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Over the last eight years, IDIS “Viitorul” has acquired a great deal of experience in strengthening the Moldovan business environment by having established the National Business Agency (NBA), granting it the needed support. The National Business Agency is an informal advocacy platform for business environment, which brings together some 35 business associations and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry around the discussion table. Lately, the NBA promoted a series of business environment priorities through the public-private dialogue. Hence, in 2015, IDIS Viitorul created the Local Business Agency with the support provided by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, with the aim to foster economic development of regions through the involvement of business environment representatives in the decision-making process. In this way, the business environment of country districts had the opportunity to set forth its priorities at the local level to be subsequently promoted into the authorities’ public agenda through IDIS Viitorul and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
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Unemployment is one of the key economic issues in large parts of Europe – especially in the south, which has been in recession for the last 4-5 years. In countries like Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy, youth unemployment rates have risen to levels that are often reported as “alarming” or “shocking” in the media. This has prompted European institutions into a flurry of activity. The Commission has launched a number of initiatives over the last year focused predominantly on young unemployed people. A further string of new measures and the speeding up of already agreed initiatives is expected to be the outcome of the European Council meeting on June 27-28th. Some of these are sensible structural measures – such as building apprentice ship programmes and assisting in better school-to-work transitions – which are likely to have a positive impact on youth unemployment in the longer term. However, most others are found wanting, or even counterproductive.
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There is general consensus that to achieve employment growth, especially for vulnerable groups, it is not enough to kick-start economic growth – skills among both the high- andlow-skilled population need to be improved. In particular, we argue that if the lack of graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a true problem, it needs to be tackled via tangible incentives and not simply by public campaigns: students are not enrolling in ‘hard-science’ subjects because the opportunity cost is very high.
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Despite the internal destabilization and ongoing asymmetric crises, European Unionstill tends on extending its borders. The main target destinations are Western Balkans countries,which, undoubtedly, present a more complex case compared to previous rounds of the EU enlargement. In the same time, as a result of acceleration, EU has set standards higher than ever. Inthe strive to cover the EU-set acquisition standards, and to attract foreign investments, WesternBalkans countries produce different degrees of political risk which affects the business and investors. The article presents a part of the results of a complex authors’ research with а main focus of evaluating the Western Balkans countries political, economical, social, and risk environment inthe Eurointegration processes in the region. A specially designed modification of the well-knownPEST analysis (PES(I)) analysis is applied on 10-year period (2007-2017). It is concluded thatWestern Balkan accession to EU is more a political rather than an economical issue. Based on theanalysis, Republic of Albania is shown to be the best performing country among the region, doingthe biggest progress in economic and political aspects, generating the lowest political risk levels.Keywords: Western Balkans, political regime, democracy score, exchange rate regime, GDP,GDP per capita, population growth, age and educational structure, key interest rate, sovereignspreads, sovereign credit risk, credit rating, financial markets, political indicators, political risk.
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The aim of this chapter is to endeavour a summary of the road travelled in the space of two decades after 1989 (with all the political and economic transformations and modernisation which they brought) by social work in Poland within the meaning of a qualified service provided by social workers within the structure of the social welfare system. And likewise to ponder the current situation and condition of social workers as a professional group.
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We propose a parsimonious model with adverse selection where delinquency, renegotiation, and bankruptcy all occur in equilibrium as a result of a simple screening mechanism. A borrower has private information about her cost of bankruptcy, and a lender may use random contracts to screen different types of borrowers. In equilibrium, some borrowers choose not to repay, and thus become delinquent. The lender renegotiates with some delinquent borrowers. In the absence of renegotiation, delinquency leads to bankruptcy. Presence of competition may induce the incumbent lender to renegotiate even when he would not do so in the monopoly setting. We apply the model to analyze effects of a government intervention in debt restructuring. We show that a mortgage modification program aimed at limiting foreclosures that fails to take into account private debt restructuring may have the opposite effect from the one intended.
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Income and consumption inequality increased in all transition economies, albeit to very different levels. The existing literature suggests that countries that were slow to undertake pro-market reforms experienced the largest increases in inequality, with the notable exception of Belarus, one of the least reformed ex-Soviet republics, that nevertheless has inequality comparable to the most advanced and least unequal transition countries of Central Europe. This paper studies the evolution of inequality in Belarus in 1995-2007, decomposes inequality by sources of income, and provides a comparison of Belarus and Ukraine, which suggests that the large difference in inequality is due to different income policies of the two countries: Belarus not only avoided mass privatization, but also kept many of the old-style Soviet social security features.
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In 2011, Belarus experienced a currency crisis and an almost threefold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. As a result of the crisis, real incomes of the population fell due to high inflation rates. This Policy Paper describes the results of the 2011 Real Income Survey. Average real income in the fourth quarter of 2011 fell by 15% compared to the same period in 2010, however, at the same time, those strata of the population who received relatively higher incomes in the first quarter of 2011 suffered the most. If those who were included in the first decile in terms of income in the 1st quarter of 2011 (10% of the population with the lowest income). By the 6th quarter, real incomes did not decrease, then the representatives of the tenth decile (10% of the population with the highest income) had real incomes decreased by 30%. Pensioners have also been hit hard by the crisis - the real incomes of pensioners have decreased by 16.7% (Q4 to Q1 2011).
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This policy brief is intended to describe the general situation on the pharmaceutical market in the Republic of Moldova, and a comprehensive approach of key reforms in this area, in particular in terms of pricing. The analysis attempts to highlight the drug market volume in Moldova, including a regional comparative tint. It is described the legal and institutional framework regulating this market, some international experience in this field, operational aspects of the pharmaceutical market as well as some stipulations of the new Regulation on pricing. The study concludes with a set of conclusions and recommendations that should be considered by both those regulating the drug market and those who activate on this market, traders, manufacturers and pharmacies.
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Part of the world of work has always been in the shadows: especially on construction sites and in households, informal work, "gray", could never be eradicated. Recently, however, an obscure area has appeared on the German labor market, with a completely new bill. It is based on the systematic exploitation of workers from Central and Eastern Europe. Modern informal work relies on subcontracting, contracts with temporary agents and posted workers, being organized cross-border by companies with substantial profits. Employers do pay - at least in small installments - taxes and social security contributions to avoid conflict with the law, but are constantly looking for ways to minimize the wages actually paid to workers. Their rights, social protection, health and fair pay have become irrelevant in this world. // This study sheds light on these clandestine niches in the German labor market. It presents practices of social and wage dumping, which mobile workers in Central and Eastern European countries currently face in Germany, when they are posted from their own country, when they are placed by temporary employment agencies, when they perform fictitious self-employment. or work under company contracts. The examples presented show how in many economic fields, along with the well-protected social, legal and wage universe of those with a fixed and stable job, a parallel world of exploitation can coexist.
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The creation of a common economic space is preceded by the establishment of a free trade area with the application of a common customs tariff. Moldova and Transnistria participate in regional projects of political, institutional and economic integration that have an opposite vector. Each of the parties shall regulate its relations in the fields of foreign trade and customs in accordance with its own legislation. At the same time, the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria are characterized by small internal market dimensions, limited production factors and insufficient natural resources. These issues impose special requirements on the effectiveness of foreign economic activity and largely determine the general nature of the development of economies on both banks of the Dniester. All these discussions take place in a very difficult regional context. The crisis in Ukraine has generated extensive consultations and various stidoes on the scenarios of the evolution of the situation and the ways of solving the conditions of concurrent integrations in this part of the post-Soviet space. A crucial regional challenge is to avoid "geopolitical ruptures" as well as to create a new platform for cooperation between the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, the EU and the Russian Federation.
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The creation of a common economic space is preceded by the establishment of a free trade area with the application of a common customs tariff. Moldova and Transnistria participate in regional projects of political, institutional and economic integration that have an opposite vector. Each of the parties shall regulate its relations in the fields of foreign trade and customs in accordance with its own legislation. At the same time, the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria are characterized by small internal market dimensions, limited production factors and insufficient natural resources. These issues impose special requirements on the effectiveness of foreign economic activity and largely determine the general nature of the development of economies on both banks of the Dniester. All these discussions take place in a very difficult regional context. The crisis in Ukraine has generated extensive consultations and various stidoes on the scenarios of the evolution of the situation and the ways of solving the conditions of concurrent integrations in this part of the post-Soviet space. A crucial regional challenge is to avoid "geopolitical ruptures" as well as to create a new platform for cooperation between the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, the EU and the Russian Federation.
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Postojale su dvije kaše. Više ili manje jednako omražene. U skladu s tim nazivale su se „bijela“ i „crna“. Ti nazivi bili su eufemizmi koje je majka stihijski smislila kako ne bi izgovarala njihova prava imena, koja su kod mene izazivala krajnje gnušanje. Jasno da je „bijela“ bila griz, a „crna“ – heljda. Nije bilo drugih varijanti. I svako jutro, kad bi majka bez pogovora pitala „bijela ili crna?“, preda mnom se pojavljivao strašni izbor, koji se iz dana u dan beskonačno ponavljao, između dva agenta svjetskog zla. S godinama se ponešto ipak mijenjalo. Recimo, gastronomske sklonosti.
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After in 2015, against the background of the banking crisis and the economic decline, the annual inflation approached the level of 10%, the Republic of Moldova entered a phase of moderate price increases. However, the year 2021 marked the end of this period. The rapid global economic recovery in the context of the promotion of stimulatory economic policies and the relaxation of anti-Covid measures in several states, the emergence of problems related to the operation of logistics chains, as well as severe climatic conditions have generated an explosion in the prices of energy, food products and building materials. As a result, the global economy was hit by a strong inflationary wave. The start of the war by Russia against Ukraine led to an additional disruption of international logistics chains and jeopardized the distribution of agri-food goods globally, which further intensified the trend of global price increases started in 2021. Republic of Moldova , likewise, was affected by international economic developments and collided with a rapid rise in prices. In new:2021 annual inflation exceeded the level of 10%, and already in apr:2022 the increase in prices reached 27.1% f-o-p. Moreover, for the year 2022 the NBM forecasts a high level of average annual inflation that will constitute 27.3%. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze in more detail the inflationary developments of the last period, identify the impact of price increases on poverty and formulate some policy recommendations aimed at mitigating the impact of these shocks.
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