Wysiedleńcy i osiedleńcy na Śląsku Opolskim jako konsekwencja II wojny światowej

Author(s): Aleksandra Trzcielińska-Polus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

The article presents a comparison of selected aspects of the post-war fate of the displaced German population from the Opole Silesia and similar issues that relate to the Poles displaced from the Eastern Borderlands to the Opole Silesia. The comparatistic analysis – which aims to present the similarities and dissimilarities of their situation – concerns the terminology, conditions of displacements, the attitude of the authorities and the local population to the new residents, as well as the possibilities of keeping the memories. First and foremost, the term „expelled” was popular in the West Germany practically since 1945, which was not used until 1989 either in Poland, nor in the East Germany, where the term „migrants / Umsiedler” was preferred. In the Polish People’s Republic, to define the discarded since 1944 population from the Eastern Borderlands, the term „repatriates” was used. Comparing the conditions of displacement, in both cases one can speak of situational coercion and a similar course of both processes. In the new place of residence, both groups attempted to settle in dense areas, although they encountered negative stereotypes from the local people. The displaced Germans received in the West Germany a wide support from the country and of particular federal states, which enabled them to cultivate the memory of their native lands. The exposure of the memory of the Eastern Borderlands in Poland was only possible in the late 80s.

Folytatásra ítéltetett

Author(s): Gábor Lagzi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

Lengyel–magyar – „két jó barát”. A magyar–lengyel kapcsolatok dokumentumai, 1957–1987. A dokumentumokat válogatta, a bevezető tanulmányt és a jegyzeteket készítette: Mitrovits Miklós. Budapest, Napvilág Kiadó, 2014. 848 oldal

Jugoslavija in mednarodni terorizem v sedemdesetih letih.

Author(s): Polona Balantič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2015

In the middle of the 1970s the West German urban guerrilla terrorism began to escalate. The actions of the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) group culminated in the autumn of 1977 with the kidnapping and murder of the industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, hijacking of Lufthansa Landshut airplane, and suicide of the core group of the RAF’s first generation in the Stammheim prison in Stuttgart. Since the beginning of the 1970s, RAF had collaborated closely with the Palestinian terrorists, whose acts were, in principle, not condemned by Yugoslavia with the aim of fostering good relations with the Arab countries. When in September 1976 an airplane landed in Belgrade with Carlos the Jackal, at the time the most wanted terrorist connected with the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, and the German terrorist Hans-Joachim Klein on board, the FRG demanded their extradition. The Yugoslav leadership refused the extradition claiming that the passengers were not the said terrorists. Similar events took place two years later, when four RAF terrorists - Rolf Clemens Wagner, Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Peter-Jürgen Boock and Sieglinde Hofmann - arrived to Yugoslavia. Once again Yugoslavia refused to extradite them to the West Germany. This refusal was substantiated with the accusations that the West Germany had not taken measures to repress the terrorist and other subversive actions of the Croatian political emigration aimed at the representatives of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav citizens in Germany. Both cases resulted in a temporary deterioration of the relationship between the two states, but the situation normalised promptly, as both sides were interested in maintaining good bilateral relations. The aim of this article is to analyse the events in both cases of the terrorists staying in Yugoslavia, and to discover the reasons behind the Yugoslav leadership’s decision to deny the West Germany’s demands for the extradition of the terrorists.

The Role of Religion in the Collapse of Communism

Author(s): Michael Bourdeaux / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2013

At Keston College in the UK (founded to study religion in communist societies) we always believed that persecution of religion was counter-productive and we were well placed, with 25 researchers, to follow the role that faith played in the collapse of communism. This happened in different ways in the various countries, but was a factor present in all. In the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev instigated a new period of persecution of all faiths in 1959; the direct result was the rise of widespread opposition, led first by two priests of the Russian Orthodox Church, Frs Gleb Yakunin and Nikolai Eshliman. Simultaneously, more young people began to turn to the faith. Baptists were the most organized in their opposition to the new persecution, setting out their challenge in a legal framework and also criticizing their Moscow leadership for having caved in to pressure. For their boldness, the leaders of the opposition were imprisoned, but the Council of Baptist Prisoners’ Relatives gathered information systematically and smuggled it out of the country, to be published by Keston. In Lithuania the Catholic Church was much more political – the desire for national independence was never far below the surface campaign for religious liberty. The trials and imprisonment of a whole series of Catholic priests and prominent lay people did little other than inflame the opposition. In the other Baltic republics (Estonia and Latvia) this was less outspoken, but no less effective in the end. In Ukraine Stalin’s suppression of the Greek-Catholic Church in 1946 led to a swelling underground movement which eventually played a major role in the Ukrainian vote for secession from the Soviet Union. The election of a Polish Pope, John Paul II, in 1978 provided a massive stimulus for the consolidation of Catholic opposition area wide. Mikhail Gorbachev, though not a believer himself, came to see religious freedom as important for Soviet society. He could have, but did not, order the Red Army to intervene and suppress the growing opposition in Poland and East Germany. Before long the Solidarity movement in Poland, which brought together workers and Catholic leaders, won the day and communism collapsed without a shot being fired. In East Germany the Lutheran Church provided a physical refuge for the opposition which quickly breached the Berlin Wall. In Romania the Orthodox Church had long collaborated with the communist authorities, but such men as Fr Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa sacrificed their freedom in order to lead the opposition. Baptists established an inter-denominational committee to defend religious liberty. Outside the country the former prisoner of conscience, Pastor Richard Wurmbrand, led a forceful international campaign to defend those persecuted for their faith. The role of persecuted Christians in opposing communism needs much further study.

„Noi nu suntem marxiști, ci creștini”. Actele constitutive ale Comitetului Creștin Român pentru Apărarea Libertății Religioase și de Conștiință (1978)

Author(s): Dorin Dobrincu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2015

Romania experienced a rebirth of religious spirit in 1970’s which coincided with rising dissent against the party-state monopoly over this aspect of social life. In Baptist circles, nine believers – Pavel Nicolescu, Traian Bogdan, Emerich Iuhász, Ioan Brisc, Petru Cocîrțeu, Ioan Moldovan, Nicolae Rădoi, Ludovic Osvath and Dimitrie Ianculovici – founded in April 1978 an organization affiliated with Christian Solidarity International which they called the Romanian Christian Committee for the Defence of Religious Freedom and Conscience (familiarly known by its Romanian acronym ALRC). The ALRC drew up a number of memoranda which they submitted to Romanian communist authorities as well as the Baptist Union of Romania. By July 1978, the ALRC had expanded to 27 the number of signatories to these documents. The aims of the organization were summarized in six points: „affirmation of the moral and spiritual values of the Christian religion; defense of religious freedom and conscience; protection of and assistance to all those persecuted for their religious beliefs; promotion of interfaith relations between Christians in Romania and those abroad; informing public opinion in Romania and abroad concerning religious persecution in Romania; and analysis of the religious phenomenon in the context of the socialist society”. This study publishes the founding documents and the initial appeals of the ALRC from private collections.

Săpăturile arheologice efectuate de Muzeul de Istorie al Republicii Socialiste România (1969-1973)

Author(s): Liviu Petculescu,Anca Păunescu,George Trohani / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

The work makes an inventory of all the archaeological sites opened by the National History Museum of Romania

Egy összeférhetetlen vidéki megbízott 1956 utáni karrierje. Borai Emil, az ÁEH egri egyházügyi főelőadójának tevékenysége 1956–1969 között

Author(s): Máté Gál / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The paper gives an insight into the career path of the person who “operated” the state socialist church policy in Eger. Emil Borai worked as an administrator of church affairs for the State Office of Church Affairs (ÁEH) between 1952 and 1969. However, the surviving archival sources allow us to reconstruct mostly his post-1956 activity. Due to the characteristics of the source material, the present paper focuses on studying the period following the 1956 revolution and war of independence. Through the personal example of Emil Borai, it describes the everyday tasks, the successes and the difficulties of a country cadre fighting on the “front” of church affairs. It shows how these tasks were constantly changing according to the varying demands of Kádár’s ecclesiastical policy. When it comes to the difficulties, the revolution and war of independence is in focus as this was a traumatic experience even for the communist cadre and his colleagues. In the meantime, the paper gives an insight into how the mechanism of the restrictions and persecution targeting the Catholic church worked in the country, relying on cases the author selected and analyzes on the basis of his experiences gathered through years of research. It also makes an attempt to answer the question how the career progression and the wages of an official dealing with church affairs looked in the period, and what further allowances ÁEH provided to its employees in the country. Finally, Borai’s personality is an important factor: we describe the picture the office formed of him, which became more and more negative with the passing of time, and the more and more frequent criticism from his superiors, which gradually replaced the words of praises.

Stojíme u zdi. K českému hudebnímu undergroundu 80. let

Author(s): Jan Cholínský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2015

In the historiographical literature dealing with the resistance of Czech society to the communist regime in the 1970s and 1980s, there is still no adequate description of numerous and active underground subcultures, including the evaluation of its philosophical, social, (non) political and artistic origins and its social reach. This article tries to contribute to this.

Hűvöstől fagypontig. A szovjet–amerikai kapcsolatok fordulópontjai négy történészi szemszögből

Author(s): László Fazakas / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

There are many debates around the processes and events that led to the Cold War. Some historians see the germs of the Cold War in the diplomatic and foreign policy events of 1941-1945. Others identify the geopolitical processes that took place between 1945 and 1949 as the primary causes of the Cold War. This essay offers a comparative study of the events from the perspective of four major historical works.

Thomas Flemming: Die Berliner Maurer. Geschichte eines politischen Bauwerks (A Berlini Fal. Egy politikai építmény története) című könyvéről

Author(s): László Kult / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2013

Thomas Flemming: Die Berliner Maurer. Geschichte eines politischen Bauwerks (Berlin, be-bra verlag, 2008. ISBN 978-3-89809-083-4)

„…közérdekből…”

Author(s): József Saád / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1-2/2019

Gyarmati György – Palasik Mária (szerk.): Honukban otthontalanok Tanulmányok az 1951. évi budapesti kitelepítések történetéből ÁBTL–Kronosz, Budapest, 2018., 409 oldal, 4200 Ft

70 DE ANI DE LA ÎNCEPUTUL COLECTIVIZĂRII AGRICULTURII – CU PRIVIRE ASUPRA PĂRȚII DE SUD A BUCOVINEI

Author(s): Marian Olaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

This article presents the main features of the collectivisation process in Romania, started 70 years ago, with reference to the southern part of Bukovina. The events of July and August 1949 in Suceava County highlight the resistance of peasantry to the establishment of Soviet economic, social and ritual order in Bukovina and Romania, coming under the domination of the USSR. The events of July-August 1949 from Rogojesti, Calafindești, Frătăuții Noi, Milișăuți, Bălăceana and Stroiești are relevant for the heroic resistance of the Romanian peasants.

UN EROU DIN MUNȚII DORNELOR. GRIGORE SANDU (1907–1989)

Author(s): Aurelian Cocoreanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

The following article refers to the anti-communist resistance in the mountains of Bukovina, to the partisans who fought against the Bolshevik regime, introduced in Romania by the Soviet occupant and faced the repression organs.The author presents the calvary (life and actions) of Grigore Sandu (1907–1989), a Romanian peasant and patriot from the village of Coşna, whom the communist authorities have hunted for a quarter of a century. He was a member of the partisan group called “The Black Wool Coatsˮ, which was active in the Vatra Dornei area.

Jinak lidu, jinak vládcům

Author(s): Šárka Koukalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2019

The discerning style of the Vystrkov summer resort indicates that in socialist Czechoslovakia, too, everyone was equal but some were more “equal” than others. The design work on the facility intended for the leading Communist Party and state officials was done by political prisoners. The results of their work have recently begun to draw the attention of those interested in post-war architecture. The Vystrkov facility is in fact very far from a typical socialist building project.

Zlatá klec na Pankráci

Author(s): Šárka Koukalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2019

An interview with František Wiendl about a prison for architects and designers

Chtěli z nás vydolovat to nejhodnotnější

Author(s): Šárka Koukalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2019

An interview with Zdeněk Klíbr about a revolt against the regime and imprisonment in a special prison group

Vsetínská pochodeň?

Author(s): Pavel Mašlaň,Lukáš Peluněk / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2019

In the autumn of 2019 it was half a century since the moment when an employee of the local museum Bohumil Peroutka set himself alight in the yard of the Vsetin palace. It was a tragic end for a man who was fully dedicated to research work, and whose professional expertise and humanity are still remembered by his former colleagues, friends and students.

Croitor de şefi de stat

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 02/2020

The author evokes a period after 1965 in the communist Romania, years marked by a certain “thaw” regarding the rigors of the communist regime. Many Westerners were interested in seeing, learning about and especially comparing the realities of their country with those of a country in the Soviet sphere of influence such as Romania. Romanians admiration for the West, especially in that decade of liberalization, was based on objects, music, films ... Westerners were able to think freely and did not have to speak in two registers: now whispering, then loudly. They were acting and thinking freely. The article mentions the luxury tailor Angelo Litrico, who offered his services to great heads of state.

Zoltán Sándor: Lelkészköri gyűlést megnyitó beszéd

Author(s): János Pál / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2019

Socialist-Era New Yugoslav Feminism between “Mainstreaming” and “Disengagement”: The Possibilities for Resistance, Critical Opposition and Dissent

Author(s): Zsófia Lóránd / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Through a focus on early publications by feminist intellectuals in Yugoslavia during the 1970s, this paper aims to demonstrate methods of feminist critique of the theory and practice of women’s emancipation in the context of a state socialist (in this case self-managing socialist) country in East Central Europe. After a brief overview of feminist organizing in Yugoslavia until the late 1980s, this paper looks at conferences and journal publications, which also provides the opportunity to better understand the workings of the Yugoslav public space and publishing processes. The text, written with a conceptual and intellectual historical focus, analyzes the discursive interventions and reformulations of matters related to women’s emancipation. The new Yugoslav feminist approaches rethought and reformulated the “women’s question.” Reading the prevailing currents of feminism in North America and Western Europe, feminists in Yugoslavia searched for ways to reframe this question into a critique that was constructive as well as innovative in its own context.