employers Survey” of the USAID Project for Better Business Conditions, shows that only a third of small and medium-sized enterprises cover the entire Serbia, which means that others are trading with nearby neighbors. Even though, small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) make up the most significant, most efficient and vital segment of the economy of the Republic of Serbia, bearing in mind their contribution to the increase in employment, gross added value and real turnover.