Пропаганда на прелазу векова: слика Арапа и Руса у америчким видео-играма

Author(s): Darko Radivojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2015

During the last decades of the 20th century the United States started using video games as propaganda tools. They became a useful tool in creating the image of “the other”. In this article the author analyzes video games which depict war. Three dimensions of video games which the propagandists use are space, characters and the fear-concept. Two most depicted groops in these games are Arabs and Russians. Image of Arabs is consistent from the 18th to the 21st century. Stereotypes of Arabs were created during the 18th and the 19th century when the term Orient was coined to designate the Eastern world. Creators of video games started making image of Arabs in early 80’s, but the real expansion of video games depicting Arabs started after the 2001 terorrist attacks in New York. There was a need to create very negative image of Arabs using every tool of propaganda, including video games. Video games started depicting Soviets (Russians) during the 80’s and the 90’s creating negative image. During the first five years of the 21st century, there was an improvement in Russia-United States relations. During those five years the image was far better, video games depicted “brave” Soviets during World War II. But the relations beetween two countries started worsening in 2004 and 2005. During the second half of the decade and the first half of the next one the main goal of american video game creators was to create negative image of Russians as a threat to the world.

Zapis windykacyjny jako nowa instytucja w polskim prawie spadkowym

Author(s): Paulina Katarzyna Chała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Since 23rd October 2011 we have had a new inheritance law institution to reckon with, which is specific bequest (legatum per vindicationem). The amendment of 18th March 2011 introduced changes to the Polish Civil Code and a few other acts. Deliberations – mainly on the changes that were introduced to the Book 4 of the Polish Civil Code entitled Inherited estate – shall be the subject of this article, so it is mainly focused on issues such as: ability to establish a specific bequest, form of its establishment and capacity to be a legatee. Legislator’s objective was, among others, to widen freedom of testing by the possibility to bequeath a specific item to the particular person in the will. This need was arising from the tendencies that practically took place before the amendment. Many testators wanted to bequeath their specific items to the particular people. They did that mainly by including simple entries in their wills and testaments, however this did not result in fulfillment of the testators’ wills. Legislator responded to that need. Since the amendment we have had two kinds of bequests to reckon with: normal and specific, that differ widely. Demonstration and explanation of those differences will also be a subject of this article.

Impact of regulatory pressure on auditing timeframe and risk: evidence from the U.S. energy industry

Author(s): Maksymilian Kochański / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2014

This study examines the impact of regulatory pressure in the U.S. energy industry on auditing timeframe and risk based on a sample of 150 audit fee disclosures from proxy statements, as well as 150 audit reports filed in 2012/2013 with Securities and Exchange Commission. It was found that in economic terms, the impact of moving from a non-regulated to a regulated industry on audit fees is a decrease of those fees by 15%. While the study results indicate that audit fees significantly decrease (increase) when the client firm operates in the regulated energy industry (non-regulated industry), no impact of regulations on audit timeframe is reported.

Rekomendacja t – szanse i zagrożenia

Author(s): Agnieszka Strycharczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2012

The article presents the applied assumptions T Recommendation by the Financial Supervision Commission in February 2010 and attempts to assess its recommendations. Negative changes in the financial market stemming from the collapse of subprime lending in the U.S., led the credit policy by tightening the existing procedures. Not all the Polish banking sector actors have taken such action, prompting the KNF to introduce harmonized rules on risk management for retail credit exposures. Pointed out the recommendations arising from the introduction of benefits, as well as threats, with particular emphasis on the poorest people.

Az őslakos státusz Ukrajnában

Author(s): Csilla Fedinec / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

Though the Ukrainian state has not been practising sovereign rights since 2014, the repeated and emphatic assertions of the rights of Crimean Tatars to self-determination have always been present. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a Resolution “On Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine guarantees of the rights of the Crimean Tatar people as a part of the State of Ukraine” (2014). According to the resolution, the right of the Tatar people to self-determination shall be granted and protected within the sovereign and independent Ukrainian state, as Ukraine recognizes the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Resolution proposes that: „The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine instructs the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to urgently submit draft laws of Ukraine and regulatory legal acts of Ukraine determining and confirming the status of the Crimean Tatar people as indigenous people of Ukraine.” However, no such document—not even a draft—was submitted before the end of 2017. After the Russian annexation of the Crimea, the national assertion of Crimean Tatars has become more and more virtual in Ukraine.

Екоморфічна структура угруповань ґрунтової мезофауни техноземів Нікопольського марганцеворудного басейну

Author(s): K. P. Maslikova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

This study established features of the animal population of artificial soil-like bodies – technosols in terms of ecomorphic analysis. The survey was conducted at the research station of the Dnipro State Agricultural University in the city Pokrov in 2012–2014. The experimental polygons were laid within four technosol types: pedozems, sod loess-like lithogenic soils on loam, grey-green clay and red-brown clay. The polygon consisted of 15 transects and each transect was composed of seven test sites. The distance between rows in the polygon was 3 m. Each test site was a square with size 3 × 3 m. The manual sorting of the soil-zoological samples was conducted within each site for areas 0.25 × 0.25 m to the depth where animals were found. Samples were taken in late April or early May. In general, for each period of counting for each polygon 105 soil-zoological samples were taken 123 species of invertebrates were found in the soil macrofauna community of the technosols. These communities are a steppe monoceonosis with a tendency to transformations into pseudoomonoceonosis on account of increased share of pratants. The soil macrofauna of sod lithogenic soils on grey-green clay and loam on loes-like clays is most adapted to xerophilous condition. Animal communities in pedozems and sod-lithogenic soils or on red-brown clay have a more mesophilic character. The trophoceonomorphic structure of the soil macrofauna community indicates a significant potential of the fertility of artificial soil. The aeromorphs’ structure reveals a significant ability of technosols to create cracks and pores, which can lead to hyperaeration. The dominant part of the of soil macrofauna community was hypercarbonatophils. Against the background of the steppe character, the soil macrofauna community had a topomorphic structure that is unusual for natural steppe black soil biogeocenoses on loess-like loam. The trophomorph structure was greatly dominated by phytophages, which indicates the prevalence of processes of mineralization of plant residues under the humification process. The phoromorphic spectrum of soil animal communities was dominated by ecological groups which move without the active construction of tunnels.

Long-term dynamics of flora of karst lakes: Changes and current state

Author(s): E. A. Belyakov,E. V. Garin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Long-term observations of the rates and pattern of changes in flora and vegetation contribute to understanding of one of the most important contemporary global problems, the eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, using classical floristic methods, we attempt to determine (for a period of almost 80 years) the nature and possible causes of changes in the floristic composition of the lakes of karst origin, Velikoe and Parovoe (Pustinskaya lake-river system, the right bank of Nizhny Novgorod oblast). The paper shows that over a long period of observations a significant transformation of the vegetation cover has occurred in the lakes. The process was accompanied by the disappearance of a number of native species and appearance of others, including adventitious ones (for example, Elodea canadensis Michx., Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf, Bidens frondosa L. and Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn). The weak saturation of the flora with adventive species indicates that the reservoirs are subject to moderate anthropogenic transformation. This is also indicated by the presence of characteristic indicator species, for example, Najas minor All., Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Stratiotes aloides L. in the plant communities. In addition, the studied water bodies are subject to a further increase in the degree of eutrophication. This can be judged by scattered records of Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht., the disappearance of a number of species (such as Elatine alsinastrum L. and Callitriche hermaphroditica L.), as well as the presence of a significant number of macrophyte indicators of the eutrophic state of water bodies. We suggest that a gradual increase in the trophicity of the studied water bodies is due to a combination of anthropogenic impact (water withdrawal for economic needs, recreational load), natural and climatic features of the region (alternation of high and low water periods) and the natural succession processes associated with the current fundamental changes in the conditions of the runoff formation in the Volga River basin. As a result of studies conducted by authors in 2014–2015, it has been shown that in general the taxonomic and ecological structures of the flora of both lakes are quite diverse and traditional for the territory and the European part of Russia. Meanwhile, the flora of these two reservoirs insignificantly differs in taxonomic composition, which is due to their individual morphometric characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the aquatic environment, and the nature of the anthropogenic load. At the same time, the equilibrium balance of coastal and aquatic plants in the flora of Lake Parovoe (in contrast to Lake Velikoe) indicates a degree of successional stability of its floristic complex.

Polarizarea mass-media în chestiunea referendumului din România în 2018

Author(s): Petrica Pațilea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2018

The polarization of the press, especially in controversial issues, especially if they have a political stake, remains an open subject, because the truth "decomposed" takes the form of editorial policy specific to each media institution, more or less opened to embracing Western values. When the subject is religion, politics or sexuality (or all together!), the groups gather, the identity discourse and the theme of otherness come back to the attention of public opinion, under the assault with propagandistic and electoral accents of those interested, insufficient and discretionary media to the press. The Romanian media - press institutions and opinion leaders - speculated the electoral period dedicated to the referendum to change the definition of the family from the state's fundamental law, conducting a sustained campaign, not so much from the need to inform its public, especially from the desire to increase their audience shares, by capturing the attention on this sensitive subject (in a country with a Christian-Orthodox tradition) and controversial (if we consider the opportunity of voting), and that is why the objective positioning required to onest jurnalists is at least questionable in many cases. It is thus demonstrated that the decomposition of truth is also caused by an excessive polarization of society and it has the effect of eroding public discourse, alienation and uncertainty.

Защита слабой стороны при привлечении денежных средств для долевого строительства жилья

Author(s): B.M Gongalo,Elena Mikhailovna Podrabinok / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

Following the adoption of the Federal Law on Shared Construction (no. 214-FZ) on December 20, 2014, finances of citizens have been attracted for construction through transactions: conclusion of contracts for the sale and purchase of residential premises in the construction project; conclusion of preliminary agreements for participation in the shared construction and the sale and purchase of residential premises in the construction project; entering into loan agreements; issuance of a bill of exchange for the subsequent payment of the dwelling in an apartment building (other property); entering into construction investment contracts, etc. All of the above-mentioned agreements mediate the transfer of finances and (or) other property by the citizen for the construction of an apartment building (other property) with the subsequent transfer of residential premises in such an apartment building (other property) to the citizen. The paper examines the legal consequences of the conclusion between the developer and the citizen of the contract, which in its essence is a shared construction agreement. The practice of courts that consider it possible to apply the measures provided for by the Law on Shared Construction to such contracts is recognized as not entirely acceptable. It has been proposed in the paper to apply the rules on the sale and purchase of a future property to such contracts.

УЗ СЕДАМДЕСЕТУ ГОДИШЊИЦУ ИСТОРИЈСКОГ ИНСТИТУТА УНИВЕРЗИТЕТА ЦРНЕ ГОРЕ И ИСТОРИЈСКИХ ЗАПИСА

Author(s): Radoslav Raspopović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2018

The paper focuses on the beginnings of the institutional study of the past of Montenegro and the importance that the Historical Institute of Montenegro had for the scientific achievements in that area. Since its founding in 1948 and during the later decades of its work, together with the seventy-year-long publishing of the magazine Istorijski Zapisi (Historical records), exceptional results have been achieved not only in the development of Montenegrin historiography, but also in the overall scientific thought in Montenegro.

KAYSERİ KEYKUBADİYE SARAYI KAZISI KÜNK, TUĞLA VE TANDIRLARI

Author(s): Ezgi Temekoğlu,Yunus Aslan,Mevlüt Anıl Fidan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

The excavations at the palace of the Kayseri Keykubadiye Palaces of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire have been carried out since 2015 by a team headed by Prof. Dr. Ali Baş on behalf of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Selcuk University. Various findings were obtained during the drilling work conducted in 2014 and excavations at 2015, 2016, 2017 in the year, respectively. The examples of pipes, brick and tandoor are our research topics from these findings. The examination of the aforementioned findings is important in terms of giving information about the palace architecture and the palace life of the period. In our article, which is a common study, the pipes Ezgi Temekoğlu, the bricks are Yunus Aslan, and tandoors were examined by Mevlüt Anil Fidan.

Avangarda şi Revoluţia

Author(s): Ovidiu Morar / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1 (29)/2019

If, in Ionesco’s well-known definition, the Avant-garde can be defined in “terms of opposition and rupture”, it follows that the main goal of any Avant-garde project would be the Revolution. This approach tries to emphasize the main connections and, respectively, tribulations of the relationship between Avant-garde and the idea of revolution, not only under the form of radical aesthetic innovation, but also under the political aspect. It reveals the fact that all Avant-garde movements, including the Romanian Avant-garde of the thirties, shared the main idea of social emancipation as a necessary condition for human liberation.

Polityczne wizje i historyczne rozrachunki

Author(s): Natalia Jackowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2019

Dél-Szlovákia gazdasági és szociális helyzete néhány mutató tükrében (3. rész)

Author(s): Zsolt Horbulák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2019

Southern Slovakia has traditionally been identified with the region inhabited by Hungarians. However, for analytical purposes it is more appropriate to assume the administrative-statistical regions, and in Slovakia, the most suitable territorial entities are the districts. In Southern Slovakia there are 16 districts with a significant proportion of Hungarian population, and, for historical reasons, Bratislava and Košice can also be classified as belonging to the examined region. Looking at the aggregated data of this area, it can be concluded that its development is lagging behind the national average. Regarding industrial production, the southern region, in view of its gravity, accounts for a smaller proportion of the national output. Similarly, lagging behind can also be observed in respect of the corporate average wage, as well as in view of productivity. The economic development of the southern region is uneven, the western–eastern opposition is significant, although it is continuously decreasing. The economically most backward region in the long term is Gemer.

Teme u personalizovanoj izbornoj kampanji: Slučaj Srbije 2012.

Author(s): Siniša M. Atlagić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2012

Identifying predominant issues and slogans during the 2012 general election campaign in Serbia the author underlines that those were part of promises made by almost all election participants. Those promises, as not discriminative enough, were accepted due to trust in leaders as well as belief they would be able to keep them and the election campaign was transformed from an issue campaign into a personalized one.

Izborno izveštavanje 2012: Odsustvo novinara

Author(s): Jovanka Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2012

Monitoring of the media coverage of the 2012 Serbian parliamentary and presidential elections pointed out the absence of analytical and critical role of the media as the main shortcoming of media work. The media largely relied on parties' press releases and therefore the election news was mostly positive and propagandistic in tone. The text shows that the media regulation neglects the role of regular news programs in providing adequate information to voters. The author finds two reasons for the absence of the control role of the media. One is the heritage of the nineties, when opposition parties insisted that journalists’ analysis and commentaries were forbidden so that the partial coverage of the regime-controlled media was avoided. The other is the present economic position of the media which makes them financially dependent on the state.

„Arapsko proleće“ i demokratizacija u uporednoj perspektivi

Author(s): Jovan Teokarević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

„Arapsko proleće“, to jest, talas svrgavanja nedemokratskih režima na severu Afrike u proleće 2011, upoređuje s sa demokratizacijom u drugim delovima sveta u prethodnim decenijama, a posebno u balkanskim i drugim postkomunističkim državama. Kroz sedam teza objašnjavaju se sličnosti i razlike naročito s takozvanim izbornim ili šarenim revolucijama u postkomunističkim državama. Zaključuje se da, uprkos mnogim nedoumicama i kontroverzama, „arapsko proleće“ već sada, dok još traje, ima važne posledice za napredak i sudbinu demokratizacije u celom svetu. Ono pokazuje da je demokratija univerzalna vrednost, da su nedemokratski režimi danas ranjivi i nestabilni, kao i da toj ranjivosti najviše doprinosi brz razvoj komunikacionih tehnologija, interneta i društvenih mreža.

Konferencija

Author(s): Monika Bregović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2019

Konferencija Sea Change. Wavescapes in the Anthropocene, Sveučilište u Splitu, Split, Komiža, 3.– 6. prosinca 2018. Reported by Monika Bregović.

Bartın’ı Ziyaret Eden Yerli Turistlerin Yöresel Yiyeceklere Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlarının Belirlenmesi

Author(s): Hande Uyar Oğuz,Ayhan Karakaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2019

When we analysis today's travel behaviors, it has seen that the number of tourists whose interest of alternative tourism except 3S (sea-sand-sun) tourism is increasing day by day. Especially tourists with high education and culture are looking for something different from their own life and for this they also use modern technological tools to travel destinations which have original cultural and local characteristics. In this context, specific local foods and beverages in the region or destination have become an important attraction for tourists. When Bartın Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism data of 2017 are examined, it has seen that most of the visitors to Bartın Province were domestic tourists with 275.001 overnight stay. Because of this, the population of this research is composed of domestic tourists and also the convenience sampling method has been used in this research. It has reached 384 local tourists and interviewed with them using the survey technique. Statistical package program was used for the analysis of the data. The research results show us that the first aim of visiting Bartın Province is not the local cuisine for local tourists, they didn’t have enough knowledge about regional foods before or after visiting Bartın, The local cuisine is not included in the menu of the food and beverage enterprises is the main reason of why the local tourist are not interested to local cuisine. It also shows that the numbers of establishments that will taste these local foods are not enough in Bartın.

Main Motivators of Social Audit: Case of Estonia

Author(s): Natalja Gurvitsh,Chrislin Nestra / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In recent years the growing importance of sustainable development has been widely recognized worldwide. Organizations actively implement social and environmentally sustainable work practices in their business strategy. The growing concern from the stakeholders for the transparency and social responsibility has put more focus on social audit as an important tool of measurement of social and environmental performance of organizations. Various studies revealed importance and numerous benefits of social audit in different countries (Berthin, 2011; Ahmed 2012; Brown-Liburd & Zamora, 2014; Casey & Grenier, 2014). However less is known about the social audit in Estonia and this study fills a gap in determining its current stage and perspectives of future development. The aim of this paper is to identify the reasons why Estonian are not very active in conducting social audit and what would be the main motivators for this procedure. Authors conducted a survey among the largest tax paying companies in Estonia. The questionnaire was sent to 800 companies and 122 responses were collected. Results of the study revealed an interest towards social audit among the surveyed companies however only 15 of them (12%) conduct social audit. In authors opinion the reason of the low number of performing companies is the certain difficulties experienced by companies while obtaining social audit related information. The main reasons of conducting social audit outlined by respondents were their desire to demonstrate their responsibility towards society (67%) and the opportunity to evaluate the impact of the business activity of the company on different groups of stakeholders (60%); while the main reasons on non-conducting appeared to be lack of information about such opportunity (42%), lack of interest (20%) and lack of popularity in Estonia (28%). The main motivators which would push companies to perform social audit were identified as financial performance-related benefits (41%) and the growing public pressure (44%). The findings of the survey have various implications. First, they emphasize that there is an interest towards social audit among Estonian companies, which will continue growing in the coming years as stated by respondents. Seconds, that more attention and support should be provided from the state and the audit companies to ensure the sustainable development of the Estonian business community.