![Co je ICT?](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_767100.jpg)
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our contemporary society imposes historically unique challenges for humankind. The emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life of robots, AI and algorithms alongside unprecedented economic superiority, data storage and computational advantages. However, the introduction of AI to society also raises ethical questions. What is the social impact of robots, algorithms, blockchain and AI entering the workforce and our daily lives on the economy and human society? Should AI become eternal or is there a virtue in switching off AI at a certain point? If so, we may have to define a ‘virtue of killing’ and a ‘right to destroy’ that may draw from legal but also philosophical sources to answer the question how to handle the abyss of killing with ethical grace and fair style. In light of robots already having gained citizenship and being attributed as quasi-human under Common Law jurisdiction, should AI and robots be granted full citizen rights – such as voting rights? Or should we simply reap the benefits of AI and consider to define a democracy with different classes having diversified access to public choice and voting – as practiced in the ancient Athenian city state, which became the cradle of Western civilization and democratic traditions spread around the globe. Or should we legally justify AI slaves to economically reap their benefits, as was common in ancient Rome, which became the Roman Law legal foundation for Continental and some of Scandinavian Law traditions and which inspired very many different codifications around the world. Finally, we may also draw from the Code Napoléon, the French Code Civil established under Napoleon in 1804, which defined male and female into two classes of human with substantial right and power differences, and – to this day – accounts for one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world in legal and societal ways. In asking critical questions and unraveling the ethical boundary conditions of our future artificial world, the paper thereby takes a descriptive – afar from normative – theoretical angle targeted at aiding a successful introduction of AI into our contemporary workforce, democracy and society.
More...
The last few years have provided an abundance of examples of how malicious actors can exploit user data to the detriment of social media users, armed forces, and society. This study explores what kind of user data is available in the digital environment and demonstrates how a malicious actor can exploit this data in the context of a military exercise. The results of an experiment conducted by a NATO StratCom COE research team suggest that in the current digital arena an adversary would be able to collect enough personal data on soldiers to create targeted messages with precision, successfully influencing their chosen target audience to carry out desired behaviors.
More...
As social media, and the web as a whole, become more visual, organizations and governments can no longer rely solely on textual analysis when seeking to better understand their audiences in the online environment. Methods for thorough analysis of the online information environment, including visual content, must be developed. This chapter discusses the type of information images contain and how it can be extracted, and proposes a computer based image retrieval to extract valuable information from large volumes of images and aggregate it in a meaningful way.
More...
In May 2017, the President of Ukraine put into effect a decision of the National Security and Defence Council (NSDC) to impose economic sanctions on 468 Russian companies. The largest Russian social network, VKontakte (VK), was banned, among others. Because of the ban, the audience for VK in Ukraine decreased significantly and the social network site dropped out of the top ten most popular sites in the country. To better understand the effects of the VK ban, a study was organised to monitor changes in posting dynamics, to analyse user demographics before and after the ban, and to identify the rhetoric used in posts before and after the ban. The dataset includes more than 300,000 Ukrainian VK user profiles. Because the ban does not apply to the territories occupied by Russia, the study examined two target regions: government controlled areas (GCA) subject to the ban, and non-government-controlled areas (NGCA) where the ban was not imposed. The study took place between 1 May 2016 and 14 June 2018. This period was divided into three intervals: before the ban, the first ‘user exodus’, and the second ‘user exodus’. Our analysis shows that VK is markedly less popular in the area controlled by the Ukrainian government (19% less, compared to NGCA). However, those few users left after the ban are more active, producing 4.37 times as much content as those in non-governmentcontrolled-areas. Moreover, these VK profiles are more densely connected. To study the rhetoric appearing in user posts, we used a clustering algorithm that could identify accounts posting about ideological issues. When compared with the majority of other profiles, the characteristics of ideological posts stood out. Before the ban a typical VKuser would write, on average, one post every four days; after the ban the frequency dropped to one post every ten days. Ideological users55 were notably more active — they wrote four posts per day before the ban and 1.6 posts after the ban. Ideological users were also significantly more connected — after the ban the average number of friends for an ideological user grew from 197 to 501, and such users subscribed to 2.25 times more groups than typical VK-users. Our analysis of reposts from ideological groups showed that although the number of users decreased by a factor of three, the activity level of these groups remained unchanged. However, taking into account that most pro-Ukrainian groups left VK after the ban, those who continued to use the network were increasingly posting to an echo-chamber. We conclude that the VK ban was effective in some ways. The network lost a significant portion of its audience and its popularity decreased, but those users who retained their VK profiles after the ban became more connected on average and began consuming more information from a greater number of groups. Despite the fact that the number of ideological users also dropped, those who continued to use VK lost their opposition, so rhetoric became less diverse.
More...
In the last 6 months increasing quantities of information have been released regarding exactly how attempts to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election may have been carried out. In this study we use a combination of quantitative analysis, machine learning and natural language processing to map out the topics of conversation promoted by the Russian troll factory, the Internet Research Agency (IRA) between 2015 and 2018. We show how this activity involves coordinated messaging across multiple social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and Instagram), and how this seeks to promote both sides of controversial debates with inflammatory material. Additionally, we demonstrate how real-world events are utilised to spread division in societies abroad with a common pattern of progressively provocative content. Finally, we show how this same agency uses these platforms for a very different purpose for domestic audiences, and spreads single pro-regime messages without attempts to intensify divisions at home. These results demonstrate how any successful solutions to counter this type of activity will need to tackle the problem from a multi-platform approach, and also must consider how alternative audiences may be targeted in different ways by hostile influence.
More...
Throughout this publication, we have explored some of the ways in which technology can be exploited to influence our behavior. In this brief section, we offer some recommendations. Given current trends, it is likely that more and more personal data will be available online in the coming years. This issue is particularly delicate with regard to the personal data of people belonging to sensitive categories (such as servicemen/-women, government officials, and decision-makers). On the one hand, it will be necessary to devise ways to curb current trends for what concerns these categories, i.e. reducing the amount of information available on these individuals. On the other hand, it is equally important to consider how to mitigate the negative effects of data proliferation once data is already available and can be exploited by malicious actors. The research presented here has demonstrated that current standards must be improved to reduce the risks posed by personal data exploitation. Conducting experiments, such as the one described in this volume should be a staple component of tactical-level exercises and could significantly improve the awareness of our servicemen/-women.
More...
Building Information Model (BIM) is a three-dimensional model that digitally represents the building and facilitates the planning, construction and operation of the building. in the investment project to work together in real time and visualize their changes. The main participants in it are designers, designers, contractors, owners, contractors, project managers, technical managers and facility managers. The digitalisation of the building sector is directly dependent on international standards for building information modelling.
More...
Political economy concerns historical, legal and heterodox economics analysis of complex systems. This article attempts to analyze the current state of the European Union from historical, legal and interdisciplinary economics perspectives. Historically, the ancient Athenian democracy, the Holy Roman Empire and the early formation of the United States serve as examples of early innovative legal constructs of their times that were sui generis and share key features with the current European Union. Regarding legal developments, this paper discusses the bicameral parliamentary structure, electoral processes and populist pressures. The future of the European Union economy is likely to see an AI (r)evolution shaping markets and rising big data revenues. This develop necessitates the creation of a fifth fundamental freedom of data transfer within the European Union, as well as taxation of growth generated by big data. Heterodox economic growth theories will increasingly have to account for this growth.
More...
Paper presents the study of factors affecting success at public calls for research and development project proposals on a sample of Slovenian small and micro, medium and large companies. First part of research involved gathering the data on company participation in public calls and quantitative analysis of data in order to identify the sample of companies most successful at public R&D calls. Second part of research utilized qualitative methods: interviews with companies in the sample, qualitative analysis of interviews, and formation of a grounded theory and a paradigmatic model, with the goal of identifying the role and impact of IT support and other factors that influence the success of companies in public tenders for co-financing of R&D projects. We have identified relevant IT support related factors and the additional factors of human resources. In the process we have developed a novel multicriteria model for evaluation of performance at public calls, which takes into account the funds acquired, the number of acquired projects, the ratio of public resources and funds from market activities, the number of employees. The results of our research are applicable in the theory of project management, sociological research on interplay of IT and society and have a potential impact in the design and management of public calls for project proposals and the approach to public calls for project proposals in companies.
More...
Information technology is a driver of modern business and revolution that affects the competition of all participants in the local and global market. It affects the customer’s strength and lowers costs, links business partners, triggers new business processes and participates in creating new products. The global business environment of companies crossing the borders of their country and doing business in other countries today is the standard that everyone is trying to reach. Such business goals have an impact on the economy of the whole country. The accelerated development of information technology has greatly influenced the international markets that were once limited by geographic distances. All companies in today’s world market are equally competitive and can achieve significant success. The main aim of this paper is analysis of the impact of using information technologies on the international business development of state-owned companies in the Republic of Croatia. We introduced the results of the survey research on target population of 122 employees in state-owned companies in the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted in the period from August 27 to September 6, 2018. The data are processed statistically with the SPSS program. The results of our research have undoubtedly showed that state-owned companies in the Republic of Croatia that use advanced information technology and investing in IT education of their employees achieve significant success on the international market.
More...
Progress in information and communication technology (ICT) has caused many structural changes such as reorganizing of globalization, economics or trade extension. Personal computers and the Internet provide the equipment and connectivity that allows companies to benefit from ICTs. The impact of ICT on business efficiency is the subject of many studies and statistical surveys. Some studies demonstrate a clear return on investment in ICT. Other surveys show the benefits of ICT, but there are no specificities, that lead to ICT efficiency maximization. Information and communication technology is a broad area, so we will focus mainly on the use of computers and computer networks, the use of the Internet and the promotion through the web site, which are partial parts of our survey. The survey focused on the agriculture section, because other economic activities are mapped relatively well by official statistical surveys. The findings of the research indicate progress in the use of computers and computer networks over a similar survey realized in 2009. It is also possible to claim this in the case of website promotion. However, it is still possible to conclude that agriculture is lagging behind in comparison with other economic activities.
More...
Smart tourism destinations are created with the implementation of the Smart City concept.This concept is getting stronger because projections show that about 66% of the world population willlive in an urban environment by 2050. The Smart Cities around the globe have already implementedstrategies for the development of smart tourism or their implementations are in progress. The goal ofthis paper is to study key factors of the successful smart city technologies with a primary focus on Opendata to the development of smart tourism destinations through the analysis of more than 10 smart citiesthat represent leaders in the smart tourism.
More...
The number of people fleeing war, violence and persecution has been higher these days World War II (UNHCR, Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2015, 2016). The global population of forcibly displaced people increased to 68.5 million as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. More than 25.4 million refugees, over half of them are children, had to seek shelter in nearby countries (UNHCR, Globla trends.Forced displacement in 2017, 2018). Certain Member States on the EU’s external borders, such as Greece, Italy, Malta and Hungary, are overburdened by asylum-seekers which leads to both poor living conditions for them (unjustified detentions, mistreatment, etc.) as well as lower rates of asylum applications being approved. This forces a mosaic of people from different cultures, ethnic and religious backgrounds to spend months or even years away from their compatriots. At the same time, the difficulty of passing from the outskirt countries of EU to the more economically prosperous ones on the north has separated families and friends with little to no communication at all. (European Parliament, n.d.).
More...
The Greek Asylum Service has been operational for four years, in an environment characterized by rapid developments. The movement of refugees and migrants to Europe, was probably the defining development for our continent in the last two years. In 2015, the great unforeseen refugee influx led to the expansion of the Asylum Service. Our country is legally and morally obliged to inform and offer protection to refugees, irrespective of their numbers and whether they have entered Greece in a regular or irregular fashion. Towards this direction, the Asylum Service, together with the Harokopio University of Athens worked for a jointly funded action of the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) 2014- 2020. The purpose of this action is the design, development and maintenance of a mobile application and the target group would be the asylum seekers who move or are transferred from the country's external borders, and especially the individuals with a refugee profile.
More...
Japonca anadil konuşucuları Kanji ile ilkokulda karşılaşıyor ve lise hayatının sonuna kadar öğrenimleri devam ediyorlar. Japonca anadil konuşucuları günlük yaşam ortamlarında Kanji ile sürekli temas içerisinde oldukları bir ortamda bulunmalarının faydasını görmekteler. Bu ortam sayesinde sık kullanılan karakterler ve karakter arasında bir bağ oluşturarak daha kolay anlamaları sağlanmaktadır (Kano 1997: 1). Sadece Latin alfabesine hâkim olan ve Japonca öğrenen öğrenici, temel dilbilgisi ve Kanjinin yanında iki yeni fonetik yazım sistemini de öğrenmek durumundadır. Bu öğrenim sürecinde kanji ile ilk başlardan itibaren karşılaşan öğrenici Japonca okuma ve anlama yetisini geliştirebilmek için üstün bir çaba göstermek durumundadır.
More...
本論文は、主体的な学びについての一考察である。日本の教育 業界では、ここ数年アクティブラーニングが流行しており、日本語 教育においても同様である。だが、一方で「主体的な学び」そのも のが形式化してしまうという問題も指摘されている。そこで本論文 では、主体的に深く学ぶことについて考察する。「深さ」について 考えるにあたり、「ディープ・アクティブ・ラーニング」という方 法論と、哲学的方法をベースにした「子供のための哲学」「探究の 共同体」という思想に注目する。そこから、それらの方法論に共通 する他者の協働性を確認し、日本語教育においても「深さ」を求め るには「他者」的視点が必要であることを指摘する。 キーワード: 深い学び、他者理解、ディープアクティブラーニ ング、探究の共同体、子どものための哲学(P4C)
More...
In Europe, 14.9% of all adults aged 18-65 suffer from migraines, a headache disorder causing episodic attacks with strong headache, nausea, visual, and aural over sensitivity and other symptoms (The World Health Organization, 2011). One of the affected people is Julia Schulze, the sister of Fabian Schulze. In his teenage years, Fabian often had to experience how his older sister suffered from the attacks, taking her out for one or sometimes for several days. It happened more than once that the family had planned weekend trips and that they had to be cancelled last minute because Julia had one of her migraine attacks. She saw multiple doctors to help her solve the headache problems, but none of the researched medical solutions caused a significant improvement for Julia.
More...
The collaborative or sharing economy has been developing rapidly in recent years along with the digital transformation on the global scale as well as in the EU. Many Internet-based collaborative platforms enable citizens and entrepreneurs to participate in the (digital) market and to offer services on a part-time or professional basis while stimulating the variety of choice and price competitiveness. The paper examines recent trends in the use of collaborative economy platforms in the European Union focusing on the senior citizens (65 years and older) as a very specific demographic segment especially regarding the usage of ICT enabled initiatives. This paper uses an adjusted Eurobarometer research methodology which was carried out in 2018 in 28 EU Member States with a total sample of 26,544 respondents from different social and demographic groups, and the primary data access was enabled through the Gesis database. A total of 8,561 senior respondents was filtered from the initial data-set to create the primary sample for the research. Specific types of collaborative economy platforms are explored, as well as the main advantages and disadvantages of the platforms used.
More...